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Hawley AJ, Bhandari S, Radulovic PW, Borisova N, Henry G, Holets T, Sabbagh C, Scearbo M, Suarez G, Merkler DJ. The identification of insect specific iAANAT inhibitors. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 764:110282. [PMID: 39734060 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/24/2024] [Indexed: 12/31/2024]
Abstract
An important aspect of food security is the development of innovative insecticides, particularly ones that specifically target insect pests and exhibit minimal toxicity to mammals. The insect arylalkylamine N-acyltransferases (iAANATs) could serve as targets for novel insecticides that satisfy these criteria. There exists a wealth of structural and biochemical information for the iAANATs and iAANAT knockdown experiments show that these enzymes are critical to insect health. Herein, we have expressed, purified, and characterized two new iAANATs, one from Apis mellifera (honey bee, AmNAT1) and another from Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus psyllid, DcNAT). We discovered that diminazene, a compound used to treat livestock for trypanosomiasis and babesiosis, inhibits AmNAT1, DcNAT, and D. melanogaster DmAgmNAT with modest affinity, Ki values ranging from 0.8 μM to 200 μM. We found a series of guanidines, amidines, and a hydroxamate, structurally related to diminazene, also inhibit the iAANATs, including camostat, gabexate, nafamostate, and panobinostat. Significantly, we found DmAgmNAT is far more susceptible to inhibition by four of these five of these compounds. In particular, camostat, nafamostat, and gabexate inhibit DmAgmNAT with Ki values of 0.2-30 μM, but no inhibition of AmNAT1 and DcNAT was observed at 500 μM for any of the three. These results show that a species-specific inhibitor targeted against an iAANAT is a real possibility. Also, we report that adipoyl-CoA is a substrate for AmNAT1 and DcNAT and that succinoyl-CoA is a substrate for DcNAT. These results contribute to a growing body of data suggesting that N-dicarboxyacyl-amines are metabolites in insects and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J Hawley
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Suzeeta Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Peter W Radulovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Natalia Borisova
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Gabrielle Henry
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Tyler Holets
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Christian Sabbagh
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Matthew Scearbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Gabriela Suarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - David J Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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Hagemeister M, Hamilton L, Wandrey N, Hill M, Mounce E, Mosel N, Lytle K, Redinger M, Boley J, Fancher N, Haynes A, Fill I, Cole PA, Hill E, Moxley MA, Thomas AA. Evaluation of Rhodanine Indolinones as AANAT Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300567. [PMID: 37984928 PMCID: PMC10843758 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm (CR) dysregulation negatively impacts health and contributes to mental disorders. The role of melatonin, a hormone intricately linked to CR, is still a subject of active study. The enzyme arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) is responsible for melatonin synthesis, and it is a potential target for disorders that involve abnormally high melatonin levels, such as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Current AANAT inhibitors suffer from poor cell permeability, selectivity, and/or potency. To address the latter, we have employed an X-ray crystal-based model to guide the modification of a previously described AANAT inhibitor, containing a rhodanine-indolinone core. We made various structural modifications to the core structure, including testing the importance of a carboxylic acid group thought to bind in the CoA site, and we evaluated these changes using MD simulations in conjunction with enzymatic assay data. Additionally, we tested three AANAT inhibitors in a zebrafish locomotion model to determine their effects in vivo. Key discoveries were that potency could be modestly improved by replacing a 5-carbon alkyl chain with rings and that the central rhodanine ring could be replaced by other heterocycles and maintain potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Hagemeister
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Luke Hamilton
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Nicole Wandrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Mackinzi Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Emery Mounce
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Noah Mosel
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Katie Lytle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Makenna Redinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Jake Boley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Nathan Fancher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Alexis Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Ianna Fill
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Philip A Cole
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Evan Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Michael A Moxley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
| | - Allen A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, 69949, USA
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