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Singh A, Ram S, Chandra R, Tanti A, Singh S, Kundu A. A district-level geospatial analysis of anaemia prevalence among rural men in India, 2019-21. Int J Equity Health 2024; 23:9. [PMID: 38243230 PMCID: PMC10799465 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-02089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its considerable impact on health and productivity, anemia among men has received limited attention. In a country as diverse as India, characterized by extensive geographic variations, there is a pressing need to investigate the nuanced spatial patterns of anemia prevalence among men. The identification of specific hotspots holds critical implications for policymaking, especially in rural areas, where a substantial portion of India's population resides. METHODS The study conducted an analysis on a sample of 61,481 rural men from 707 districts of India, utilizing data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21). Various analytical techniques, including Moran's I, univariate LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association), bivariate LISA, and spatial regression models such as SLM (Spatial Lag Model), and SEM (Spatial Error Model) were employed to examine the geographic patterns and spatial correlates of anaemia prevalence in the study population. RESULTS In rural India, three out of every ten men were found to be anemic. The univariate Moran's I value for anaemia was 0.66, indicating a substantial degree of spatial autocorrelation in anaemia prevalence across the districts in India. Cluster and outlier analysis identified five prominent 'hotspots' of anaemia prevalence across 97 districts, primarily concentrated in the eastern region (encompassing West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha), the Dandakaranya region, the Madhya Pradesh-Maharashtra border, lower Assam, and select districts in Jammu and Kashmir. The results of SLM revealed significant positive association between anaemia prevalence at the district-level and several key factors including a higher proportion of Scheduled Tribes, men in the 49-54 years age group, men with limited or no formal education, individuals of the Muslim faith, economically disadvantaged men, and those who reported alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Substantial spatial heterogeneity in anaemia prevalence among men in rural India suggests the need for region-specific targeted interventions to reduce the burden of anaemia among men in rural India and enhance the overall health of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Singh
- Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
- Girl Innovation, Research, and Learning (GIRL) Centre, Population Council, New York, USA.
| | - Sumit Ram
- Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Rakesh Chandra
- School of Health System Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Arabindo Tanti
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | | | - Ananya Kundu
- Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Saxena V, Singh M. Anemia in Indian Men: An Emerging Public Health Challenge. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:817-822. [PMID: 38249708 PMCID: PMC10795878 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_539_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-quarter of the world's population is suffering from anemia, out of which 12.7% of men suffer from anemia around the globe. In India, anemia is a moderate public health problem (ranging from 20 to 39.9%). Prevalence of anemia is 25% in men and 31% in adolescent boys, in India. In recent years, there has been an alarming rise in anemia prevalence among adolescent boys (15-19 years) in 23 states, and among men (15-49 years) in 17 states. Anemia in the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh is a severe public health problem. Despite being a vital issue, indicators for anemia in men are not given due importance in national health statistics reports. This article highlights the issue to prioritize men's health in the context of anemia at state and national levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Saxena
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Meghna Singh
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Daniel RA, Ahamed F, Mandal S, Lognathan V, Ghosh T, Ramaswamy G. Prevalence of Anemia Among the Elderly in India: Evidence From a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies. Cureus 2023; 15:e42333. [PMID: 37614252 PMCID: PMC10443921 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality among the elderly population. In spite of numerous interventions and strategies rolled out to tackle the growing burden of anemia, lesser importance is being given to this age group. There is a lack of data on the national level burden of anemia among elderly persons (≥ 60 years) in India. We aimed at estimating the prevalence of anemia among elderly persons (≥ 60 years) in India by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and IndMed, and included cross-sectional studies reporting data on the prevalence of anemia among elderly persons in India and used random effects model to estimate pooled point prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI), To explore the heterogeneity further, we did sub-group analyses based on zonal divisions of India (region), rural or urban, study setting, method of hemoglobin estimation and sampling strategy. Out of 22 studies, one study was of high quality of bias, 11 of moderate, and 10 were of low quality of bias. The pooled estimate of anemia was 68.3% (95%CI: 60.7 to 75.9), I2 = 99.0%, and Q=2079.2 (p-value <0.001). The pooled prevalence of anemia among the elderly in India was found to be high and necessary actions need to be taken at the policy level to achieve "active and healthy ageing".
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Daniel
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Farhad Ahamed
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, Saguna, IND
| | - Suprakash Mandal
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Vignesh Lognathan
- Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, IND
| | - Tandra Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, Saguna, IND
| | - Gomathi Ramaswamy
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Bibinagar, IND
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Debnath A, Rehman T, Ghosh T, Kaur A, Ahamed F. Prevalence of Anemia Among Elderly Population Residing in an Urban Area of West Bengal: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Analytical Study. Indian J Community Med 2022; 47:604-608. [PMID: 36742972 PMCID: PMC9891053 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_522_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Context India is experiencing a rapid increase in the elderly population (aged 60 years and above) compared to the last decade. The multifactorial condition of anemia grossly influences the health-related quality of life and mortality in this age group. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among older adults residing in an urban area of West Bengal, India. Materials and Methods The community-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in Kalyani Municipality, West Bengal, from March to April 2021. A simple random sampling technique was adopted to select study participants. Hemoglobin (Hb) was measured using a digital hemoglobinometer (HemoCue301), and data were collected using EpiCollect5 software. Results The mean (SD) age of 457 participants was 68.9 (7.3) years with 52.1% (n = 238) being males, 71.9% (n = 329) graduates, and 64.3% (n = 294) currently married. The prevalence of anemia was 65% (95% CI: 60.4-69.3). The prevalence of mild (Hb 11-11.9 gm/dL in females and 11-12.9 gm/dL in males), moderate (Hb 8-10.9 gm/dL), and severe anemia (Hb <8 gm/dL) was 41.6%, 22.8% and 0.7%, respectively. Anemia was significantly associated with age group (P < 0.01) and sex (P < 0.01), with the highest prevalence in the 80 years and above age category (85.2%) and in females (71.2%). Conclusion The prevalence of anemia is very high in older adults. There is an urgent need to include the elderly age group in the existing health programme for anemia, i.e., Anemia Mukt Bharat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abantika Debnath
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Tanveer Rehman
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Tandra Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Farhad Ahamed
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
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Akhter MS, Hamali HA, Iqbal J, Mobarki AA, Rashid H, Dobie G, Madkhali AM, Arishi BYH, Ageeli EOO, Laghbi OSH. Iron Deficiency Anemia as a Factor in Male Infertility: Awareness in Health College Students in the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182412866. [PMID: 34948476 PMCID: PMC8701172 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Male contribution towards couple infertility is increasing but is less discussed. We aimed to assess the knowledge about iron deficiency anemia (IDA) as a contributor to male infertility in students at health colleges of Jazan University. A multicentric, cross-sectional survey included 910 participants and 768 participants qualified as per our inclusion criteria. The questions were categorized as: Model 1—knowledge about IDA-induced male infertility; Model 2—knowledge about IDA. The average knowledge of IDA causing male infertility is very low among students. The 18–20 years age group had a lesser score for either knowledge of IDA (M2; p-value = 0.047) or total (p-value < 0.0001) compared to the older group. In addition, female students were significantly more likely to be better in achieving higher total scores (p-value = 0.023) as well as M2 scores (p-value < 0.0001) when compared to the respective male category. On the other hand, males were significantly better in scoring for M1 (p-value = 0.004) compared to females. Awareness about iron deficiency anemia as a factor in male infertility may reduce the infertility burden, arising from a preventable factor, in the Jazan region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S. Akhter
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.H.); (A.A.M.); (G.D.); (A.M.M.); (B.Y.H.A.); (E.O.O.A.); (O.S.H.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hassan A. Hamali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.H.); (A.A.M.); (G.D.); (A.M.M.); (B.Y.H.A.); (E.O.O.A.); (O.S.H.L.)
| | - Johar Iqbal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah A. Mobarki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.H.); (A.A.M.); (G.D.); (A.M.M.); (B.Y.H.A.); (E.O.O.A.); (O.S.H.L.)
| | - Hina Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gasim Dobie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.H.); (A.A.M.); (G.D.); (A.M.M.); (B.Y.H.A.); (E.O.O.A.); (O.S.H.L.)
| | - Aymen M. Madkhali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.H.); (A.A.M.); (G.D.); (A.M.M.); (B.Y.H.A.); (E.O.O.A.); (O.S.H.L.)
| | - Bader Y. H Arishi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.H.); (A.A.M.); (G.D.); (A.M.M.); (B.Y.H.A.); (E.O.O.A.); (O.S.H.L.)
| | - Emad O. O. Ageeli
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.H.); (A.A.M.); (G.D.); (A.M.M.); (B.Y.H.A.); (E.O.O.A.); (O.S.H.L.)
| | - Osama S. H. Laghbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jizan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.H.); (A.A.M.); (G.D.); (A.M.M.); (B.Y.H.A.); (E.O.O.A.); (O.S.H.L.)
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Kumar P, Sharma H, Sinha D. Socio-economic inequality in anaemia among men in India: a study based on cross-sectional data. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1345. [PMID: 34233633 PMCID: PMC8265140 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undernutrition is a serious matter of public health concern in India. Existing studies, policies and programs focus on women and children thereby ignoring men in policymaking. This study examines the socio-economic inequality in anaemia levels among men in India and tries to decompose the factors behind it. METHODS The fourth round of National Family Health Survey is used to fulfill the study objectives. The outcome variable of the study is men having anaemia or not. The study uses bivariate and multivariate techniques to identify the factors associated with the outcome variable. Further, concentration index and concentration curve are calculated to measure the socio-economic inequality in anaemia among men in India. RESULTS The results indicate that majority of the socio-economic related inequality is explained by wealth quintile followed by geographical regions of India, body mass index and educational attainment. The results also emphasize that older men belong to the high-risk groups. Moreover, the likelihood of anaemia is 40% more likely among men who belonged to East region and 25%, 13% and 7 % less likely among those who belonged to Northeast, West and South region compared to those who belonged in the North region of the country. CONCLUSION Existing policies on anaemia should include men to achieve an anaemia free India. Individual education and awareness should be encouraged to improve nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400088 India
| | - Himani Sharma
- Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400088 India
| | - Debashree Sinha
- Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400088 India
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Kumar P, Chauhan S, Patel R, Srivastava S. Anaemia among mother-father-child pairs in India: examining co-existence of triple burden of anaemia in a family. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1341. [PMID: 34233628 PMCID: PMC8265002 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia is a global health concern and is also a common comorbidity in multiple medical conditions. Very limited research is available examining anaemia among family members in India and across various countries. The present study aimed to examine the co-existence of the triple burden of anaemia among mother-father-child pairs in a family. METHODS The data utilized was from the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015-16. The effective sample size for the study was 26,910 couples, along with children aged 6-59 months. The bivariate and binary logistic regression analysis were applied to assess the factors associated with family-level anaemia. In bivariate analysis, a chi-square test was performed to determine the association of socio-demographic factors with anaemic family. RESULTS More than half of the mothers (57.5%) and their children (58%), along with 10% of fathers, were found to be anaemic; however, the co-existence of triple burden of anaemia among mother-father-child pairs was 4.7% in the study. The likelihood of family-level anaemia was low when both the parents were educated [OR: 0.69, CI: 0.58-0.81], and it was high when both the parents were employed [OR: 1.40 CI: 1.10-1.80]. Families from the Scheduled Tribe had a 62% higher likelihood to suffer from anaemia [OR: 1.62, CI: 1.33-1.97]. CONCLUSIONS The suggested interventions include early diagnosis, effective management, and treatment of anaemia. Moreover, adequate complementary feeding practices for children shall also be promoted. Parental education on nutrition is also required, and community interventions are needed to improve parental education on nutrition. At last, there is a need for greater policy and program attention to improving nutritional knowledge among mothers so as to tackle the triple burden of anaemia among mother-father-child pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400088 India
| | - Shekhar Chauhan
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400088 India
| | - Ratna Patel
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400088 India
| | - Shobhit Srivastava
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400088 India
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Gupta A, Ramakrishnan L, Pandey RM, Sati HC, Khandelwal R, Khenduja P, Kapil U. Risk factors of anemia amongst elderly population living at high-altitude region of India. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:673-682. [PMID: 32318402 PMCID: PMC7113975 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_468_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Anemia is a major public health problem amongst elderly population in India. Anemia in old age further worsens the age-related decline in functional ability, mobility, fatigue, bone density, and skeletal muscle mass. There is lack of evidence on the prevalence and risk factors of anemia among elderly population. Hence, this study was undertaken. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted during the year 2015–2016 in District Nainital, Uttarakhand state, India. A total of 958 subjects were selected from 30 clusters (villages) identified using population proportional to size methodology. Information on sociodemographic profile, nutritional status, body mass index, and dietary intake was obtained. Blood sample was collected from each subject on the filter paper for estimation of hemoglobin (Hb) level using cyanmethemoglobin method. Results: We found that 92.1% of the elderly subjects were anemic. Moderate and severe anemia was found to be significantly higher among female subjects, unemployed, illiterates, subjects using smoke-producing fuel, subjects belonging to lower socioeconomic status, malnourished and underweight subjects, subjects with self-reported hyperacidity, and subjects who had not utilized health facility and had lower iron and vitamin C intake when compared with subjects with mild anemia and normal hemoglobin levels. Conclusion: High prevalence of anemia exists amongst elderly subjects living at high-altitude region of rural Uttarakhand State, India. There is a need to educate the elderly population about the importance of adequate intake of foods rich in iron and vitamin C to reduce the prevalence of anemia among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Gupta
- Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lakshmy Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Hem Chandra Sati
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritika Khandelwal
- Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Preetika Khenduja
- Department of Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Umesh Kapil
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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