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Bhardwaj VK, Maini S. Measurement of micro-harmonic vibration from optical feedback interferometry using wavelet trend analysis. OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 476:126330. [PMID: 32834124 PMCID: PMC7392216 DOI: 10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-mixed optical feedback interferometry based laser sensors show promising results in the measurement of the vibration frequency. To date several measurement methods have been developed to extract the vibration information from the self-mixed (SM) signal; however, the complexity and accuracy of the methods still need improvement. The presented work tries to fulfill the gap by realizing a novel method using maximal overlap discrete wavelet transformation (MODWT) and multi-resolution analysis (MRA). The proposed method can reconstruct the micro-harmonic (< 5 μ m ) vibration up to 1 kHz even under weak feedback conditions. The mean squared error and the maximum relative error of the proposed method for this range remained below 1.89 × 1 0 - 3 & 8.79%, respectively. Although, above 1 kHz, the proposed method turns out to be futile to reconstruct the vibration signal but still capable to measure vibration frequency up to 10 kHz with an accuracy of ± 0.0001. The method also found suitable to measure non-sinusoidal vibration frequency with reasonable accuracy even for the moderate feedback conditions. The authors envision that the proposed method will provide a compact, non-contact, and low-cost alternative for the vibration frequency measurement hence useful in early fault detection schemes and lung abnormality diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhor Kumar Bhardwaj
- Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sangrur, India
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bhagwant Institute of Technology, Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Surita Maini
- Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sangrur, India
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2
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Cellular Vibration and Motility in the Organ of Corti—An Introduction and Summary:International Team for Ear Research (Iter). Acta Otolaryngol 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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3
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Jacob S, Johansson C, Ulfendahl M, Fridberger A. A digital heterodyne laser interferometer for studying cochlear mechanics. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 179:271-7. [PMID: 19428537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Laser interferometry is the technique of choice for studying the smallest displacements of the hearing organ. For low intensity sound stimulation, these displacements may be below 1 nm. This cannot be reliably measured with other presently available techniques in an intact organ of Corti. In a heterodyne interferometer, light is projected against an object of study and motion of the target along the optical axis causes phase and frequency modulations of the back-reflected light. To recover object motion, the reflected light is made to interfere with a reference beam of artificially altered frequency, producing a beating signal. In conventional interferometers, this carrier signal is demodulated with analog electronics. In this paper, we describe a digital implementation of the technique, using direct carrier sampling. In order to obtain the necessary reference signal for demodulation we introduce an additional third light path. Together, this results in lower noise and reduces the cost of the system. Within the hearing organ, different structures may move in different directions. It is therefore necessary to precisely measure the angle of incidence of the laser light, and to precisely localize the anatomical structure where the measurement is performed. Therefore, the interferometer is integrated with a laser scanning confocal microscope that permits us to map crucial morphometric parameters in each experiment. We provide key construction parameters and a detailed performance characterization. We also show that the system accurately measures the diminutive vibrations present in the apical turn of the cochlea during low-level sound stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jacob
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Hearing and Communication Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Department of Otolaryngology, M1 Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Fay J, Puria S, Decraemer WF, Steele C. Three approaches for estimating the elastic modulus of the tympanic membrane. J Biomech 2005; 38:1807-15. [PMID: 16023467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The function of the middle ear is to resolve the acoustic impedance mismatch between the air in the ear canal and the fluid of the inner ear. Without this impedance matching, very little acoustic energy would be absorbed into the cochlea. The first step in this process is the tympanic membrane (TM) converting sound in the ear canal into vibrations of the middle ear bones. Understanding how the TM manages its task so successfully over such a broad frequency range should lead to more satisfactory and less variable TM repairs (myringoplasty). In addition, understanding the mechanics of the TM is necessary to improve the coupling between ossicular prostheses and the TM. Mathematical models have played a central role in helping the research community understand the mechanics of the eardrum. However, all models require parameters as inputs. Unfortunately, most of the parameters needed for modeling the TM are not well known. In this work, several approaches for inferring the material properties of the TM are explored. First, constitutive modeling is used to estimate an elastic modulus based on the elastic modulus of collagen and experimentally observed fiber densities. Second, experimental tension and bending test results from the literature are re-interpreted using composite laminate theory. Lastly, dynamic measurements of the cat TM are used in conjunction with a composite shell model to bound the material parameters. Values from the literature, both measurement and modeling efforts, and from the present analysis are brought together to form a coherent picture of the TM's material properties. In the human, the data bound the elastic modulus between 0.1 and 0.3 GPa. In the cat, the data suggest a range of 0.1-0.4 GPa. These values are significantly higher than previous estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fay
- Mechanics and Computation Division, Stanford University, Durand Building, Room 283, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Mechanical vibrations of the Hensen's cells were measured in the apical turn of the cochlea in living guinea pigs, in response to amplitude-modulated (AM) sound. The FFT of the input wave consisted of spectral components at the carrier frequency C and two sidebands (C+/-M) separated from the carrier by the modulation frequency M. The FFT of the velocity response consisted of components at: (i) the modulation frequency M, and harmonics n M; (ii) Carrier frequency C and sidebands (C+/-n M); (iii) harmonics of the carrier frequency and their side bands (2C+/-n M); (3C+/-n M); (4C+/-n M); em leader n=1,2,3, em leader,10. The carrier and the first pair of side bands were broadly tuned and nearly linear. Other components were sharply tuned and highly non-linear, suggesting a different origin. Evidence is presented that these components are generated in the non-linear stereocilia dynamics. An important function of this non-linearity is to demodulate the AM wave to extract information contained in the modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- Columbia University, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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6
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Abstract
The apical turn of the anesthetized guinea pig cochlea was opened to examine the basilar membrane optically through the intact Reissner's membrane. Vibrations of the outer Hensen's cell and the basilar membrane (BM) adjacent to and about 130 microm below the level of the Hensen's cell were measured. Outer Hensen's cell vibration at the characteristic frequency was up to 900 times higher compared to the BM amplitude. After sacrifice BM vibration increased while Hensen's cell vibration decreased. The magnitude and sequence of change after sacrifice can best be explained by the presence of negative feedback between reticular lamina and BM. In other experiments using ototoxic drugs that damage outer hair cells, similar changes in Hensen's cell and BM vibration were observed. These results show that the apical turn behavior is different from that observed by other investigators in the basal turn. The potential benefits of the negative feedback are discussed. The presence of negative feedback would explain the linearity at the fundamental frequency observed in the apical turn of cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Confocal microscopy was used to view the sealed apical turn of the cochlea in a living guinea pig, and to identify the cochlear structures through the intact Reissner's membrane. X, Y and Z coordinates for each point of interest were recorded. A confocal laser heterodyne interferometer measured the cellular vibration in response to acoustical signals applied to the ear. Velocity time waveforms were recorded at 32 frequencies between 25 and 2500 Hz at each point of measurement. To characterize the vibration pattern of the organ of Corti, vibrations at multiple locations along a radial track of the reticular lamina were measured before and after sacrificing the animal. Amplitude and phase tuning curves of the fundamental and the second harmonic, velocity time waveforms, and FFTs of time waveforms are compared before and after sacrifice. The results show that a sharply tuned nonlinear part of the response disappears shortly after sacrifice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Hao
- Department of Otolarynology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA
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8
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Abstract
Vibrations of the organ of Corti were measured in response to sound applied to the ear in the apical turn of a living guinea pig. Measurements were made at 29 points on the Reissner's membrane (RM) at 10 micro spacing along a radial track. Measurements also included 22 points on the reticular lamina (RL), Claudius' cells and osseous spiral lamina. Our goal was to characterize the vibration of the RM and the RL with high spatial resolution along a radial axis. The tuning and spatial patterns of the RM are compared in the radial direction with those for the RL at the fundamental frequency and at the second harmonic. The shape of the RM tuning curve changes with radial position, and differ significantly from those observed at the RL. These results support our earlier findings (Hao and Khanna, Hear. Res. 99 (1996) 176-189).
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Hao
- Department of Otolarynology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA
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9
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Abstract
Mechanical vibrations were measured at the apical turn in living guinea pig cochlea, in response to sinusoidal acoustic stimuli, using heterodyne interferometry. The cochlea was sealed and the vibrations were measured at different cellular locations along a radial track at the level of reticular lamina and one point on the osseous spiral lamina. Averaged time waveforms were recorded at each test frequency. The nonlinearity in the apical turn is demonstrated by the distortion in the time waveforms and the richness of the harmonic components in their Fourier transforms. Tuning curves and input/output curves for the fundamental and harmonics components are shown. The fundamental component is essentially linear below about 90 dB SPL while the harmonics display strong nonlinearity and saturation. Negative feedback in the apical turn of the cochlea linearizes the response at the fundamental frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The reticular lamina of the apical turn of a living guinea pig cochlea was viewed through the intact Reissner's membrane using a slit confocal microscope. Vibrations were measured at selected identified locations with a confocal heterodyne interferometer, in response to tones applied with an acoustic transducer coupled to the ear canal. The position coordinates of each location were recorded. Mechanical tuning curves were measured along a radial track at Hensen's cells, outer hair cells, inner hair cells and at the osseous spiral lamina, over a frequency range of 3 kHz, using five sound pressure levels (100, 90, 80, 70 and 60 dB SPL). The carrier to noise ratio obtained throughout the experiments was high. The response shape at any measuring location was not found to change appreciably with signal level. The response shape also did not change significantly with the radial position on the reticular lamina. However, the response magnitude increased progressively from the inner hair cell to the Hensen's cell. The observed linearity of response at the fundamental frequency is explained by the presence of negative feed back in the apical turn of the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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11
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Barrett MD, Peterson EH, Grant JW. Extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer for measuring the stiffness of ciliary bundles on hair cells. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1999; 46:331-9. [PMID: 10097468 DOI: 10.1109/10.748986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI) to measure displacements of microscopic, living organelles in the inner ear. The EFPI is an optical phase-shifted instrument that can be used to measure nanometer displacements. The instrument transmits a coherent light signal to the end of a single glass optical fiber where the measurement is made. As the coherent light reaches the end of the fiber, part of this incident signal is reflected off the internal face of the fiber end (reference reflection) and part is transmitted through the end of the fiber. This transmitted light travels a short distance and is reflected off the surface whose displacement is to be measured (the target). This sensing reflection then reenters the fiber where it interferes with the reference reflection. The resulting interference signal then travels up the same optical fiber to a detector, where it is converted into a voltage that can be read from an oscilloscope. When the target moves, the phase relation between reference and sensing reflections changes, and the detector receives a modulated signal proportional to the target movement. Reflections of as little as 1% at both the sensor tip and target surfaces produce good results with this system. We use the EFPI in conjunction with fine glass whiskers to measure the stiffness (force per unit deflection) of stereociliary bundles on hair cells of the inner ear. The forces generated are in the tenths of picoNewton range and the displacements are tens of nanometers. Here we describe the EFPI and its development as a method for measuring displacements of microscopic organelles in a fluid medium. We also report experiments to validate the accuracy of the EFPI output and preliminary measurements of ciliary bundle stiffness in the posterior semicircular canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Barrett
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24060-0219, USA
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12
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Abstract
Mechanical tuning curves were recorded at several radial locations on the Reissner's membrane, over a wide range of frequencies, and sound pressure levels. The position coordinates of each location were also recorded. The shape of the tuning curves changed dramatically with the radial location. Near the outer edge of the cochlea the response was broadly tuned, with a maxima near 300 Hz, while near the inner edge the response showed at least three maxima and minima. Responses were also measured at the reticular lamina. The shapes of the frequency responses at the Reissner's membrane are quite different from those measured at the reticular lamina below it.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Hao
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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13
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Abstract
In the classical concept of the middle ear function the malleus rotates around a fixed axis which implies that at small amplitudes of vibration its displacement is essentially one dimensional. As a consequence malleus vibrations have been measured previously along a single viewing axis. As a first step in the study of the complete malleus motion we determined the three dimensional components at a single point (umbo) of the manubrium. To define 3-D motion it is in principle necessary to measure the vibrations from widely different observation angles. The viewing angles are limited however in our case by the ear canal geometry to about +/-15 degrees. In order to resolve the 3-D components under these conditions it is necessary to measure the vibration components with high accuracy. Amplitude and phase of the umbo vibrations were measured with a heterodyne interferometer over a wide frequency range (100 Hz to 20 kHz). The system included a two axis goniometer with the axes of rotation positioned at the focal plane of the interferometer objective lens. It was therefore possible to change the viewing angle in small increments around two orthogonal axes while keeping the same point in focus. From a redundant set of measurements the three orthogonal components of vibration were calculated by least squares fitting. The vector sum of the three components gives the three dimensional motion of the observed point. The vibration of the point on the umbo was found not to follow a straight line but an elliptical path instead. The shape of the ellipse and the inclination of the plane of the ellipse with respect to the stationary malleus position changed with frequency. These observations are consistent with our earlier findings that the mode of malleus vibration changes with frequency [Decraemer et al. (1991) Hear. Res. 54, 305-318].
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Decraemer
- Laboratory of Biomedical Physics, University of Antwerp, Rijksuniversitair Centrum Antwerpen, Belgium
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14
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van Netten SM, Karlsson KK, Khanna SM, Flock A. Effects of quinine on the mechanical frequency response of the cupula in the fish lateral line. Hear Res 1994; 73:223-30. [PMID: 8188551 DOI: 10.1016/0378-5955(94)90238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Quinine induces changes in the motion of the cupula in the lateral line canal of the African knife-fish in response to sinusoidal water movements. Two different phases in the action of quinine on the cupular frequency response can be discerned. In the first phase the best frequency, i.e., the frequency at which the cupular vibratory displacement is maximal in response to constant-amplitude sinusoidal canal fluid displacement, shifts toward higher frequencies. During this phase, lasting about 70-100 min, the best frequency increases by a factor between 1.3 and 1.5. In the second phase, during roughly the following 90 min, the best frequency decreases gradually to a value 0.3-0.5 times that observed before the application of quinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van Netten
- Department of Biophysics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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15
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van Netten SM, Khanna SM. Stiffness changes of the cupula associated with the mechanics of hair cells in the fish lateral line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:1549-53. [PMID: 8108443 PMCID: PMC43197 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.4.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cupular vibration in the lateral-line canal of fish was measured in response to motion of the fluid in the canal by laser-heterodyne interferometry. The results show that the mechanical output/input ratio of the cupula depends on the stimulus amplitude; the cupula thus behaves nonlinearly. The nonlinearity is due to the hair bundles, since it disappears when the cupula is uncoupled from the underlying hair cells. A model of cupular dynamics in which the behavior of the gating springs of the hair cells is incorporated predicts nonlinear responses that are similar to the measurements, suggesting that the nonlinear behavior of the cupula may be attributed to the opening and closing of the transduction channels of the hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van Netten
- Department of Biophysics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Koester CJ, Khanna SM, Rosskothen HD, Tackaberry RB, Ulfendahl M. Confocal slit divided-aperture microscope: applications in ear research. APPLIED OPTICS 1994; 33:702-708. [PMID: 20862067 DOI: 10.1364/ao.33.000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A confocal, scanning slit microscope that uses separate portions of the objective aperture for illumination and imaging rays achieves a high degree of optical sectioning. This capability permits visualization of individual cells within the intact inner ear in guinea pigs and cats, and it facilitates directing a laser heterodyne interferometer beam so that vibration of selected cells can be measured. A concentric singlet lens is added to the front of a long-working-distance microscope objective to increase the numerical aperture from 0.4 to 0.53 while retaining a working distance of 6 mm. The measured optical-sectioning capability is compared with the theoretical performance and with the calculated curve for a full-aperture pinhole confocal system.
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17
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Decraemer WF, Khanna SM. Modelling the malleus vibration as a rigid body motion with one rotational and one translational degree of freedom. Hear Res 1994; 72:1-18. [PMID: 8150727 DOI: 10.1016/0378-5955(94)90199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vibration of a set of points distributed along the manubrium of cat was measured with a heterodyne interferometer in response to sinusoidal acoustic signals. The observed motion did not fit pure rotation of the malleus around a fixed axis coinciding with the anterior mallar and posterior incudal ligament as is classically assumed. As a first approximation a model of motion consisting of a rotational and a translational component was used. At low frequencies the rotation is mostly predominant, but the situation may be entirely reversed at mid and high frequencies. The presence of a translation besides rotation was also found at some frequencies in the motion of the human malleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Decraemer
- Laboratory of Biomedical Physics, University of Antwerp, Rijksuniversitair Centrum Antwerpen, Belgium
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18
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Ulfendahl M, Khanna SM. Mechanical tuning characteristics of the hearing organ measured at the sensory cells in the gerbil temporal bone preparation. Pflugers Arch 1993; 424:95-104. [PMID: 8414906 DOI: 10.1007/bf00374599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The micromechanical behaviour of the inner ear in response to sound stimulation was investigated in an in vitro preparation of the gerbil temporal bone. Using laser heterodyne interferometry it was possible to measure the vibration responses directly at the level of the sensory and supporting cells within the hearing organ rather than from the underlying basilar membrane as has been done in previous studies. There was a tuned mechanical response of the cellular structures within the hearing organ. The resonance frequency measured at cells in the apical (third) turn was around 200Hz. The frequency of the mechanical tuning varied along the length of the cochlea. In the second turn the resonance frequency was around 500-700Hz. The cellular response in the second turn was more sharply tuned as compared to the response in the apical turn. In both cochlear turns the amplitude of the vibratory response changed with the cellular location radially across the hearing organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ulfendahl
- Department of Physiology II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ulfendahl M, Khanna SM, Löfstrand P. Changes in the mechanical tuning characteristics of the hearing organ following acoustic overstimulation. Eur J Neurosci 1993; 5:713-23. [PMID: 8261142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro preparation of the guinea-pig temporal bone was used to study the effects of acoustic overstimulation on the mechanical tuning characteristics of the inner ear. Using laser heterodyne interferometry, the vibratory responses of selected sensory and supporting cells within the hearing organ were measured in response to acoustic signals applied to the ear to obtain mechanical tuning curves before and after applying acoustic overstimulation. Following overstimulation the frequency at which the maximal vibration response occurred moved towards lower frequencies, the vibration amplitude generally increased and the shape of the mechanical tuning curves became considerably flatter. These effects were seen within minutes of overstimulation. The micromechanical changes were accompanied by distinct morphological changes mainly affecting the first row of outer hair cells, which were swollen and shortened. Hensen bodies and swelling of the subsurface cisternae were observed in the affected cells. Apart from this, most of the shortened cells looked structurally intact, had undamaged sensory hair bundles and made synaptic contacts to both afferent and efferent nerve fibres. The results demonstrate that the outer hair cells play a key role in determining the tuning of the hearing organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ulfendahl
- Department of Physiology II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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van Netten SM, Khanna SM. Mechanical demodulation of hydrodynamic stimuli performed by the lateral line organ. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1993; 97:45-51. [PMID: 8234766 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tonic displacements of the fish lateral line cupula were observed during stimulation of the organ with amplitude-modulated water motion. The modulation frequency was fixed at 2.4 Hz and the carrier frequency was varied from 25 to 500 Hz. The time waveforms of the cupular displacement at carrier frequencies below 280 Hz and above 470 Hz were essentially amplitude-modulated waves. Between 350 Hz and 410 Hz the magnitude at the modulation frequency increased sharply and the predominant shape of the displacement waveform changed to that of the modulating frequency. The mechanism for extraction of the modulation component may play a key role in the decoding of sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van Netten
- Department of Biophysics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Abstract
Recent evidence shows that the frequency-specific non-linear properties of auditory nerve and inner hair cell responses to sound, including their sharp frequency tuning, are fully established in the vibration of the basilar membrane. In turn, the sensitivity, frequency selectivity and non-linear properties of basilar membrane responses probably result from an influence of the outer hair cells.
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Ulfendahl M, Khanna SM, Flock A. Effects of opening and resealing the cochlea on the mechanical response in the isolated temporal bone preparation. Hear Res 1991; 57:31-7. [PMID: 1774209 DOI: 10.1016/0378-5955(91)90071-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The isolated temporal bone preparation has been used previously for studying the micromechanical behaviour of the cochlea. Mechanical tuning curves have been obtained from several cells and structures within the hearing organ. In order to obtain access to the apical turns the bony shell of the cochlea has to be opened. To study how the opening affects the mechanical response of the cochlea, experiments were performed in which the cochlea was opened and then sealed with a glass window. Responses were measured from the same identified cells in the opened and in the sealed cochlea. The opening of the cochlea reduced the vibration amplitude mainly at frequencies below 300 Hz. Below the mechanical resonance frequency the slope of the tuning curve became steeper. The shape was not affected appreciably above the resonance frequency. The relative vibration amplitude of different cells remained unchanged by opening and closing the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ulfendahl
- Department of Physiology II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Karlsson KK, Ulfendahl M, Khanna SM, Flock A. The effects of quinine on the cochlear mechanics in the isolated temporal bone preparation. Hear Res 1991; 53:95-100. [PMID: 2066291 DOI: 10.1016/0378-5955(91)90216-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Quinine is known to induce a reversible hearing loss and to evoke motile responses of isolated outer hair cells. To study the effect of quinine, mechanical tuning curves of the Hensen's cells were measured in the isolated cochlea preparation in response to acoustical stimuli applied to the ear before and after application of the drug. It was shown that 0.5-4 mM quinine increased the vibration amplitude at the peak of the mechanical resonance curves and increased the sharpness of tuning. The time course of the event depended on whether the scala media was opened or not. The results show that quinine alters the micromechanical tuning of the organ of Corti.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Karlsson
- Department of Audiology, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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Ruggero MA, Rich NC. Application of a commercially-manufactured Doppler-shift laser velocimeter to the measurement of basilar-membrane vibration. Hear Res 1991; 51:215-30. [PMID: 1827787 PMCID: PMC3579526 DOI: 10.1016/0378-5955(91)90038-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A commercially-available laser Doppler-shift velocimeter has been coupled to a compound microscope equipped with ultra-long-working-distance objectives for the purpose of measuring basilar membrane vibrations in the chinchilla. The animal preparation is nearly identical to that used in our laboratory for similar measurements using the Mössbauer technique. The vibrometer head is mounted on the third tube of the microscope's trinocular head and its laser beam is focused on high-refractive-index glass microbeads (10-30 microns) previously dropped, through the perilymph of scala tympani, on the basilar membrane. For equal sampling times, overall sensitivity of the laser velocimetry system is at least one order of magnitude greater than usually attained using the Mössbauer technique. However, the most important advantage of laser-velocimetry vis-à-vis the Mössbauer technique is its linearity, which permits undistorted recording of signals over a wide velocity range. Thus, for example, we have measured basilar-membrane responses to clicks whose waveforms have dynamic ranges exceeding 60 dB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ruggero
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55414
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25
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Karlsson KK, Flock B, Flock A. Ultrastructural changes in the outer hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea after exposure to quinine. Acta Otolaryngol 1991; 111:500-5. [PMID: 1887776 DOI: 10.3109/00016489109138375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The outer hair cells have been shown to have motile properties which are likely to participate in the cochlear performance. Quinine is known to induce hearing loss as well as contraction of skeletal muscles. Isolated outer hair cells and isolated cochleae from guinea pigs have been exposed to quinine, which was also injected into living guinea pigs. When a physiological response was registered, the cells and cochleae were fixed and examined by transmission electron microscopy. In the isolated cells the formation of a central microtubule core occurred and in the cochleae a swelling of the subsurface cisternae in the outer hair cells was observed. The results are discussed in the context of a proposed effect of quinine on the contractile processes of the outer hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Karlsson
- Department of Audiology, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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26
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Kelly JP, van Netten SM. Topography and mechanics of the cupula in the fish lateral line. I. Variation of cupular structure and composition in three dimensions. J Morphol 1991; 207:23-36. [PMID: 1671882 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052070105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cupula of the supraorbital neuromast in the lateral line canal of the clown knifefish contains vertical columns. In the central region of the cupula overlying the macula, these columns are densely packed, are relatively constant in size, and run from the base of the cupula to the surface of the cupula which is exposed to canal fluid. There are two types of columns, dark and light, which form elliptical compartments in planes of section that cut across the columns; the cupula therefore has the appearance of mosaic tile in such sections. The dark compartments contain tubules that extend from the base of the cupula at the junction with the macula to the top of the cupula. Each tubule is associated with the kinocilium of a single hair cell. The lateral parts of the cupula, not overlying the macula, also contain compartments, but these compartments differ in size and structure from those in the central region. In addition to the compartments, the central region of the cupula also contains spherical aggregates of droplets. These small aggregates, termed mora, are found principally in a layer within the central region of the cupula, but are also found outside this layer. Because of their light-reflecting properties, the mora can be used for noninvasive optical measurements in vivo of the motion of the cupula.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Kelly
- Fowler Memorial Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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27
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Khanna SM, Flock A, Ulfendahl M. Comparison of the tuning of outer hair cells and the basilar membrane in the isolated cochlea. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:151-6. [PMID: 2626923 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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28
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Khanna SM, Rosskothen H, Koester CJ. Mechanical design of the measurement and micropositioning systems. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:51-9. [PMID: 2626942 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- Department of Otolaryngology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
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29
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Khanna SM, Flock A, Ulfendahl M, Decraemer WF. Middle ear vibration and sound pressure measurements in the isolated cochlea preparation. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:131-7. [PMID: 2516687 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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30
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Khanna SM, Ulfendahl M, Flock A. Tuning of harmonic components in cellular mechanical responses. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:205-8. [PMID: 2626931 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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31
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Ulfendahl M, Flock A, Khanna SM. Isolated cochlea preparation for the study of cellular vibrations and motility. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:91-6. [PMID: 2697129 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ulfendahl
- Department of Physiology II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Khanna SM, Flock A, Ulfendahl M. Changes in cellular tuning along the radial axis of the cochlea. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:163-73. [PMID: 2626925 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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33
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Khanna SM, Ulfendahl M, Flock A. Changes in tuning of Reissner's membrane along the radial axis of the cochlea. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:175-81. [PMID: 2626926 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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34
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Khanna SM, Ulfendahl M, Flock A. Dependence of cellular responses on signal level. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:195-203. [PMID: 2626930 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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35
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Khanna SM, Ulfendahl M, Flock A. Modes of cellular vibration in the organ of Corti. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:183-8. [PMID: 2626927 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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36
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Khanna SM, Willemin JF, Ulfendahl M. Measurement of optical reflectivity in cells of the inner ear. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:69-75. [PMID: 2626944 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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37
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Khanna SM, Ulfendahl M, Flock A. Mechanical tuning characteristics of outer hair cells and Hensen's cells. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:139-44. [PMID: 2626921 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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38
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Khanna SM, Ulfendahl M, Flock A. Changes in cellular tuning along the length of the cochlea. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:157-62. [PMID: 2626924 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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39
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Khanna SM, Koester CJ, van Netten SM. Integration of the optical sectioning microscope and heterodyne interferometer for vibration measurements. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:43-9. [PMID: 2626941 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Department of Otolaryngology, New York
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40
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Khanna SM, Ulfendahl M, Flock A. Waveforms and spectra of cellular vibrations in the organ of Corti. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:189-93. [PMID: 2626928 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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41
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Teich MC, Khanna SM, Keilson SE. Nonlinear dynamics of cellular vibrations in the organ of Corti. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:265-79. [PMID: 2626938 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Teich
- Columbia University, Department of Applied Physics, New York
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42
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Flock A, Khanna SM, Ulfendahl M. Effects of glutaraldehyde and metabolic inhibitors on the vibratory responses in the isolated cochlea. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:209-19. [PMID: 2516688 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Flock
- Department of Physiology II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Ulfendahl M, Khanna SM, Flock A. Changes in the vibratory responses of Hensen's cells with time. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:145-9. [PMID: 2626922 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ulfendahl
- Department of Physiology II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Ulfendahl M, Khanna SM, Flock A. Effects of caffeine on the micromechanics of the isolated cochlea. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:221-8. [PMID: 2626932 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ulfendahl
- Department of Physiology II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Khanna SM, Koester CJ. Optical sectioning characteristics of the heterodyne interferometer. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1989; 467:61-7. [PMID: 2626943 DOI: 10.3109/00016488909138322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khanna
- Department of Otolaryngology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
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