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Modifying the diets of captive proboscis monkeys in a temperate zoo to reduce weight loss and renal disease. Primates 2023; 64:123-141. [PMID: 36357633 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In animal husbandry, diets should help in maintaining a healthy body condition, support reproduction, and promote species-specific longevity. It is recommended to feed folivorous primates kept in zoos a high-fiber diet, i.e., leaves, although satisfying such a requirement is challenging in temperate regions because it is difficult to obtain fresh leaves, especially in autumn and winter. As equally important for their appropriate treatment, it is valuable to provide details of clinical reports of medical problems and pathological findings, although such clinical reports are rather limited. Therefore, in foregut-fermenting proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus), we (1) described the individual clinical reports of renal disease and weight loss at the Yokohama Zoological Gardens in Japan, (2) determined the nutritional profile of the diets supplied to these animals because other potential triggers for their renal disease and weight loss could be excluded, (3) modified the diet regimen to minimize weight loss and the development of hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, and (4) assessed the effects of such dietary modification by comparing the body weight and the Ca and P concentrations and the Ca/P ratios in the blood before and after diet modification with a comparison of these measurements between zoo and free-ranging individuals. Based on the nutritional profile of the diets, we concluded that the reported cases of renal failure might be caused by consumption of leaves with a Ca/P ratio far above the appropriate level in autumn and winter. Additionally, the dietary modification of minerals and metabolizable energy achieved certain beneficial effects on zoo-kept proboscis monkeys.
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Trede F, Kil N, Stranks J, Connell AJ, Fischer J, Ostner J, Schülke O, Zinner D, Roos C. A refined panel of 42 microsatellite loci to universally genotype catarrhine primates. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:498-505. [PMID: 33437445 PMCID: PMC7790618 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite genotyping is an important genetic method for a number of research questions in biology. Given that the traditional fragment length analysis using polyacrylamide gel or capillary electrophoresis has several drawbacks, microsatellite genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) has arisen as a promising alternative. Although GBS mitigates many of the problems of fragment length analysis, issues with allelic dropout and null alleles often remain due to mismatches in primer binding sites and unnecessarily long PCR products. This is also true for GBS in catarrhine primates where cross-species amplification of loci (often human derived) is common.We therefore redesigned primers for 45 microsatellite loci based on 17 available catarrhine reference genomes. Next, we tested them in singleplex and different multiplex settings in a panel of species representing all major lineages of Catarrhini and further validated them in wild Guinea baboons (Papio papio) using fecal samples.The final panel of 42 microsatellite loci can efficiently be amplified with primers distributed into three amplification pools.With our microsatellite panel, we provide a tool to universally genotype catarrhine primates via GBS from different sample sources in a cost- and time-efficient way, with higher resolution, and comparability among laboratories and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Trede
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Primate Genetics LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - Niels Kil
- Primate Genetics LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Department of Behavioral EcologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGöttingenGermany
- Research Group Primate Social EvolutionGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - James Stranks
- Primate Genetics LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Department of Behavioral EcologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGöttingenGermany
- Research Group Primate Social EvolutionGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - Andrew Jesse Connell
- Department of MicrobiologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Julia Fischer
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGöttingenGermany
- Department of Primate CognitionGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Julia Ostner
- Department of Behavioral EcologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGöttingenGermany
- Research Group Primate Social EvolutionGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - Oliver Schülke
- Department of Behavioral EcologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGöttingenGermany
- Research Group Primate Social EvolutionGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate CognitionGöttingenGermany
- Department of Primate CognitionGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Christian Roos
- Primate Genetics LaboratoryGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Gene Bank of PrimatesGerman Primate CenterLeibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
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Matsuda I, Bernard H, Tuuga A, Nathan SKSS, Sha JCM, Osman I, Sipangkui R, Seino S, Asano S, Wong A, Kreuzer M, Ramirez Saldivar DA, Clauss M. Fecal Nutrients Suggest Diets of Higher Fiber Levels in Free-Ranging than in Captive Proboscis Monkeys ( Nasalis larvatus). Front Vet Sci 2018; 4:246. [PMID: 29404345 PMCID: PMC5780573 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the natural diet of species may provide useful information that can contribute to successful captive maintenance. A common problem experienced with captive foregut-fermenting primate (colobine) diets is that they are deficient in fiber and therefore highly digestible. This may contribute to gastrointestinal disorders often observed in zoos. An approach to obtain information relevant for the improvement of diets is to compare the nutrient composition of feces from free-ranging and captive individuals. In theory, fecal material can be considered a proxy for diet intake integrated over a certain period of time. We collected fecal samples from eight free-ranging proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus, a highly endangered colobine species) groups from a secondary forest along the Kinabatangan River and four from a mixed mangrove-riverine forest along the Garama River, Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia. We also collected fecal samples from 12 individual captive adult/sub-adult proboscis monkeys from three different zoos. We confirmed that feces from free-ranging monkeys contained more fiber and less metabolic fecal nitrogen than those from captive specimens, indicating a less digestible diet in the wild. Modifying the diets of captive colobines to include more fiber, comparable to those of free-ranging ones, may contribute to their health and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Matsuda
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, Kasugai-shi, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Japan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Henry Bernard
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Augustine Tuuga
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | | | - John C. M. Sha
- School of Sociology and Anthropology Department, Sun Yat-sen University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Ismon Osman
- Singapore Zoo, Wildlife Reserve Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rosa Sipangkui
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Satoru Seino
- Zoorasia, Yohohama Zoological Gardens, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sanae Asano
- Department of Animal Science and Resources, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Anna Wong
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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