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Gholami M, Safari S, Ulloa L, Motaghinejad M. Neuropathies and neurological dysfunction induced by coronaviruses. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:380-396. [PMID: 33983506 PMCID: PMC8117458 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During the recent years, viral epidemic due to coronaviruses, such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus Syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19 (coronavirus disese-19), has become a global problem. In addition to causing cardiovascular and respiratory lethal dysfunction, these viruses can cause neurodegeneration leading to neurological disorders. Review of the current scientific literature reveals the multiple neuropathies and neuronal dysfunction associated with these viruses. Here, we review the major findings of these studies and discuss the main neurological sequels and outcomes of coronavirus infections with SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. This article analyzes and discusses the main mechanisms of coronavirus-induced neurodegeneration according to the current experimental and clinical studies. Coronaviruses can damage the nerves directly through endovascular dysfunctions thereby affecting nerve structures and synaptic connections. Coronaviruses can also induce neural cell degeneration indirectly via mitochondrial dysfunction inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Thus, coronaviruses can cause neurological disorders by inducing neurovascular dysfunction affecting nerve structures and synaptic connections, and by inducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. While some of these mechanisms are similar to other RNA viruses, the neurotoxic mechanisms of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS-CoV viruses are unknown and need detailed clinical and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Gholami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Safari
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, NC, 27710, Durham, USA.
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Protective effects of scopolamine and penehyclidine hydrochloride on acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and effects on cytokines. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:2027-2031. [PMID: 29434800 PMCID: PMC5776622 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of scopolamine and penehyclidine hydrochloride on acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the effect on cytokine levels. Eighty patients with cardiac arrest admitted to our hospital from June 2011 to December 2015 were recruited and randomly divided into two groups (n=40 each). Following cardiopulmonary resuscitation, scopolamine was administered in the control group, whereas penehyclidine hydrochloride was administered in the observation group. After intervention, the following medical indicators were compared between the groups: Intracranial pressure, cerebral oxygen partial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, assessment of the balance of cerebral oxygen supply and demand, levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and blood lactic acid, levels of oxidative stress markers, and levels of inflammatory-related factors. Additionally, the areas of brain tissue edema and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores before and after intervention were compared. Rescue success rates of the groups were recorded. After intervention, the following indicators were lower in the observation group than in the control group: Intracranial pressure (p<0.05), levels of NSE (p<0.05), levels of blood lactic acid (p<0.05), levels of malondialdehyde (p<0.05), and levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1, and hs-CRP (p<0.05). However, the following indicators were higher in the observation group than in the control group: Cerebral oxygen partial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure (p<0.05), levels of CaO2, CjvO2, and CERO2 (p>0.05), and levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (p<0.05). Additionally, the areas of brain tissue edema after intervention were smaller in the observation group than those before intervention and those after intervention in the control group (p<0.05). Similarly, the NIHSS scores after intervention in the observation group were lower than those before intervention and those after intervention in the control group (p<0.05). Rescue success rate was significantly higher in observation group than in control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, administration of penehyclidine following cardiopulmonary resuscitation can effectively improve cerebral perfusion pressure, lower intracranial pressure, reduce brain tissue edema and inflammation, and improve neurological function.
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Wu Z, Chen G, Zhang J, Hua Y, Li J, Liu B, Huang A, Li H, Chen M, Ou C. Treatment of Myocardial Infarction with Gene-modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Small Molecular Hydrogel. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15826. [PMID: 29158523 PMCID: PMC5696474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of transplanted rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be reduced by extracellular microenvironment in myocardial infarction (MI). We tested a novel small-molecular hydrogel (SMH) on whether it could provide a scaffold for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-modified MSCs and alleviate ventricular remodeling while preserving cardiac function after MI. Overexpression of HGF in MSCs increased Bcl-2 and reduced Bax and caspase-3 levels in response to hypoxia in vitro. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that cardiac troponin (cTnT), desmin and connexin 43 expression were significantly enhanced in the 5-azacytidine (5-aza) with SMH group compared with the 5-aza only group in vitro and in vivo. Bioluminescent imaging indicated that retention and survival of transplanted cells was highest when MSCs transfected with adenovirus (ad-HGF) were injected with SMH. Heart function and structure improvement were confirmed by echocardiography and histology in the Ad-HGF-SMHs-MSCs group compared to other groups. Our study showed that: HGF alleviated cell apoptosis and promoted MSC growth. SMHs improved stem cell adhesion, survival and myocardial cell differentiation after MSC transplantation. SMHs combined with modified MSCs significantly decreased the scar area and improved cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiye Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Guoqin Chen
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jianwu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yongquan Hua
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jinliang Li
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai general hospital, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Anqing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Hekai Li
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Minsheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Caiwen Ou
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Lin D, Ma J, Xue Y, Wang Z. Penehyclidine Hydrochloride Preconditioning Provides Cardioprotection in a Rat Model of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138051. [PMID: 26632817 PMCID: PMC4668996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the impacts and related mechanisms of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial injury. A rat model of myocardial I/R injury was established by the ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by 3 h perfusion. Before I/R, the rats were pretreated with or without PHC. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography. The activities/levels of myocardial enzymes, oxidants and antioxidant enzymes were detected. Evans blue/TTC double staining was performed to assess infarct size. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay. The release of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators was detected by ELISA. Western blot was performed to analyze the expression of COX-2, IκB, p-IκB and NF-κB. Meanwhile, the rats were given a single injection of H-PHC before I/R. The effects of PHC on myocardial infarct and cardiac function were investigated after 7 days post-reperfusion. We found that PHC remarkably improved cardiac function, alleviated myocardial injury by decreasing myocardial enzyme levels and attenuated oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, PHC preconditioning significantly reduced infarct size and the apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes. Administration of PHC significantly decreased serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and PGE2 levels and myocardium COX-2 level. Meanwhile, the expression levels of p-IκB and NF-κB were downregulated, while IκB expression was upregulated. H-PHC also exerted long-term cardioprotection in a rat model of I/R injury by decreasing infarct size and improving cardiac function. These results suggest that PHC can efficiently protect the rats against I/R-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duomao Lin
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yanyan Xue
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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Wang YP, Li G, Ma LL, Zheng Y, Zhang SD, Zhang HX, Qiu M, Ma X. Penehyclidine hydrochloride ameliorates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats. J Surg Res 2014; 186:390-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang Y, MA T, Zhou L, Li M, Sun XJ, Wang YG, Gu S. Penehyclidine hydrochloride protects against oxygen and glucose deprivation injury by modulating amino acid neurotransmitters release. Neurol Res 2013; 35:1022-8. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of PharmacologyXuZhou Medical College, XuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tengfei MA
- Department of PharmacologyXuZhou Medical College, XuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Anesthesiology of Jiangsu ProvinceXuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of PharmacologyXuZhou Medical College, XuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Sun
- Department of PharmacologyXuZhou Medical College, XuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Gang Wang
- Department of PharmacologyXuZhou Medical College, XuZhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuling Gu
- Department of PharmacologyXuZhou Medical College, XuZhou, Jiangsu, China
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Ma TF, Zhou L, Wang Y, Qin SJ, Zhang Y, Hu B, Yan JZ, Ma X, Zhou CH, Gu SL. A selective M1and M3receptor antagonist, penehyclidine hydrochloride, prevents postischemic LTP: Involvement of NMDA receptors. Synapse 2013; 67:865-74. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Anesthesiology of Jiangsu Province; XuZhou Medical College, XuZhou; Jiangsu Province; 221004; People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of new drugs and clinical application; XuZhou Medical College, XuZhou; Jiangsu Province; 221004; People's Republic of China
| | - Shou-Jun Qin
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of new drugs and clinical application; XuZhou Medical College, XuZhou; Jiangsu Province; 221004; People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of new drugs and clinical application; XuZhou Medical College, XuZhou; Jiangsu Province; 221004; People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory for Brain Disease Bioinformation of Jiangsu Province; XuZhou Medical College, XuZhou; Jiangsu Province; 221004; People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Zhi Yan
- Key Laboratory for Brain Disease Bioinformation of Jiangsu Province; XuZhou Medical College, XuZhou; Jiangsu Province; 221004; People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Ma
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of new drugs and clinical application; XuZhou Medical College, XuZhou; Jiangsu Province; 221004; People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of new drugs and clinical application; XuZhou Medical College, XuZhou; Jiangsu Province; 221004; People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ling Gu
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of new drugs and clinical application; XuZhou Medical College, XuZhou; Jiangsu Province; 221004; People's Republic of China
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Cao HJ, Sun YJ, Zhang TZ, Zhou J, Diao YG. Penehyclidine hydrochloride attenuates the cerebral injury in a rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:521-7. [PMID: 23827043 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) on regulatory mediators during the neuroinflammatory response and cerebral cell apoptosis following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Forty-eight rats were randomly divided among 4 groups as follows: sham-operation, vehicle, low-dose PHC (0.6 mg·(kg body mass)(-1)), and high-dose PHC (2.0 mg·(kg body mass)(-1)). CPB was performed in the latter 3 groups. The plasma levels of neuron specific enolase (NSE) and S-100B were tested with ELISA. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to evaluate the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), IL-10, caspase-3, Bcl-2, and p38 in brain tissue. The ultrastructure of hippocampus tissue was examined under an electron microscope. PHC attenuated the increase of plasma NSE and S-100B following CPB. MMP-9, cleaved caspase-3, and phosphorylated p38 expression were substantially increased in the vehicle group compared with the sham-operation group and gradually diminished with increasing doses of PHC. IL-10 and Bcl-2 expression were markedly lower in the vehicle group than in the sham-operation group and gradually recovered with increasing doses of PHC. PHC attenuated the histopathological changes of cerebral injury following CPB. PHC favorably regulates the inflammatory response and reduces markers of neuronal injury following CPB, potentially by reducing p38 and caspase-3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-juan Cao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
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