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Davis CK, Arruri V, Joshi P, Vemuganti R. Non-pharmacological interventions for traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:641-659. [PMID: 38388365 PMCID: PMC11197135 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241234770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Heterogeneity and variability of symptoms due to the type, site, age, sex, and severity of injury make each case of traumatic brain injury (TBI) unique. Considering this, a universal treatment strategy may not be fruitful in managing outcomes after TBI. Most of the pharmacological therapies for TBI aim at modifying a particular pathway or molecular process in the sequelae of secondary injury rather than a holistic approach. On the other hand, non-pharmacological interventions such as hypothermia, hyperbaric oxygen, preconditioning with dietary adaptations, exercise, environmental enrichment, deep brain stimulation, decompressive craniectomy, probiotic use, gene therapy, music therapy, and stem cell therapy can promote healing by modulating multiple neuroprotective mechanisms. In this review, we discussed the major non-pharmacological interventions that are being tested in animal models of TBI as well as in clinical trials. We evaluated the functional outcomes of various interventions with an emphasis on the links between molecular mechanisms and outcomes after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pallavi Joshi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Choi BY, Hong DK, Kang BS, Lee SH, Choi S, Kim HJ, Lee SM, Suh SW. Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cells Over-Expressing BDNF Protect the Brain from Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neuronal Death, Neurological Deficits, and Cognitive Impairments. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030436. [PMID: 36986535 PMCID: PMC10054459 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes transitory or permanent neurological and cognitive impairments, which can intensify over time due to secondary neuronal death. However, no therapy currently exists that can effectively treat brain injury following TBI. Here, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of irradiated engineered human mesenchymal stem cells over-expressing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which we denote by BDNF-eMSCs, in protecting the brain against neuronal death, neurological deficits, and cognitive impairment in TBI rats. BDNF-eMSCs were administered directly into the left lateral ventricle of the brain in rats that received TBI damage. A single administration of BDNF-eMSCs reduced TBI-induced neuronal death and glial activation in the hippocampus, while repeated administration of BDNF-eMSCs reduced not only glial activation and delayed neuronal loss but also enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis in TBI rats. In addition, BDNF-eMSCs reduced the lesion area in the damaged brain of the rats. Behaviorally, BDNF-eMSC treatment improved the neurological and cognitive functions of the TBI rats. The results presented in this study demonstrate that BDNF-eMSCs can attenuate TBI-induced brain damage through the suppression of neuronal death and increased neurogenesis, thus enhancing functional recovery after TBI, indicating the significant therapeutic potential of BDNF-eMSCs in the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Sports Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyun Lee
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyuk Choi
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- SL BiGen, Inc., SL BIGEN Research Hall, 85, Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Min Lee
- SL BiGen, Inc., SL BIGEN Research Hall, 85, Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.M.L.); (S.W.S.)
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.M.L.); (S.W.S.)
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3
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Pischiutta F, Caruso E, Lugo A, Cavaleiro H, Stocchetti N, Citerio G, Salgado A, Gallus S, Zanier ER. Systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies testing mesenchymal stromal cells for traumatic brain injury. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:71. [PMID: 34716332 PMCID: PMC8556393 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are widely used in preclinical models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Results are promising in terms of neurological improvement but are hampered by wide variability in treatment responses. We made a systematic review and meta-analysis: (1) to assess the quality of evidence for MSC treatment in TBI rodent models; (2) to determine the effect size of MSCs on sensorimotor function, cognitive function, and anatomical damage; (3) to identify MSC-related and protocol-related variables associated with greater efficacy; (4) to understand whether MSC manipulations boost therapeutic efficacy. The meta-analysis included 80 studies. After TBI, MSCs improved sensorimotor and cognitive deficits and reduced anatomical damage. Stratified meta-analysis on sensorimotor outcome showed similar efficacy for different MSC sources and for syngeneic or xenogenic transplants. Efficacy was greater when MSCs were delivered in the first-week post-injury, and when implanted directly into the lesion cavity. The greatest effect size was for cells embedded in matrices or for MSC-derivatives. MSC therapy is effective in preclinical TBI models, improving sensorimotor, cognitive, and anatomical outcomes, with large effect sizes. These findings support clinical studies in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pischiutta
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lugo
- Laboratory of Lifestyle Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Helena Cavaleiro
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Stemmatters, Biotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nino Stocchetti
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Citerio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - António Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Laboratory of Lifestyle Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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Genetic Modification of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Neurological Disease Therapy: What Effects Does it Have on Phenotype/Cell Behavior, Determining Their Effectiveness? Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 24:683-702. [PMID: 32926348 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are a promising tool in regenerative medicine, and their functions can be enhanced through genetic modification. Recent advances in genetic engineering provide several methods that enable gene delivery to mesenchymal stem cells. However, it remains to be decided whether genetic modification of mesenchymal stem cells by vectors carrying reporter or therapeutic genes leads to adverse effects on morphology, phenotypic profiles, and viability of transplanted cells. In this regard, we focus on the description of genetic modification methods of mesenchymal stem cells, their effectiveness, and the impact on phenotype/cell behavior/proliferation and the differentiation ability of these cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we compare the main effects of genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells with native mesenchymal stem cells when applied in the therapy of neurological diseases.
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Bonilla C, Zurita M. Cell-Based Therapies for Traumatic Brain Injury: Therapeutic Treatments and Clinical Trials. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060669. [PMID: 34200905 PMCID: PMC8230536 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents physical damage to the brain tissue that induces transitory or permanent neurological disabilities. TBI contributes to 50% of all trauma deaths, with many enduring long-term consequences and significant medical and rehabilitation costs. There is currently no therapy to reverse the effects associated with TBI. An increasing amount of research has been undertaken regarding the use of different stem cells (SCs) to treat the consequences of brain damage. Neural stem cells (NSCs) (adult and embryonic) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown efficacy in pre-clinical models of TBI and in their introduction to clinical research. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of TBI and the state of clinical trials aimed at evaluating the use of stem cell-based therapies in TBI. The primary aim of these studies is to investigate the safety and efficacy of the use of SCs to treat this disease. Although an increasing number of studies are being carried out, few results are currently available. In addition, we present our research regarding the use of cell therapy in TBI. There is still a significant lack of understanding regarding the cell therapy mechanisms for the treatment of TBI. Thus, future studies are needed to evaluate the feasibility of the transplantation of SCs in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Bonilla
- Cell Therapy Unit, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-191-7879
| | - Mercedes Zurita
- Cell Therapy Unit Responsable, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain;
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Genetically Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Next Generation of Stem Cell-Based Therapy for TBI. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114051. [PMID: 32516998 PMCID: PMC7312789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as an attractive approach for restorative medicine in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injuries, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), due to their relatively easy derivation and therapeutic effect following transplantation. However, the long-term survival of the grafted cells and therapeutic efficacy need improvement. Here, we review the recent application of MSCs in TBI treatment in preclinical models. We discuss the genetic modification approaches designed to enhance the therapeutic potency of MSCs for TBI treatment by improving their survival after transplantation, enhancing their homing abilities and overexpressing neuroprotective and neuroregenerative factors. We highlight the latest preclinical studies that have used genetically modified MSCs for TBI treatment. The recent developments in MSCs’ biology and potential TBI therapeutic targets may sufficiently improve the genetic modification strategies for MSCs, potentially bringing effective MSC-based therapies for TBI treatment in humans.
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modified human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived cholinergic-like neurons improve spatial learning and memory ability in Alzheimer's disease rats. Brain Res 2018; 1710:61-73. [PMID: 30586546 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease and the most common type of dementia. Although it is still incurable, stem cell replacement therapy provides new hope for AD. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have multiple differentiation potentials, which can differentiate into cholinergic-like neurons and promote the release of acetylcholine. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can also promote neurogenesis and synaptic formation, reduce oxidative stress and cell death. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic effects of BDNF modified hUC-MSCs-derived cholinergic-like neurons in AD rats in this study. To make AD models, 1 μl beta amyloid (Aβ)1-42 was injected into the right hippocampus of the rats. After two weeks, the hUC-MSCs-derived cholinergic-like neurons null cells or overexpressing BDNF cells delivered by lentiviralvectors were slowly injected into the right hippocampus of the AD rats. After 8 weeks of transplantation, Morris water maze test, Western blotting, Immunohistochemistry, Immunofluorescence assay and TdT mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) detection were performed. Transplantation of BDNF modified hUC-MSCs-derived cholinergic-like neurons significantly improved spatial learning and memory abilities in the AD rats, increased the release of acetylcholine and ChAT expression in the hippocampus, enhanced the activation of astrocytes and microglia, reduced the expression of Aβ and recombinant human beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme1 (BACE1), inhibited neuronal apoptosis, and promoted neurogenesis. Our results demonstrate that BDNF modified hUC-MSCs-derived cholinergic-like neurons might be a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Wu S, FitzGerald KT, Giordano J. On the Viability and Potential Value of Stem Cells for Repair and Treatment of Central Neurotrauma: Overview and Speculations. Front Neurol 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 30150968 PMCID: PMC6099099 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central neurotrauma, such as spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury, can damage critical axonal pathways and neurons and lead to partial to complete loss of neural function that is difficult to address in the mature central nervous system. Improvement and innovation in the development, manufacture, and delivery of stem-cell based therapies, as well as the continued exploration of newer forms of stem cells, have allowed the professional and public spheres to resolve technical and ethical questions that previously hindered stem cell research for central nervous system injury. Recent in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the potential that reprogrammed autologous stem cells, in particular, have to restore functionality and induce regeneration-while potentially mitigating technical issues of immunogenicity, rejection, and ethical issues of embryonic derivation. These newer stem-cell based approaches are not, however, without concerns and problems of safety, efficacy, use and distribution. This review is an assessment of the current state of the science, the potential solutions that have been and are currently being explored, and the problems and questions that arise from what appears to be a promising way forward (i.e., autologous stem cell-based therapies)-for the purpose of advancing the research for much-needed therapeutic interventions for central neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wu
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kevin T. FitzGerald
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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The Distribution of Transplanted Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Large Blood Vessel of Experimental Design With Traumatic Brain Injury. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 28:1615-1619. [PMID: 28863113 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors aim to track the distribution of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in large blood vessel of traumatic brain injury -rats through immunohistochemical method and small animal imaging system. After green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene was transfected into 293T cell, virus was packaged and MSCs were transfected. Mesenchymal stem cells containing GFP were transplanted into brain ventricle of rats when the infection rate reaches 95%. The immunohistochemical and small animal imaging system was used to detect the distribution of MSCs in large blood vessels of rats. Mesenchymal stem cells could be observed in large vessels with positive GFP expression 10 days after transplantation, while control groups (normal group and traumatic brain injury group) have negative GFP expression. The vascular endothelial growth factor in transplantation group was higher than that in control groups. The in vivo imaging showed obvious distribution of MSCs in the blood vessels of rats, while no MSCs could be seen in control groups. The intravascular migration and homing of MSCs could be seen in rats received MSCs transplantation, and new angiogenesis could be seen in MSCs-transplanted blood vessels.
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Hasan A, Deeb G, Rahal R, Atwi K, Mondello S, Marei HE, Gali A, Sleiman E. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:28. [PMID: 28265255 PMCID: PMC5316525 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by a disruption in the normal function of the brain due to an injury following a trauma, which can potentially cause severe physical, cognitive, and emotional impairment. The primary insult to the brain initiates secondary injury cascades consisting of multiple complex biochemical responses of the brain that significantly influence the overall severity of the brain damage and clinical sequelae. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offers huge potential for application in the treatment of TBI. MSCs have immunosuppressive properties that reduce inflammation in injured tissue. As such, they could be used to modulate the secondary mechanisms of injury and halt the progression of the secondary insult in the brain after injury. Particularly, MSCs are capable of secreting growth factors that facilitate the regrowth of neurons in the brain. The relative abundance of harvest sources of MSCs also makes them particularly appealing. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the effects of infusion of MSCs into animal models of TBI. The results have shown significant improvement in the motor function of the damaged brain tissues. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the application of MSCs in the treatment of TBI. The review starts with a brief introduction of the pathophysiology of TBI, followed by the biology of MSCs, and the application of MSCs in TBI treatment. The challenges associated with the application of MSCs in the treatment of TBI and strategies to address those challenges in the future have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | - George Deeb
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Rahaf Rahal
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Khairallah Atwi
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | | | - Amr Gali
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Eliana Sleiman
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
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Schäck L, Budde S, Lenarz T, Krettek C, Gross G, Windhagen H, Hoffmann A, Warnecke A. Induction of neuronal-like phenotype in human mesenchymal stem cells by overexpression of Neurogenin1 and treatment with neurotrophins. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:524-32. [PMID: 27423984 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The induced expression of the transcription factors neurogenin1 (Neurog1) or neuronal differentiation 1 (NeuroD1) has previously been shown to initiate neuronal differentiation in embryonic stem cells (ESC). Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) are ethically non-controversial stem cells. However, they are not pluripotent. In cochlear implantation, regeneration or replacement of lost spiral ganglion neurons may be a measure for the improvement of implant function. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate whether the expression of Neurog1 or NeuroD1 is sufficient for induction of neuronal differentiation in hBMSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human BMSCs were transduced with lentivirus expressing NeuroD1 or Neuorg1. Transduced cells were then treated with small molecules that enhanced neuronal differentiation. Markers of neuronal differentiation were evaluated. RESULTS Using quantitative reverse transcription PCR, the up-regulation of transcription factors expressed by developing primary auditory neurons, such as BRN3a (POU4F1) and GATA3, was quantified after induction of Neurog-1 expression. In addition, the expression of the receptor NTRK2 was induced by treatment with its specific ligand BDNF. The induction of expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 was identified on gene and protein level. NeuroD1 seemed not sufficient to induce and maintain neuronal differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Induction of neuronal differentiation by overexpression of Neurog1 initiated important steps for the development of glutamatergic neurons such as the spiral ganglion neurons. However, it seems not sufficient to maintain the glutamatergic spiral ganglion neuron-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Schäck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Budde
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Annastift, Anna von Borries-Str. 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation, Germany
| | - Christian Krettek
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gross
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Henning Windhagen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Annastift, Anna von Borries-Str. 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Annastift, Anna von Borries-Str. 1-7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation, Germany.
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BDNF-hypersecreting human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells promote erectile function in a rat model of cavernous nerve electrocautery injury. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 48:37-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-1154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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