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Almadani O, Alroba R, Alfakhri A, Almohareb S, Althunian T, Alrwisan AA. Real-World Evidence on Levetiracetam-Induced Hypokalemia: An Active Comparator Cohort Study. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2024; 11:331-339. [PMID: 38829496 PMCID: PMC11176145 DOI: 10.1007/s40801-024-00431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levetiracetam is an anti-seizure medication (ASM) with an established safety profile. However, a potential safety signal of hypokalemia following levetiracetam use was published in the World Health Organization newsletter. OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible causal association between the use of levetiracetam and the development of hypokalemia. METHOD This was a new-user, active-comparator retrospective cohort study using Real-world Evidence Research Network data at the Saudi Food and Drug Authority from 2016 to 2022. Adults (≥ 18 years old) with an incident prescription for either levetiracetam or carbamazepine were followed for up to 6 months from the prescription date. Hypokalemia was ascertained by using diagnostic code (i.e., E87.6) or by serum potassium level below 3.5 mmol/L. A Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted with stabilized inverse probability of treatment weight, was fitted to compare the hazard of hypokalemia between levetiracetam and carbamazepine exposed patients. RESULTS A total of 8,982 patients entered the study cohort. The incidence rate of hypokalemia was 303 cases per 10,000 patient-years in the levetiracetam-exposed cohort compared to 57 cases per 10,000 patient-years among carbamazepine users. Compared to carbamazepine users, patients exposed to levetiracetam had an adjusted hazard ratio related to induced hypokalemia of 1.99 (95% confidence interval, 0.88-4.49). Results of sensitivity analyses were comparable to the main analysis. CONCLUSION The hazard ratio for hypokalemia with the use of levetiracetam versus carbamazepine was statistically comparable. However, the potential association between levetiracetam use and hypokalemia cannot be ruled out given the elevated hazard ratios from the main and sensitivity analyses. Further studies may provide a more precise assessment of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sumaya Almohareb
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Althunian
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Viola V, Bisulli F, Cornaggia CM, Ferri L, Licchetta L, Muccioli L, Mostacci B. Personality disorders in people with epilepsy: a review. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1404856. [PMID: 38800062 PMCID: PMC11116589 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1404856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Epileptologists and psychiatrists have long observed a correlation between epilepsy and personality disorders (PDs) in their clinical practice. We conducted a comprehensive PubMed search looking for evidence on PDs in people with epilepsy (PwE). Out of over 600 results obtained without applying any time restriction, we selected only relevant studies (both analytical and descriptive) limited to English, Italian, French and Spanish languages, with a specific focus on PDs, rather than traits or symptoms, thus narrowing our search down to 23 eligible studies. PDs have been investigated in focal epilepsy (predominantly temporal lobe epilepsy - TLE), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), with heterogeneous methodology. Prevalence rates of PDs in focal epilepsy ranged from 18 to 42% in surgical candidates or post-surgical individuals, with Cluster C personality disorders or related traits and symptoms being most common. In JME, prevalence rates ranged from 8 to 23%, with no strong correlation with any specific PDs subtype. In PNES, prevalence rates ranged from 30 to 60%, with a notable association with Cluster B personality disorders, particularly borderline personality disorder. The presence of a PD in PwE, irrespective of subtype, complicates treatment management. However, substantial gaps of knowledge exist concerning the neurobiological substrate, effects of antiseizure medications and epilepsy surgery on concomitant PDs, all of which are indeed potential paths for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Viola
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Epilepsy Center (full member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE), Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Ferri
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Epilepsy Center (full member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE), Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Licchetta
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Epilepsy Center (full member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE), Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Muccioli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Epilepsy Center (full member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE), Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Mostacci
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Epilepsy Center (full member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE), Bologna, Italy
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Gammoh O, Al-Smadi A, Mansour M, Ennab W, AL Hababbeh S, Al-Taani G, Alsous M, Aljabali AAA, Tambuwala MM. The relationship between psychiatric symptoms and the use of levetiracetam in people with epilepsy. Int J Psychiatry Med 2024; 59:360-372. [PMID: 37837222 PMCID: PMC11044508 DOI: 10.1177/00912174231206056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Mental health in people with epilepsy (PWE) is often overlooked, especially in developing countries.Purpose: Consequently, the current work had two objectives: (1) to estimate the burden of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and stress, and (2) to examine the association of these psychiatric/psychological symptoms with levetiracetam and other relevant clinical factors in a cohort of Jordanian PWE.Research Design: This is a cross-sectional study. The demographic and clinical data were recorded. Depression was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9, Arabic-validated version) and anxiety by the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7, Arabic-validated version). The insomnia severity index (ISI-A, Arabic version) was used to assess sleep quality, and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-A, Arabic version) was used to measure perceived stress.Study Sample: Data were analyzed from 280 patients, of which 178 (63.6%) received levetiracetam as monotherapy or as adjuvant.Results: Depression was reported in 150 (53.6%), anxiety in 110 (39.3%), insomnia in 131 (46.8%), and clinically significant stress in 211 (75.4%). At univariate analysis, levetiracetam was not associated with psychiatric symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that severe depressive symptoms were associated with family history (OR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.42-4.33, P = .001) and seizure type (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.01-2.80, P = .04), severe anxiety symptoms were associated with family history (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.12-3.23, P = .01), severe insomnia was associated with seizure type (OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.33-3.5, P = .002) and severe stress was associated with marital status (OR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.31-4.29, P = .004).Conclusions: The high psychological burden of PWE is a challenging issue that requires attention and prompt action to control its risk factors. Levetiracetam was not associated with psychiatric symptoms in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Gammoh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Al-Smadi
- Faculty of Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
| | | | - Wail Ennab
- Department of Neurology, Al-Bashir Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Ghaith Al-Taani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mervat Alsous
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Alaa AA Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, Brayford Pool Campus, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
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Rublee C, Hynes EC, Paavola N, Tremolet de Villers K, McLaughlin J. An Emergency Department Quality Improvement Project for Intravenous Levetiracetam Administration. J Pharm Pract 2024; 37:265-270. [PMID: 36189751 DOI: 10.1177/08971900221131920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Levetiracetam is a readily available, safe anticonvulsive medication. It is frequently administered as IV piggyback with a pump, carrier fluid, and tubing. The Established Status Epilepticus Treatment Trial demonstrated levetiracetam being similarly effective to previously used treatments in doses up to 4500 mg administered over 10 minutes. Objective: We sought to compare usage, cost, and waste of IV piggyback with IV push administration of levetiractam following implementation of an IV push protocol in an academic emergency department. Methods: A three-month review of levetiracetam administration was done following protocol implementation using IV push for initial treatment of benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus. The review quantified the number of IV push vs IV piggyback doses for all indications and evaluated cost of supplies necessary for administration. Results: During the study period, 137 patients received 142 doses of IV levetiracetam. Fifty-one doses (36%) were given as IV push rather than IV piggyback. The majority of doses 116 (82%) were 1000-2000 mg and 11 doses (8%) 3500-4500 mg. Estimated three-month savings with complete transition of IV piggyback to IV push would exceed $6000 just in our ED. The amount of sterile solution carrier fluid was also reduced and IV pump time freed. Conclusion: Implementation of an emergency department IV push levetiracetam protocol resulted in cost savings. Opportunities remain to improve clinical implementation practices. Medication administration represents one crucial target area where healthcare systems can implement policies to reduce waste and commit to climate-smart health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Rublee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emilie Calvello Hynes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicole Paavola
- University of Colorado Health, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Julie McLaughlin
- University of Colorado Health, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
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Aydin H, Bucak IH, Altunisik E. Does levetiracetam use affect visual evoked potentials in the treatment of childhood epilepsy? Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2024; 76:86-92. [PMID: 33820402 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.21.05879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Side effects of antiepileptic drugs vary depending on the drug itself, drug dose and duration of use. One of these side effects is related to vision. METHODS Patients who had been ordered visual evoked potential (VEP) measurements for various reasons between October 1st, 2017 and October 1st, 2019 at a pediatric neurology outpatient clinic and who were on levetiracetam monotherapy for at least six months for the treatment of focal/generalized epilepsy were included in the study and their files were scanned retrospectively (study group: SG). Patient files were evaluated for age, gender, dose and duration of levetiracetam use, presence of a family history of epilepsy, EEG result, cranial magnetic resonance imaging and VEP test results and the parameters were recorded. Twenty-four patients of similar age range without epilepsy were included in the study as the control group (CG). RESULTS Eighteen patients 8 boys (44.4%), 10 girls (55.6%) and 24 healthy controls 9 boys (37.5%), 15 girls (62.5%) were included in the study and control groups, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found when the mean VEP latencies were compared between the patient and control groups for the right (P=0.451) and left (P=0.323) eyes. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups, respectively, when VEP amplitudes of the right and left eyes of the SG and CG were compared (P=0.001; P=0.001). There is no correlation between levetiracetam dose and duration of treatment and VEP parameters. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in this study showed that levetiracetam use affected VEP amplitude outcome but did not affect VEP latency outcome in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Aydin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Türkiye -
| | - Ibrahim H Bucak
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Türkiye
| | - Erman Altunisik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Türkiye
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Andrei C, Mihai DP, Nitulescu G, Ungurianu A, Margina DM, Nitulescu GM, Olaru OT, Busca RM, Zanfirescu A. Cetirizine and Levetiracetam as Inhibitors of Monoacylglycerol Lipase: Investigating Their Repurposing Potential as Novel Osteoarthritic Pain Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1563. [PMID: 38004429 PMCID: PMC10675604 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is characterized by progressive articular cartilage degradation, subchondral bone changes, and synovial inflammation, and affects various joints, causing pain and disability. Current osteoarthritis therapies, primarily focused on pain management, face limitations due to limited effectiveness and high risks of adverse effects. Safer and more effective treatments are urgently needed. Considering that the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol is involved in pain processing, increasing its concentration through monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibition reduces pain in various animal models. Furthermore, drug repurposing approaches leverage established drug safety profiles, presenting a cost-effective route to accelerate clinical application. To this end, cetirizine and levetiracetam were examined for their MAGL inhibitory effects. In vitro studies revealed that cetirizine and levetiracetam inhibited MAGL with IC50 values of 9.3931 µM and 3.0095 µM, respectively. In vivo experiments demonstrated that cetirizine, and to a lesser extent levetiracetam, reduced mechanical and thermal nociception in complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced osteoarthritis in rats. Cetirizine exhibited a notable anti-inflammatory effect, reducing CFA-induced inflammation, as well as the inflammatory infiltrate and granuloma formation in the affected paw. These findings suggest that cetirizine may serve as a promising starting point for the development of novel compounds for osteoarthritis treatment, addressing both pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Andrei
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Paul Mihai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Georgiana Nitulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Ungurianu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Marilena Margina
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - George Mihai Nitulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Tudorel Olaru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Mihai Busca
- Colentina Clinical Hospital, Stefan cel Mare 19-21, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Zanfirescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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Kazmi JS, Albarghouthy N, Ramsaywak R. Levetiracetam-Induced Rhabdomyolysis Reversed by Discontinuation: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e48955. [PMID: 38111426 PMCID: PMC10726084 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis has been reported as a rare side effect of levetiracetam, a first-line anti-epileptic medication. We report the case of a 64-year-old man who presented to the medical center after suffering an unwitnessed seizure. Following the initiation of levetiracetam, the patient's serum creatine kinase (CPK) levels rose rapidly and remained elevated for multiple days. However, the patient did not report any symptoms of acute rhabdomyolysis. Following discontinuation of the medication CPK levels normalized, suggesting that this is a reversible adverse effect of levetiracetam. The patient made a complete recovery and did not display any seizure activity after the initial presentation. This seemingly more common side effect could cause further damage, particularly to the kidneys, and should be monitored closely by prescribing clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Kazmi
- Department of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, USA
| | - Nabila Albarghouthy
- Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Wakefield Campus, New York, USA
| | - Randy Ramsaywak
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Wakefield Campus, New York, USA
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Perkins JD, Abdelmoneim MS, Wilkins SS, Kamran S, Mesraoua B, Melikyan G, Alrabi A, El-Bardissy A, Elalamy O, Al Hail HJ. Dosage, time, and polytherapy dependent effects of different levetiracetam regimens on cognitive function. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 148:109453. [PMID: 37783028 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive impairment is a potential drawback of antiseizure medications. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different levetiracetam drug regimens on cognitive function. METHODS A retrospective analysis identified 221 patients diagnosed with seizures who underwent cognitive screening. Patients were categorized into four groups: no medications, non-levetiracetam medications, high and low dose levetiracetam. Composite scores determined low and high levetiracetam groups whereby one point was added for each increment in dosage, duration since uptake, and concurrent anti-seizure medication. Variables known to affect cognition were recorded and classified as demographic, seizure-related, diagnosis-related, and psychopathology. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with cognitive scores below cut-off. RESULTS Multivariable analysis found being male, non-active in the community, less than 12 years of education, left temporal lobe epilepsy, high seizure frequency, and depression were associated with poor cognitive performance. In a final regression analysis, the high levetiracetam group exhibited a 4.5-fold higher likelihood of scoring below cut-off than the medication-free group (OR 4.5, CI 1.5-13.6, p<.08). Depression (OR 2.1, CI 1.1-3.9, p<.03), being male (OR 2.2, CI 1.1-4.3, p<.02), and not being active in the community (OR 3.8, 1.6-8.7, p <.003) remained significant contributors to the model. Language (p<.05), attention (p<.05), and delayed recall (p<.001) were the most affected cognitive domains. SIGNIFICANCE When taken in small doses, for brief periods as monotherapy, levetiracetam minimally influences cognition. At higher doses, as part of long-term seizure management, in conjunction with multiple ASMs, LEV is associated with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Davis Perkins
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; PMARC, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. UK.
| | | | - Stacy Schantz Wilkins
- Greater Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saadat Kamran
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Boulenouar Mesraoua
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gayane Melikyan
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Osama Elalamy
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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Singh A, Kour A. Levetiracetam-induced drug reaction: Violaceous discrete maculopapular rash: A case report. APOLLO MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/am.am_142_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Rahman M, Eisenschenk S, Melnick K, Wang Y, Heaton S, Ghiaseddin A, Hodik M, McGrew N, Smith J, Murad G, Roper S, Cibula J. Duration of Prophylactic Levetiracetam After Surgery for Brain Tumor: A Prospective Randomized Trial. Neurosurgery 2023; 92:68-74. [PMID: 36156532 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levetiracetam is commonly used as a prophylactic antiseizure medication in patients undergoing surgical resection of brain tumors. OBJECTIVE To quantitate side effects experienced in patients treated with 1 week vs 6 weeks of prophylactic levetiracetam using validated measures for neurotoxicity and depression. METHODS Patients undergoing surgical resection of a supratentorial tumor with no seizure history were randomized within 48 hours of surgery to receive prophylactic levetiracetam for the duration of either 1 or 6 weeks. Patients were given oral levetiracetam extended release 1000 mg during the first part of this study. Owing to drug backorder, patients enrolled later in this study received levetiracetam 500 mg BID. The primary outcome was the change in the neurotoxicity score 6 weeks after drug initiation. The secondary outcome was seizure incidence. RESULTS A total of 81 patients were enrolled and randomized to 1 week (40 patients) or 6 weeks (41 patients) of prophylactic levetiracetam treatment. The neurotoxicity score slightly improved in the overall cohort between baseline and reassessment. There was no significant difference between groups in neurotoxicity or depression scores. Seizure incidence was low in the entire cohort of patients with 1 patient in each arm experiencing a seizure during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION The use of prophylactic levetiracetam did not result in significant neurotoxicity or depression when given for either 1 week or 6 weeks. The incidence of seizure after craniotomy for tumor resection is low regardless of duration of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahman
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Kaitlyn Melnick
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Division of Quantitative Sciences, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shelley Heaton
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ashley Ghiaseddin
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marcia Hodik
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nina McGrew
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica Smith
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Greg Murad
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Steven Roper
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jean Cibula
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Gremke N, Printz M, Möller L, Ehrenberg C, Kostev K, Kalder M. Association between anti-seizure medication and the risk of lower urinary tract infection in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 135:108910. [PMID: 36115082 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the incidence of lower urinary tract infections (LUTI) and antibiotic prescriptions within 12 months after initial prescription of anti-seizure medication (ASM) between January and December 2020 (index date) and to investigate the association between a broad spectrum of ASMs and the risk of LUTI in patients with epilepsy. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included a total of 9186 adult patients (≥18 years) with an initial diagnosis of epilepsy and a prescription of an ASM treated in 1284 general practices in Germany between January 2010 and December 2020 (index date). Six frequently prescribed ASMs with at least 1000 available patients were analyzed. Patients treated with one of six ASMs were matched to each other by propensity scores based on sex, age, and secondary diagnoses. Cox regression models were used to analyze the association between the use of ASM and LUTI risk. RESULTS The cumulative LUTI incidence 12 months after the start of therapy was highest in patients treated with pregabalin (16.7%), followed by valproate (11.6%) and gabapentin (10.2%). A similar trend was observed for LUTI with antibiotic prescription (9.2% pregabalin, 6.8% valproate, 6.8% gabapentin). Conditional regression analyses revealed that pregabalin therapy was significantly positively associated with LUTI (HR: 1.76; 95% CI 1.29-2.39) and LUTI-based antibiotic prescription (HR: 2.16; 95% CI 1.43-3.27). Carbamazepine was associated with a significantly lower incidence of LUTI in women (HR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.30-0.75), but not in men. No significant associations were observed for other ASMs. CONCLUSION The present study identifies a significant positive association between ASM and LUTI incidence and antibiotic prescriptions in patients with epilepsy treated with pregabalin, whereas a protective effect was found for carbamazepine in women only. No significant associations were observed for the four remaining ASMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Gremke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Marcel Printz
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Leona Möller
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Kalder
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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Gargiulo ÁJ, Sarudiansky M, Videla A, Lombardi N, Korman GP, Oddo S, D Alessio L. Perceived stress, resilience, and stress coping in patients with drug resistant epilepsy and functional dissociative seizures. Seizure 2022; 101:141-148. [PMID: 36027685 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression and anxiety are psychiatric disorders related to chronic stress, commonly found in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) and functional dissociative seizures (FDS). The present study compares the levels of perceived stress, resilience, and the styles of stress coping among patients with DRE (n=60), FDS (n=28), and controls (n=31). METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study. All patients underwent Video Electroencephalography to confirm the diagnosis and completed the psychiatric assessment (SCID I and II of DSM IV) supported by several instruments validated in Spanish. RESULTS FDS scored higher in perceived stress (p = 0.004) with lower levels of resilience compared to controls (p = 0.01). Stress coping subscales show higher scores in negative self-focus and hostility in patients with FDS compared to controls (p=0.003). Similarly, DRE patients scored higher in perceived stress (p = 0.001), and presented lower levels of resilience (p = 0.004) with higher levels of hostility compared to controls (p=0.02). However, no significant differences were found between FDS and DRE on stress coping variables. Anxiety scores and depression rates were higher in the FDS group compared to DRE (p=0.008) and higher in DRE compared to controls (p<0.05). A positive correlation between depression and perceived stress was found (r = 0.6, p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our results delineate a more detailed picture of the psychological profile of this population, emphasizing the importance of stress factors in patients with FDS and DRE. Combined intervention strategies which enhance stress coping may be appropriate to direct treatment and psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Jm Gargiulo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Medicina, IBCN (Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias)-CONICET, Argentina; Centro de Epilepsia del Hospital El Cruce, Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos (ENyS), Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Epilepsia del Hospital Ramos Mejía.
| | - Mercedes Sarudiansky
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Psicología- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Videla
- Jefe de departamento de neumonología del Hospital Universitario Austral (HUA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Lombardi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Epilepsia del Hospital Ramos Mejía
| | - Guido P Korman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Psicología- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Epilepsia del Hospital Ramos Mejía
| | - Silvia Oddo
- Centro de Epilepsia del Hospital El Cruce, Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos (ENyS), Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Epilepsia del Hospital Ramos Mejía
| | - Luciana D Alessio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Medicina, IBCN (Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias)-CONICET, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Epilepsia del Hospital Ramos Mejía
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Alshehabi KM, Askandarani S, Alkhalifah ZA. Suspected Levetiracetam-Induced Acute Rhabdomyolysis in a Patient With Retinoblastoma: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e25183. [PMID: 35747052 PMCID: PMC9209403 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is a condition characterized by the destruction of the skeletal muscle and the release of its content into the circulation, and it can cause acute kidney injury (AKI). There are numerous causes for the development of this condition, and some of them are rare. Levetiracetam, an antiepileptic agent, has been speculated as a rare possibility for the development of rhabdomyolysis. In this report, we highlight a case of a 36-year-old gentleman with retinoblastoma since childhood, who was maintained on levetiracetam for two years for epilepsy. He was brought to our hospital with a history of generalized fatigue and unwitnessed seizure. Upon further investigations, he was found to have severe rhabdomyolysis and AKI that required renal replacement therapy. Levetiracetam was suspected as a culprit and therefore was discontinued with gradual improvement of renal function over a few months.
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Coughlin P, Patel G, Vadaketh J, Pandit R. A Rare Case of Levetiracetam-Induced Refractory Hypokalemia. Cureus 2022; 14:e23817. [PMID: 35530900 PMCID: PMC9067888 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Levetiracetam is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for partial, generalized, and myoclonic seizures. Its mechanism of action as an antiepileptic involves the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles. The common side effects of levetiracetam include sleepiness, weakness, dizziness, and infection. We present a case of levetiracetam-induced hypokalemia, which was refractory to multiple repletion attempts. A 73-year-old woman with a history of seizures, heart failure, and previous stroke was admitted to the hospital due to witnessed seizure-like activity as a result of medication non-compliance. Her serum potassium prior to the start of antiepileptic medication was 4.5 mmol/L. She was restarted on her home dose of levetiracetam 1000 mg twice daily. Twenty-four hours after starting levetiracetam, the patient was found to have hypokalemia, and the patient’s potassium levels failed to correct, dropping as low as 2.0 mmol/L despite continued repletion and normalized magnesium levels. A decision was made to switch the levetiracetam to lacosamide. Thirty-six hours after this change was made, the patient’s potassium level corrected to 3.3 mmol/L and then corrected to 3.9 mmol/L five days later without requiring further repletion. Based on her clinical course, a diagnosis of levetiracetam-induced refractory hypokalemia was made. She was discharged home on lacosamide as her new antiepileptic medication, along with a close follow-up with neurology. Our case highlights the importance of considering Levetiracetam as a cause of refractory hypokalemia. Cases of levetiracetam-induced hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia are rarely reported in the literature, and those that have been reported vary greatly in onset and the resolution of electrolyte derangements. Given that levetiracetam is a widely used antiepileptic medication, we suggest that in cases of refractory hypokalemia, a change in antiepileptic medication should be considered.
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15
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Kasturiarachi BM, Krishnan R, Alsbrook DL, Hudson B, Kelly H, Moran CE, Alsherbini K, Jones GM. Evaluation of the Safety of Rapid Administration of Undiluted High-Dose Intravenous Levetiracetam. Neurohospitalist 2022; 12:227-230. [PMID: 35419138 PMCID: PMC8995595 DOI: 10.1177/19418744211067908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intravenous (IV) levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiseizure medication traditionally given as an intermittent infusion to mitigate potential adverse effects given its acidic formulation. The process of compounding may lead to delays in treating status epilepticus, which is why administration of undiluted doses is of interest. Prior studies have shown safety of IV doses from 1000 mg to 4500 mg; however, assessments of adverse side effects outside IV site reactions have not been studied. Methods A retrospective analysis was completed with patients who received 1500 mg doses of undiluted IV LEV. We included patients ≥ 18 years old that received at least 1 dose of IV LEV 1500 mg from January 2018 to February 2021. Study end points included assessment of hemodynamic disturbance (bradycardia [HR less than 50 beats per minute] or hypotension [SBP less than 90 mmHg] within 1 hour or documented infusion reaction within 12 hours of LEV. Descriptive statistics were utilized. Results A total 213 doses of 1500 mg of IV LEV were administered to 107 patients. Peripheral lines were used for 85.9% of doses. Approximately half of doses (57) were administered to patients on the general wards, with the remainder in the intensive care unit or emergency department. Two patients (1.9%) experienced bradycardia; however, 1 patient had pre-existing bradycardia. Three patients (3.8%) experienced hypotension; however, those patients were receiving vasopressors prior to the dose. There were no cases of infusion reaction. Conclusion Undiluted, rapid administration of IV LEV 1500 mg was well tolerated and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashi Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis TN, USA
- Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Diana L. Alsbrook
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis TN, USA
| | | | | | - Caitlin E. Moran
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis TN, USA
| | - Khalid Alsherbini
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis TN, USA
- Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - G. Morgan Jones
- Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- University of Tennessee Health Sciences College of Pharmacy, Memphis TN, USA
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16
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James J, Jose J, Gafoor VA. Levetiracetam-induced gingival hyperplasia. J Postgrad Med 2022; 68:168-169. [PMID: 35848684 PMCID: PMC9733520 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_1059_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Levetiracetam is a new generation antiseizure medication which binds to synaptic vesicle protein SV2A and inhibits the release of neurotransmitters. Gingival hyperplasia is a common side effect of conventional antiseizure medications like phenytoin, but very rare with the newer ones. A 14-year-old boy was started on levetiracetam 250 mg twice daily after a generalized seizure. Five days later he presented with gingival swelling and painful oral aphthae, without lymphadenopathy or systemic symptoms. Blood investigations were normal. After one-month of stopping the drug, the lesions cleared. This case highlights the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene and periodic dental review in patients on antiseizure medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J James
- Department of Neurology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - J Jose
- Department of Neurology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India,Address for correspondence: Prof. Jose J, E-mail:
| | - VA Gafoor
- Department of Neurology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
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17
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Is the prevalence of thyroid disease higher in children receiving antiepileptic medication? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Seizure 2021; 94:117-125. [PMID: 34896814 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Antiseizure medications (ASM) have long been examined for their potential to induce thyroid dysfunction. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the prevalence of thyroid disease in children up to 16 years receiving monotherapy with valproate (VPA), carbamazepine (CBZ) and levetiracetam (LEV). METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane/CENTRAL databases and the gray literature were searched to identify observational studies providing the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the target population under VPA, CBZ, or LEV monotherapy schemes. The results were pooled using a random-effects model, and additional subgroup analyses were performed for the three ASM groups. RESULTS Fifteen and thirteen studies met inclusion criteria for the qualitative and the quantitative analysis, respectively, with a total of 945 pediatric patients with prevalence data. Only VPA and CBZ were associated with thyroid dysfunction. The overall prevalence of thyroid abnormality was higher in children receiving ASM [odds ratio (OR) 6.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.96-11.75]. In the subgroup analysis, the prevalence of biochemical thyroid abnormality with increased TSH was higher in the VPA (OR 9.54, 95%CI 5.25-17.34) and the CBZ group (OR 4.08, 95%CI 1.84-9.04) compared with controls. CONCLUSION This study confirms the higher prevalence of biochemical thyroid abnormality in children under VPA and CBZ monotherapy, whereas no such evidence is present for LEV. In children with a predisposition for thyroid disease, LEV should be considered over VPA and CBZ, if appropriate for seizure type and epilepsy syndrome. More studies are needed to reach a consensus on monitoring and management of thyroid dysfunction in children receiving ASM therapy.
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18
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Manreza MLGD, Pan TA, Carbone EQ, Vattimo ACA, Herrera R, Morais DC, Cardoso RA, Lacerda GCBD, Lin K, Nakano FN, Kowacs PA, Palmini ALF, Souza AMDMH, Zung S, Yacubian EMT. Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam as adjunctive therapy for refractory focal epilepsy. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2021; 79:290-298. [PMID: 34133509 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy affects about 50 million people worldwide and around 30% of these patients have refractory epilepsy, with potential consequences regarding quality of life, morbidity and premature mortality. OBJECTIVE The aim of treatment with antiseizure medications (ASMs) is to allow patients to remain without seizures, with good tolerability. Levetiracetam is a broad-spectrum ASM with a unique mechanism of action that differs it from other ASMs. It has been shown to be effective and safe for treating adults and children with epilepsy. METHODS This was a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in children and adults (4-65 years) as an adjuvant treatment for focal-onset seizures. It was conducted among 114 patients undergoing treatment with up to three ASMs. The primary efficacy analysis was based on the proportion of patients who achieved a reduction of ≥ 50% in the mean number of focal seizures per week, over a 16-week treatment period. The patients were randomized to receive placebo or levetiracetam, titrated every two weeks from 20 mg/kg/day or 1,000 mg/day up to 60 mg/kg/day or 3,000 mg/day. RESULTS Levetiracetam was significantly superior to placebo (p = 0.0031); 38.7% of the participants in the levetiracetam group and 14.3% in the control group shows reductions in focal seizures. Levetiracetam was seen to have a favorable safety profile and an adverse event rate similar to that of placebo. CONCLUSION Corroborating the results in the literature, levetiracetam was shown to be effective and safe for children and adults with refractory focal-onset epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiane Amaral Pan
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S.A., Núcleo de Inovação, Núcleo Médico-Científico, Guarulhos SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Quinalha Carbone
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S.A., Núcleo de Inovação, Núcleo Médico-Científico, Guarulhos SP, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Herrera
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S.A., Núcleo de Inovação, Núcleo Médico-Científico, Guarulhos SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas Costa Morais
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S.A., Núcleo de Inovação, Núcleo Médico-Científico, Guarulhos SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Katia Lin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Hospital Universitário, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Experimental e Clínica, Florianópolis SC, Brazil
| | - Frederico Nakane Nakano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Hospital das Clínicas, Unidade de Pesquisa Clínica, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
| | | | - André Luis Fernandes Palmini
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital São Lucas, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | | | - Stevin Zung
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S.A., Núcleo de Inovação, Núcleo Médico-Científico, Guarulhos SP, Brazil
| | - Elza Márcia Targas Yacubian
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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Nguyen JV, Yaw T, Gratton H. Incidence of neurobehavioral side effects associated with levetiracetam compared to phenytoin in traumatic brain injury patients. Brain Inj 2021; 35:902-906. [PMID: 34027761 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1927184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Phenytoin is recommended for seizure prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Levetiracetam has been proposed as an alternative agent. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in the incidence of neurobehavioral side effects in patients with TBI receiving levetiracetam compared to those receiving phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at a level 1 trauma center from June 2008 to April 2014. Patients with TBI aged 16 years and older who received levetiracetam or phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis were evaluated and incidence of neurobehavioral side effects were compared for the two groups.Results: Of the 200 patients who met inclusion criteria, 95 (47.5%) received phenytoin and 105 (52.5%) received levetiracetam. Incidence of neurobehavioral side effects was not statistically different between groups (76 [80%] vs. 75 [71.4%], p = .189). The two groups were well matched.Conclusion: In patients with TBI, receipt of levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis did not appear to be associated with increased neurobehavioral side effects compared to receipt of phenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerika V Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Oregon Health & Science University Hospital, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tian Yaw
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Oregon Health & Science University Hospital, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Holly Gratton
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Oregon Health & Science University Hospital, Portland, OR, USA
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Ballvé A, Salas‐Puig J, Quintana M, Campos D, Llauradó A, Raspall M, Fonseca E, Abraira L, Santamarina E, Toledo M. Levetiracetam as first-line monotherapy for Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy in women. Acta Neurol Scand 2021; 143:407-412. [PMID: 33452703 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levetiracetam (LEV) is effective in Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (IGE) and seems to be a good alternative to valproic acid in women of childbearing age. However, there is lack of approval for this indication as monotherapy. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of LEV as a first-line therapy in this population. METHODS The study is a descriptive analysis of women aged between 16 and 45 years old diagnosed with IGE and treated with LEV as first-line monotherapy. Minimum follow-up was 24 months. RESULTS 26 women. Mean age: 25.4 years (17-43). 14 Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy; 8 Tonic-Clonic Seizures Alone; 4 Juvenile Absence. Mean follow-up: 68.3 months (24-120). 11 patients (40.7%) continued to take LEV as monotherapy, of which 10 were seizure-free, and three (11.5%) continue to be seizure-free after withdrawing LEV. 12 patients (46.2%) required a change of treatment: 25% (3/12) due to lack of efficacy, 42% (5/12) due to adverse effects and 33% (4/12) due to both. Irritability was the most frequent adverse effect. At the last assessment, three patients (11.5%) continued to have seizures despite polytherapy. Estimated retention rates were 78.1% at one year (SE 7.3%) and 51% at 5 years (SE 9.8%). Estimated median retention time is 72 months (CI 95%: 50.9-93.1). CONCLUSION LEV could be an effective drug as first-line treatment for IGE in women of childbearing potential. The adverse effects are its main limitation. Comparative studies are needed in order to establish it for this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ballvé
- Epilepsy Unit Neurology Department Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
| | - Javier Salas‐Puig
- Epilepsy Unit Neurology Department Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
| | - Manuel Quintana
- Epilepsy Unit Neurology Department Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
- Epilepsy Research Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR Barcelona Spain
- Medicine Department Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Campos
- Epilepsy Unit Neurology Department Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
| | - Arnau Llauradó
- Epilepsy Unit Neurology Department Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
| | - Miquel Raspall
- Epilepsy Unit Neurology Department Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
- Department of Paediatric Neurology Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
| | - Elena Fonseca
- Epilepsy Unit Neurology Department Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
- Epilepsy Research Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR Barcelona Spain
- Medicine Department Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Laura Abraira
- Epilepsy Unit Neurology Department Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
- Epilepsy Research Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR Barcelona Spain
- Medicine Department Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Estevo Santamarina
- Epilepsy Unit Neurology Department Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
- Epilepsy Research Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR Barcelona Spain
- Medicine Department Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Manuel Toledo
- Epilepsy Unit Neurology Department Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Barcelona Spain
- Epilepsy Research Group Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR Barcelona Spain
- Medicine Department Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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Jung SY, Yi YY, Kang JW. Once-Daily Extended-Release Levetiracetam Improves Medication Compliance in Adolescent Epilepsy Patients. ANNALS OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.26815/acn.2020.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Alsfouk BAA, Brodie MJ, Walters M, Kwan P, Chen Z. Tolerability of Antiseizure Medications in Individuals With Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy. JAMA Neurol 2021; 77:574-581. [PMID: 32091535 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Tolerability is a key determinant of the effectiveness of epilepsy treatment. It is important to evaluate whether the overall tolerability has improved. Objective To identify factors associated with poor tolerability of antiseizure medications (ASMs) and examine temporal changes in tolerability. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a longitudinal cohort study at a specialist clinic in Glasgow, Scotland. Patients with newly diagnosed and treated epilepsy between July 1982 and October 2012 were included from 2282 eligible individuals. They were followed up until April 2016 or death. Data analysis was completed in August 2019. Exposures Antiseizure medications. Main Outcomes and Measures Univariable and multivariable survival analyses were performed to examine associations between potential risk factors and development of intolerable adverse effects (AEs). Intolerable AE rates of the ASMs as the initial monotherapy were compared between 3 epochs (July 1982-June 1992, July 1992-June 2002, and July 2002-April 2016). Results Of 1795 patients, 969 (54.0%) were male, and the median (interquartile range) age was 33 (21-50) years. A total of 3241 ASMs were prescribed during the period, of which 504 (15.6%) were discontinued within 6 months owing to intolerable AEs. Children younger than 18 years had lower intolerable AE rates than adults (vs aged 18-64 years: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.58; 95% CI, 1.07-2.32; vs aged ≥65 years: aHR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.19-3.02) while female individuals (aHR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.30-1.96) and those who had more than 5 pretreatment seizures (aHR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03-1.49) were associated with having higher risk. For each ASM trial, the risk of intolerable AEs increased with the number of previous drug withdrawals due to AEs (aHR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.09-1.28) and the number of concomitant ASMs (aHR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.04-1.64). The proportion of second-generation ASMs prescribed as the initial monotherapy increased from 22.3% (33 of 148) in the first epoch to 68.7% (645 of 939) in the last (P < .001). Although differences in intolerable AE rates and types of AEs were found between the ASMs, there was no difference in the overall intolerable AEs rates to the initial monotherapy across the 3 epochs (first: 10.1% [15 of 148]; second: 13.8% [98 of 708]; third: 14.0% [131 of 939]; P = .41). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, the increased use of the second-generation ASMs had not improved overall treatment tolerability. Greater effort to improve tolerability in ASM development is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bshra Ali A Alsfouk
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.,College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin J Brodie
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.,Epilepsy Unit, Scottish Epilepsy Initiative, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Patrick Kwan
- Central Clinical School, Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Central Clinical School, Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Heidemann J, Schmitz B, Kostev K. Association between antiseizure medication use and risk of urinary tract infection: A case-control study. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 115:107502. [PMID: 33323337 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to analyze the association between antiseizure medication (ASM) and the risk of urinary tract infections (UTI) in patients with epilepsy treated in general practices in Germany. METHODS This study includes a total of 2201 patients (mean age: 61.4) whose first documented UTI diagnosis occurred between January 2015 and December 2019 (index date) and who were prescribed at least one ASM in 1198 general practices in Germany within one year prior to the index date. Based on a case-control design, the association between predefined criteria and UTI was investigated by matching (1:1) controls without UTI to cases with UTI by sex, age, and codiagnoses. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between ASM use and UTI risk. RESULTS In the first regression model, phenytoin (PHT), primidone, carbamazepine (CBZ), and valproate (VPA) were associated with an increased risk of UTI. In the second model, these associations were confirmed with effects per prescription for PHT, primidone, CBZ, and VPA use. Additionally, the effect per prescription was significant for oxcarbazepine (OXC), topiramate, and gabapentin. CONCLUSION The study found that PHT, primidone, CBZ, and VPA in particular are associated with an increased risk of infections of the urinary tract. Oxcarbazepine, topiramate, and gabapentin are also associated with increased risk of UTI, albeit to a less significant extent. In general, the immunological and hematological side effects of these molecules may play an important role in the development of UTI under anticonvulsant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bettina Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Humboldt-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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Phillips KF, Deshpande LS. Calcium Hypothesis of Gulf War Illness: Role of Calcium Ions in Neurological Morbidities in a DFP-Based Rat Model for Gulf War Illness. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520979841. [PMID: 33354668 PMCID: PMC7734545 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520979841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) refers to a multi-system disorder that afflicts approximately 30% of First Gulf War (GW) veterans. Amongst the symptoms exhibited, mood and memory impairment are commonly reported by GW veterans. Exposure to organophosphate (OP) compounds which target the cholinergic system is considered a leading cause for GWI symptoms. It is hypothesized that chronic OP-based war-time stimulation of cholinergic signaling led to recruitment of excitatory glutamatergic signaling and other downstream signaling cascades leading to neuronal injury, neuroinflammation, generation of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage within the central nervous system. These findings have been observed in both experimental models and GWI veterans. In this context the role of calcium (Ca2+) signaling in GWI has come to the forefront. Here we present our Ca2+ hypothesis of GWI that suggests sustained neuronal Ca2+ elevations serve as a molecular trigger for pathological synaptic plasticity that has allowed for the persistence of GWI symptoms. Subsequently we discuss that therapeutic targeting of Ca2+ homeostatic mechanisms provides novel targets for effective treatment of GWI-related neurological signs in our rodent model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laxmikant S Deshpande
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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Direk M, Epcacan S, Epcacan Z, Yildirim DD, Okuyaz C. Efficacy of levetiracetam in the treatment of Sydenham chorea. Pediatr Int 2020; 62:1264-1268. [PMID: 32445412 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the effect of levetiracetam in treating Sydenham chorea. METHODS We retrospectively collected the data of 140 patients diagnosed with Sydenham chorea in the pediatric neurology and pediatric cardiology outpatient clinics of Van Training and Research Hospital between January 2010 and December 2018. RESULTS There were 140 patients, 102 (70%) of whom were girls, with mean age of onset 11.8 ± 2.7 years. Symptomatic treatment was initiated in all patients at the time of diagnosis; this medication was changed during follow up in 15 patients. The most frequently prescribed drugs were haloperidol and sodium (Na) valproate, and the most frequently discontinued one was haloperidol, due to side effects. The second-choice drug was most often levetiracetam. Clinical response often began within the first 2 weeks, with Na valproate (P = 0.002), within 4 weeks with carbamazepine (P = 0.037) but 1-6 months with haloperidol (P = 0.018) and levetiracetam (P = 0.008). Time to full remission was similar with Na valproate, carbamazepine, haloperidol, and levetiracetam (P = 0.276). Our study indicated that levetiracetam was as effective as the other commonly used drugs in the symptomatic treatment of Sydenham chorea. CONCLUSION Levetiracetam might be an option in the treatment of Sydenham chorea because of its acceptable effect and safety profile. This observation needs further support with evidence obtained through controlled and blinded trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Direk
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Serdar Epcacan
- Department of Pediatrics, Van Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Van, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Epcacan
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Van Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Van, Turkey
| | | | - Cetin Okuyaz
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Behavioral alterations associated with levetiracetam in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 112:107472. [PMID: 33181889 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Levetiracetam (LEV) has an improved pharmacological profile and is one of the most commonly used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, associations between this pharmacological profile and behavioral side effects have been extensively reported in pediatric populations. We assessed behavioral changes after initiation of LEV, prescribed by the treating neurologist, in Chilean patients with epilepsy aged 4-15 years. A behavioral questionnaire was applied at baseline and at two, four, and twelve weeks of treatment. Thirty patients were enrolled: 16 males, 14 females, average age 8 years (range: 4-14). By week four, 23.3% of patients showed significant behavioral alterations that persisted throughout the observation period. No significant alterations emerged after four weeks in the remaining patients. Family history of psychiatric disease and prior behavioral difficulties were predisposing factors for adverse behavioral effects. Although previous studies associated adverse behavioral effects with LEV in pediatric patients with epilepsy, we believe that this is the first study to use a prospective methodology and standardized tools to quantify the symptomatology. Adverse behavioral effects may significantly affect quality of life for patients and families, diminishing the tolerability of treatment. To ensure successful therapy and improve medical decision-making, it is essential to consider predisposing factors for drug-related adverse effects and to regularly assess for behavioral alterations during treatment.
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DeMott JM, Slocum GW, Gottlieb M, Peksa GD. Levetiracetam vs. phenytoin as 2nd-line treatment for status epilepticus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 111:107286. [PMID: 32707535 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam (LEV) or phenytoin (PHT) as second-line treatment for status epilepticus (SE). METHODS PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Scopus, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar were assessed for prospective randomized trials comparing LEV with PHT as second-line treatment of SE published from inception until December 18th, 2019. The primary outcome was seizure cessation. Data were analyzed using a random-effects model. Quality analysis was performed using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2). The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020136417). RESULTS Nine studies with a total of 1732 patients were included. Overall, seizure cessation occurred in 657 of 887 (74%) of patients in the LEV group and 600 of 845 (71%) in the PHT group. Treatment success did not differ significantly between groups, and the relative risk (RR) was 1.05 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98-1.12; I2 = 53%). Six of the studies were at low risk of bias, one study had some risk, and two studies had high risk. CONCLUSIONS The use of LEV or PHT as second-line agents after benzodiazepine (BZD) for the treatment of SE was not associated with a difference in seizure cessation. Because there are minimal differences in efficacy at this time, clinicians should consider alternative factors when deciding on an antiepileptic drug (AED).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M DeMott
- Department of Pharmacy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Giles W Slocum
- Department of Pharmacy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gary D Peksa
- Department of Pharmacy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Levetiracetam Induced Behavioral Abnormalities in a Patient with Seizure Disorder: A Diagnostic Challenge. Case Rep Psychiatry 2020; 2020:8883802. [PMID: 32908767 PMCID: PMC7450317 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8883802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Levetiracetam is a second-generation antiepileptic drug that is chemically unrelated to other antiepileptic drugs. Levetiracetam is a broad-spectrum antiseizure medication that is approved as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children and adults with epilepsy. The mechanism by which Levetiracetam induces behavioral changes remains unknown. Its proposed mechanism of action involves binding to synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) and this leads to neuronal inhibition. Though, the drug has a convenient dosing regimen and is relatively well tolerated, neuropsychiatric side effects can emerge beyond the initial titration period and may be the most common reason for drug discontinuation. Levetiracetam has been reported to cause varying degrees of psychiatric adverse effects including behavioral disturbance such as agitation, hostility and psychosis, and mood symptoms and suicidality. It has been shown to induce psychiatric side effects in 13.3% of adults, with only 0.7% presenting with severe symptoms such as depression, agitation, or hostility. The prevalence rate of development of psychosis in these patients is estimated to be about 1.4%. A review of literature has demonstrated a relative correlation between Levetiracetam use and the development of neurobehavioral symptoms which is increased in predisposed individuals. This research describes the case of a 28-year-old woman with seizure disorder and a psychiatric history of schizoaffective disorder who developed aggressive behavior, paranoia, and severe hostility following administration of Levetiracetam 750 mg orally twice daily. She developed acute behavioral symptoms which were reversed with cessation of Levetiracetam. This report emphasizes the need for developing an appropriately high index of suspicion in promoting surveillance and prompt identification of behavioral adverse effects associated with Levetiracetam especially in high-risk patient population.
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Percutaneous delivery of levetiracetam as an alternative to topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: formulation development, in vitro and in vivo characterization. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:227-241. [PMID: 32451940 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The study focused on formulation of carmellose sodium hydrogels and nonionic microemulsions with 5% and 10% of levetiracetam and investigation of drug concentration influence on their physicochemical characteristics and in-use stability as well as influence of drug concentration and carrier type on in vitro drug release and in vivo antihyperalgesic/antiedematous activity in a rat model of localized (intraplantar) carrageenan-induced inflammation. Hydrogels were pseudoplastic semisolids with thixotropy and pH 7.37-7.58. Microemulsions were low viscous Newtonian nanodispersions of oil droplets (13.11-15.11 nm) in water, with pH 4.01-4.64. Physical stability of the investigated systems was preserved over the 3-month storage under ambient conditions. Levetiracetam release followed zero order and Korsmeyer-Peppas models (R2 ≥ 0.99) reflecting the combined effects of drug concentration and carrier viscosity. All levetiracetam-loaded formulations produced significant reduction of hyperalgesia and paw swelling induced by carrageenan (p < 0.001). Their efficacy in exerting antihyperalgesic activity was significantly higher than that observed with the reference 5% ibuprofen hydrogel preparation (up to 6 h) (p < 0.001), while antiedematous activity was comparable with the reference product. No erythema and visible blood vessels were observed in a rat ear test. The study demonstrated percutaneous delivery of levetiracetam as useful and safe therapeutic option for localized inflammatory pain with potential to overcome the insufficient efficacy of topically applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the form of a hydrogel. Graphical abstract.
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Course and impact of sleep disturbance in newly diagnosed epilepsy: A prospective registry study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 195:105963. [PMID: 32474255 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the course of sleep distrurbance (insomnia symptoms and short sleep duration) after a diagnosis of epilepsy and their associations with seizure control, mood, disability, and quality of life. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and sixty-nine adults were drawn from the Sydney Epilepsy Incidence Study to Measure Illness Consequences (SEISMIC), a prospective, multicenter, community-wide study in Sydney, Australia. Socio-demographic, psychosocial, clinical characteristics, and information on sleep disturbance were obtained early (median 48 [IQR15-113] days) after a diagnosis of epilepsy, and at 12 months. Logistic regression models were used to determine associations between patterns of sleep disturbance with outcomes at 12 months. RESULTS Insomnia symptoms and/or short sleep duration were present in 18-23% of participants at both time points, with over half (54-61%) showing a chronic pattern. There was no association of sleep disturbance pattern with recurrent seizures, medication use or disability. Chronic insomnia symptoms and short sleep duration were strongly associated with worse mental health (aOR 3.76, 95% CI 1.28-11.06; and aOR 5.41, 95% CI 1.86-15.79) and poorer quality of life at 12 months (aOR 3.02, 95% CI 1.03-8.84; and aOR 3.11, 95% CI 1.10-8.82), after adjusting for clinical features of epilepsy and comorbidity. Those whose sleep disturbance remitted had no adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Insomnia symptoms and short sleep duration are less common in people with recently-diagnosed than chronic epilepsy. The temporal association with poor psycholosocial outcomes supports specific interventions addressing sleep disturbance.
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Rashid M, Rajan AK, Chhabra M, Kashyap A. Levetiracetam and cutaneous adverse reactions: A systematic review of descriptive studies. Seizure 2020; 75:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Altınöz AE, Tosun Altınöz Ş, Güzel Biltekin B, Can Kaya M. Levetiracetam induced hypomania: a case report. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2019; 10:2042098619876754. [PMID: 31620273 PMCID: PMC6777046 DOI: 10.1177/2042098619876754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Levetiracetam (LEV) is a newer second-generation antiepileptic drug that is found
to be effective in tonic-clonic seizures, partial onset seizures, and myoclonic
seizures. Among antiepileptic drugs, LEV is usually known for fewer adverse drug
reactions. Psychiatric disorders after the administration of LEV have been
reported in the literature. There are many case reports on LEV-induced
psychosis, but there are only three case reports of mania induced by LEV use. In
this report, we present a case with no history of psychiatric disorder who had a
hypomania episode after receiving LEV for epilepsy treatment. The development of
manic symptoms with LEV therapy is unusual. Clinicians should consider
monitoring patients closely for treatment-related psychological symptoms and
psychotic symptoms, including the possibility of mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ercan Altınöz
- Department of Psychiatry, Eskisehir Osmangazi Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Eskisehir 26480, Turkey
| | - Şengül Tosun Altınöz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yunus Emre Devlet Hastanesi 2 Eylul Hizmet Binasi (Eski Hava Hastanesi), Eskisehir, Turkey
| | | | - Murat Can Kaya
- Department of Psychiatry, Eskisehir Osmangazi Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Mohamudally A, Clark K. Levetiracetam at the End of Life: A Case Report and Discussion. J Palliat Med 2019; 23:995-997. [PMID: 31603723 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2019.0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with primary brain tumors may present with neuropsychiatric symptoms such as behavioral and personality changes at any point during the disease course. Symptoms may be due to tumor treatment, the disease itself, or due to therapy for symptoms such as seizures. Levetiracetam is an attractive choice of antiepileptic medication because of relatively fewer drug interactions and may be administered through the subcutaneous route. Aggressive behavior in advanced brain tumors can have a profound negative impact on patients and their families and carers, particularly when deteriorating toward death. We report a case of neuropsychiatric symptoms in progressive glioblastoma multiforme while on stable levetiracetam doses, which improved with reduction and cessation of the drug. We review the existing literature on seizures in primary brain tumors, their antiepileptic drug management, and the risk of consequent neuropsychiatric adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthoulla Mohamudally
- Department of Palliative Care, Cancer and Palliative Care Network, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Road St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Clark
- Department of Palliative Care, Cancer and Palliative Care Network, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Road St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Improving Palliative Care through Clinical Trials and Research Group (ImPaCCT), University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Nosocomial Infections among Patients with Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Data Analysis of Predictors and Outcomes. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2019; 182:158-166. [PMID: 31151044 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracranial hemorrhage is a critical medical emergency. Nosocomial infections may promote worse outcomes in these vulnerable patients. This study investigated microbial features, predictors, and clinical outcomes of nosocomial infections among patients with multiple subtypes of intracranial hemorrhage. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients that were hospitalized with intracranial hemorrhage between January 2015 and October 2018, and divided them into two groups based on the development of nosocomial infection. Within the cohort of patients with nosocomial infections, microbiology and resistance patterns were established across multiple sites of infection. Moreover, consequences of nosocomial infection such as mortality and length of hospital stay were determined. RESULTS A total of 233 cases were identified that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria out of which were 94 cases of nosocomial infection (40.3%) versus 139 cases with no nosocomial infection (59.7%). The most common infections were pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bacteremia. Resistance accounted for 70.2% of cultures. Multivariable analysis revealed significant association of nosocomial infections with hypertension (OR: 2.62, 95% CI: 1.11-6.16, p = 0.027), hospital LOS (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.05-1.12, p < 0.001), levetiracetam (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.41-0.922, p = 0.007), and GCS category (OR: 5.42, 95% CI: 1.67-17.55, p = 0.005 and OR: 7.63, 95% CI: 2.44-23.87, p < 0.001 for moderate and severe, respectively). Patients with nosocomial infections witnessed a significant increase in the length of hospital stay (23 versus 8 hospital days, p < 0.001). This finding was significant across most types of brain hemorrhage. Mortality was significantly associated with GCS category (OR: 10.1, 95% CI: 4-25.7, p < 0.001) and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube insertion (OR: 19.6, 95% CI: 4.1-91, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings suggest that nosocomial infections are common among patients with intracranial hemorrhage and can be predictable by considering certain risk factors. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the efficacy of implementing infection control strategies or protocols on these patients to achieve better therapeutic outcomes.
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Kumar RG, Breslin KB, Ritter AC, Conley YP, Wagner AK. Variability with Astroglial Glutamate Transport Genetics Is Associated with Increased Risk for Post-Traumatic Seizures. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:230-238. [PMID: 29999457 PMCID: PMC6338569 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity contributes to epileptogenesis after severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). Demographic and clinical risk factors for post-traumatic seizures (PTS) have been identified, but genetic risk remains largely unknown. Thus, we investigated whether genetic variation in astroglial glutamate transporter genes is associated with accelerated epileptogenesis and PTS risk after sTBI. Adults (n = 267) 18-75 years old were assessed over a three-year period post-TBI. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the SLC1A2 and SLC1A3 genes were assayed. Kaplan-Meier estimates and log-rank statistics were used to compare seizure frequencies by genotype. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for genotypes significant in Kaplan-Meier analyses. Thirty-nine tagging SNPs were examined (SLC1A2: n = 21, SLC1A3: n = 18). PTS developed in 57 (21.4%) individuals. Of those with PTS, n = 20 (35.7%) had an immediate/early seizure within the first seven days, and n = 36 (64.3%) had a late seizure occurring between eight days and three years post-TBI. When adjusting for multiple comparisons, rs4869682 genotypes (SLC1A3, GG vs. T-carriers) were associated with time to first seizure (p = 0.003). Median time until first seizure was 20.4 days for individuals with a GG genotype and 44.8 days for T-carriers. After adjusting for covariates, rs4869682 GG-homozygotes had a 2.05 times increased PTS risk versus T-carriers (aHR = 2.08, 95% confidence interval: 1.20, 3.62, p = 0.009). Variation within SLC1A3 is associated with accelerated epileptogenesis and clinical PTS development after sTBI. Future studies should validate these findings and examine how genetic variation at rs4869682 may be a target for PTS prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj G. Kumar
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen B. Breslin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne C. Ritter
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yvette P. Conley
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy K. Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neuroscience, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Thelengana A, Shukla G, Srivastava A, Singh MB, Gupta A, Rajan R, Vibha D, Pandit AK, Prasad K. Cognitive, behavioural and sleep-related adverse effects on introduction of levetiracetam versus oxcarbazepine for epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2019; 150:58-65. [PMID: 30641352 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is limited literature on cognitive, behaviour and sleep-related adverse effects of levetiracetam and oxcarbazepine among adult epilepsy patients, except for what is available from the initial efficacy trials. This study was initiated with the aim to evaluate the incidence and prevalence of various cognitive, behaviour and sleep-related adverse effects of levetiracetam versus oxcarbazepine among people with epilepsy. METHODS The study was conducted in two parts: part A was a cross-sectional study, and part B was a longitudinal study. Trail making test A & B, digit symbol substitution test, Stroop colour and word test, controlled oral word association test and PGI memory scale, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, sleep log and ESS-I were used for assessment of cognitive, behaviour and sleep-related adverse effects. RESULTS In the cross-sectional as well as prospective study, no significant difference was observed in the cognitive performance of patients in levetiracetam and oxcarbazepine group in any of the cognitive assessment. Among 120 patients enrolled in the cross-sectional study, significantly higher number of patients in the levetiracetam group compared to the oxcarbazepine group,had agitation/aggression (20% vs10%, p = 0.047) and irritability (26.7% vs 3.3%, p = 0.007).Among 132 patients enrolled in the prospective study, significantly higher increase in the domain score of agitation/aggression (14.5% vs 1.6%, p = 0.028) and irritability (17.7% vs 1.6%, p = 0.018) was observed in the levetiracetam group compared to oxcarbazepine group. A significantly higher proportion of patients in the oxcarbazepine group had hypersomnolence (11.3% vs 1.6%, p = 0.026), as compared to the levetiracetam group. SIGNIFICANCE On cross-sectional as well as on longitudinal assessment, nearly one-fifth of patients on levetiracetam have behaviour related adverse effects, with dose modification required for half among these. Nearly 11% of patients on oxcarbazepine reported sleep-related adverse effects (higher total sleep duration per 24 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thelengana
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Shukla
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Achal Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Bhushan Singh
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupama Gupta
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Roopa Rajan
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Vibha
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Awadh Kishor Pandit
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kameshwar Prasad
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Yi ZM, -, Wen C, Cai T, Xu L, Zhong XL, Zhan SY, Zhai SD. Levetiracetam for epilepsy: an evidence map of efficacy, safety and economic profiles. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 15:1-19. [PMID: 30587993 PMCID: PMC6301299 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s181886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy, safety and economics of levetiracetam (LEV) for epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, OpenGrey.eu and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for systematic reviews (SRs), meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, case reports and economic studies published from January 2007 to April 2018. We used a bubble plot to graphically display information of included studies and conducted meta-analyses to quantitatively synthesize the evidence. RESULTS A total of 14,803 records were obtained. We included 30 SRs/meta-analyses, 34 RCTs, 18 observational studies, 58 case reports and 2 economic studies after the screening process. The included SRs enrolled patients with pediatric epilepsy, epilepsy in pregnancy, focal epilepsy, generalized epilepsy and refractory focal epilepsy. Meta-analysis of the included RCTs indicated that LEV was as effective as carbamazepine (CBZ; treatment for 6 months: 58.9% vs 64.8%, OR=0.76, 95% CI: 0.50-1.16; 12 months: 54.9% vs 55.5%, OR=1.24, 95% CI: 0.79-1.93), oxcarbazepine (57.7% vs 59.8%, OR=1.34, 95% CI: 0.34-5.23), phenobarbital (50.0% vs 50.9%, OR=1.20, 95% CI: 0.51-2.82) and lamotrigine (LTG; 61.5% vs 57.7%, OR=1.22, 95% CI: 0.90-1.66). SRs and observational studies indicated a low malformation rate and intrauterine death rate for pregnant women, as well as low risk of cognitive side effects. But psychiatric and behavioral side effects could not be ruled out. LEV decreased discontinuation due to adverse events compared with CBZ (OR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.41-0.65), while no difference was found when LEV was compared with placebo and LTG. Two cost-effectiveness evaluations for refractory epilepsy with decision-tree model showed US$ 76.18 per seizure-free day gained in Canada and US$ 44 per seizure-free day gained in Korea. CONCLUSION LEV is as effective as CBZ, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital and LTG and has an advantage for pregnant women and in cognitive functions. Limited evidence supports its cost-effectiveness. REGISTERED NUMBER PROSPERO (No CRD 42017069367).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Miao Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China,
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- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Cheng Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China,
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Bio-statistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Bio-statistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Li Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Yan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Bio-statistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Suo-Di Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China,
- Institute for Drug Evaluation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,
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Mechanisms Underlying Aggressive Behavior Induced by Antiepileptic Drugs: Focus on Topiramate, Levetiracetam, and Perampanel. Behav Neurol 2018; 2018:2064027. [PMID: 30581496 PMCID: PMC6276511 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2064027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are effective against seizures, but their use is often limited by adverse effects, among them psychiatric and behavioral ones including aggressive behavior (AB). Knowledge of the incidence, risk factors, and the underlying mechanisms of AB induced by AEDs may help to facilitate management and reduce the risk of such side effects. The exact incidence of AB as an adverse effect of AEDs is difficult to estimate, but frequencies up to 16% have been reported. Primarily, levetiracetam (LEV), perampanel (PER), and topiramate (TPM), which have diverse mechanisms of action, have been associated with AB. Currently, there is no evidence for a specific pharmacological mechanism solely explaining the increased incidence of AB with LEV, PER, and TPM. Serotonin (5-HT) and GABA, and particularly glutamate (via the AMPA receptor), seem to play key roles. Other mechanisms involve hormones, epigenetics, and “alternative psychosis” and related phenomena. Increased individual susceptibility due to an underlying neurological and/or a mental health disorder may further explain why people with epilepsy are at an increased risk of AB when using AEDs. Remarkably, AB may occur with a delay of weeks or months after start of treatment. Information to patients, relatives, and caregivers, as well as sufficient clinical follow-up, is crucial, and there is a need for further research to understand the complex relationship between AED mechanisms of action and the induction/worsening of AB.
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A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter trial comparing the efficacy and safety of extended- and immediate-release levetiracetam in people with partial epilepsy. Seizure 2018; 62:84-90. [PMID: 30308428 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this trial was to compare the efficacy and safety of two formulations of levetiracetam in people with partial epilepsy over a 12-week treatment period. METHODS We performed a randomized, paralleled, and multicenter trial that consisted of a 4-week single-blind placebo run-in, followed by a 12-week double-blind, double-dummy treatment phase to compare the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam extended-release (LEV-ER) and immediate-release (LEV-IR) tablets as an adjunctive treatment in adult patients with uncontrolled epilepsy. RESULTS The median partial-onset seizure (POS) frequency per week (min-max) was 0.3 (0.0, 17.4; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.3, 4.8) in the LEV-ER group and 0.3 (0.0, 31.4; 95% CI - 0.1, 4.3) in the LEV-IR group. No serious adverse events occurred during the trial period. Both groups had the same responder rate (58.6%), while a higher rate of seizure freedom over the treatment period was noted in the LEV-ER group compared with the LEV-IR group (27.6% vs. 13.8%, respectively). The European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions scores significantly increased in the LEV-ER-treated group, in contrast to the scores in the LEV-IR group, which decreased (7.2 vs. - 1.5, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION These results suggest that LEV-ER is equivalent to LEV-IR in reducing the frequency of POS and has a similar tolerability as LEV-IR as an add-on therapy. In addition, LEV-ER treatment improved the health-related quality of life of people with uncontrolled partial epilepsy.
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Algahtani H, Marghalani S, Satti M, Shirah B. Levetiracetam-Induced Skin Hyperpigmentation: An Extremely Rare Undesirable Side Effect. J Epilepsy Res 2017; 7:106-108. [PMID: 29344468 PMCID: PMC5767486 DOI: 10.14581/jer.17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Levetiracetam is one of the newer second-generation antiepileptic drugs with multiple mechanisms of action. Cutaneous side effects due to levetiracetam are rarely reported in the literature. In this article, we describe a patient with skin hyperpigmentation due to the treatment with levetiracetam with complete resolution after discontinuation of the medication. In addition, we review the topic and hypothesize the mechanism behind this rare complication. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of skin hyperpigmentation as a side effect of levetiracetam in the literature. The prescribing physicians should inform the patients about all potential side effect of levetiracetam including skin hyperpigmentation. Similar to many undiagnosed conditions, increased awareness of their existence is the key to diagnosis. Early recognition and timely cessation of therapy are important to reverse this effect. Further studies should be conducted to explore the pathophysiology of this rare side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Algahtani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siham Marghalani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Satti
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Shirah
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Zaccara G, Giovannelli F, Giorgi FS, Franco V, Gasparini S, Tacconi FM. Do antiepileptic drugs increase the risk of infectious diseases? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:1873-1879. [PMID: 28370224 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Experimental studies show that some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may modify natural immune defences, thus influencing the risk of developing infectious diseases. The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore whether AEDs as a class of drugs or singularly may increase risk of infectious diseases. METHODS A meta-analysis of all randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) investigating any AED in any condition was performed. All terms that could be coded in the System Organ Classes (SOCs) of infections and infestations using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities were recorded. Additional subanalyses were performed also pooling together AEDs sharing similar mechanisms of action. RESULTS Two hundreds and sixty-nine double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were identified and, among them, 127 RCTs with 16 AEDs (brivaracetam, gabapentin, lacosamide, levetiracetam, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, perampanel, pregabalin, phenytoin, remacemide, retigabine, rufinamide, tiagabine, topiramate, valproate, zonisamide) reported at least one of 19 symptoms or diseases that could be included in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities SOC term infections and infestations. These terms were singularly recorded and then pooled together in the SOC term infection and infestation. Topiramate was significantly associated with an increased risk of infection (risk difference = 0.04; 95% confidence interval = 0.01/0.06), while oxcarbazepine was significantly associated with a lower risk (-0.005; -0.09/-0.01). Risk difference of all studies with all AEDs showed a slight, but significantly increased risk of infection (0.01; 0.00/0.002). Levetiracetam and brivaracetam RCTs, when pooled together, were associated with a significantly increased risk of infection (0.03; 0.01/0.05). CONCLUSIONS Some AEDs are associated with a mild increased risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Zaccara
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Florence Health Authority, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Giovannelli
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Florence Health Authority, Florence, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Neurology, University of Pisa and Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Franco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Gasparini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Brodie MJ, Besag F, Ettinger AB, Mula M, Gobbi G, Comai S, Aldenkamp AP, Steinhoff BJ. Epilepsy, Antiepileptic Drugs, and Aggression: An Evidence-Based Review. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:563-602. [PMID: 27255267 PMCID: PMC4931873 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have many benefits but also many side effects, including aggression, agitation, and irritability, in some patients with epilepsy. This article offers a comprehensive summary of current understanding of aggressive behaviors in patients with epilepsy, including an evidence-based review of aggression during AED treatment. Aggression is seen in a minority of people with epilepsy. It is rarely seizure related but is interictal, sometimes occurring as part of complex psychiatric and behavioral comorbidities, and it is sometimes associated with AED treatment. We review the common neurotransmitter systems and brain regions implicated in both epilepsy and aggression, including the GABA, glutamate, serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline systems and the hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and temporal lobes. Few controlled clinical studies have used behavioral measures to specifically examine aggression with AEDs, and most evidence comes from adverse event reporting from clinical and observational studies. A systematic approach was used to identify relevant publications, and we present a comprehensive, evidence-based summary of available data surrounding aggression-related behaviors with each of the currently available AEDs in both adults and in children/adolescents with epilepsy. A psychiatric history and history of a propensity toward aggression/anger should routinely be sought from patients, family members, and carers; its presence does not preclude the use of any specific AEDs, but those most likely to be implicated in these behaviors should be used with caution in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Brodie
- Epilepsy Unit, West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital-Yorkhill, Glasgow, Scotland (M.J.B.); East London National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bedford, United Kingdom (F.B.); University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (F.B.); Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York (A.B.E.); Epilepsy Group, Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. George's University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Institute of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy (S.C.); Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); and Kork Epilepsy Centre, Kehl-Kork, Germany (B.J.S.)
| | - Frank Besag
- Epilepsy Unit, West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital-Yorkhill, Glasgow, Scotland (M.J.B.); East London National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bedford, United Kingdom (F.B.); University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (F.B.); Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York (A.B.E.); Epilepsy Group, Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. George's University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Institute of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy (S.C.); Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); and Kork Epilepsy Centre, Kehl-Kork, Germany (B.J.S.)
| | - Alan B Ettinger
- Epilepsy Unit, West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital-Yorkhill, Glasgow, Scotland (M.J.B.); East London National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bedford, United Kingdom (F.B.); University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (F.B.); Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York (A.B.E.); Epilepsy Group, Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. George's University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Institute of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy (S.C.); Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); and Kork Epilepsy Centre, Kehl-Kork, Germany (B.J.S.)
| | - Marco Mula
- Epilepsy Unit, West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital-Yorkhill, Glasgow, Scotland (M.J.B.); East London National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bedford, United Kingdom (F.B.); University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (F.B.); Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York (A.B.E.); Epilepsy Group, Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. George's University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Institute of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy (S.C.); Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); and Kork Epilepsy Centre, Kehl-Kork, Germany (B.J.S.)
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Epilepsy Unit, West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital-Yorkhill, Glasgow, Scotland (M.J.B.); East London National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bedford, United Kingdom (F.B.); University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (F.B.); Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York (A.B.E.); Epilepsy Group, Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. George's University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Institute of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy (S.C.); Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); and Kork Epilepsy Centre, Kehl-Kork, Germany (B.J.S.)
| | - Stefano Comai
- Epilepsy Unit, West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital-Yorkhill, Glasgow, Scotland (M.J.B.); East London National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bedford, United Kingdom (F.B.); University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (F.B.); Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York (A.B.E.); Epilepsy Group, Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. George's University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Institute of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy (S.C.); Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); and Kork Epilepsy Centre, Kehl-Kork, Germany (B.J.S.)
| | - Albert P Aldenkamp
- Epilepsy Unit, West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital-Yorkhill, Glasgow, Scotland (M.J.B.); East London National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bedford, United Kingdom (F.B.); University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (F.B.); Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York (A.B.E.); Epilepsy Group, Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. George's University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Institute of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy (S.C.); Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); and Kork Epilepsy Centre, Kehl-Kork, Germany (B.J.S.)
| | - Bernhard J Steinhoff
- Epilepsy Unit, West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital-Yorkhill, Glasgow, Scotland (M.J.B.); East London National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bedford, United Kingdom (F.B.); University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (F.B.); Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York (A.B.E.); Epilepsy Group, Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. George's University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Institute of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.M.); Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (G.G., S.C.); Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy (S.C.); Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (A.P.A.); and Kork Epilepsy Centre, Kehl-Kork, Germany (B.J.S.)
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Ramanujam B, Ihtisham K, Kaur G, Srivastava S, Mehra NK, Khanna N, Singh M, Tripathi M. Spectrum of Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Levetiracetam and Human Leukocyte Antigen Typing in North-Indian Patients. J Epilepsy Res 2016; 6:87-92. [PMID: 28101480 PMCID: PMC5206105 DOI: 10.14581/jer.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Aromatic antiepileptic drugs are frequently implicated for cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cADRs); there are case-reports of even severe reactions like drug reaction eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS)-toxic epidermal necrolysis with Levetiracetam (LEV). Certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-alleles have strong association with cADRs due to specific drugs - HLA-B*15:02 and HLA-A*31:01 in Carbamazepine (CBZ)-related SJS in Han-Chinese and European populations, respectively. Here, the spectrum of cADRs to LEV was studied, and HLA-typing in patients with cADRs due to LEV and some who were LEV-tolerant was performed, in an attempt to find an association between HLA and such reactions. Methods 589 patients taking LEV were screened for skin reactions, and eight patients with LEV-related cADRs and 25 LEV-tolerant controls were recruited - all 33 of North Indian ethnicity, their HLA-A, B, DRB1 genotyping done. Statistical analysis was done to compare carrier-rates and allele-frequencies of HLA-alleles between cases and controls (and healthy population, where necessary) for alleles occurring more than two times in either group. Results Out of 589 patients on LEV screened, there were 8 cases of cADR: 5 with maculopapular exanthema (MPE), 2 of SJS, and 1 with DRESS. Although HLA-A*33:01 was seen to occur more in MPE cases as compared to tolerant controls, the difference was not statistically significant (odds ratio [OR] 6.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30–116.6; p = 0.31). HLA A*11:01 and 24:02 were found to occur more in LEV-tolerant controls than in cases (OR 0.23 [95% CI 0.02–2.36, p = 0.33] and 1.00 [95% CI 0.09–11.02, p = 1.00] respectively). Conclusions Cutaneous reactions to LEV are very unusual, and their association with HLA in North-Indian population was not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Ramanujam
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kavish Ihtisham
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gurvinder Kaur
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivani Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Narinder Kumar Mehra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahip Singh
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Damar U, Gersner R, Johnstone JT, Schachter S, Rotenberg A. Huperzine A: A promising anticonvulsant, disease modifying, and memory enhancing treatment option in Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses 2016; 99:57-62. [PMID: 28110700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia. Besides cognitive deterioration, patients with AD are prone to seizures - more than 20% of patients diagnosed with AD experience at least one unprovoked seizure and up to 7% have recurrent seizures. Although available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may suppress seizures in patients with AD, they may also worsen cognitive dysfunction and increase the risk of falls. On the basis of preclinical studies, we hypothesize that Huperzine A (HupA), a safe and potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with potentially disease-modifying qualities in AD, may have a realistic role as an anticonvulsant in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Damar
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roman Gersner
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Steven Schachter
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Clinical Factors Underlying the Inter-individual Variability of the Resting Motor Threshold in Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Motor Mapping. Brain Topogr 2016; 30:98-121. [PMID: 27815647 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Correctly determining individual's resting motor threshold (rMT) is crucial for accurate and reliable mapping by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS), which is especially true for preoperative motor mapping in brain tumor patients. However, systematic data analysis on clinical factors underlying inter-individual rMT variability in neurosurgical motor mapping is sparse. The present study examined 14 preselected clinical factors that may underlie inter-individual rMT variability by performing multiple regression analysis (backward, followed by forward model comparisons) on the nTMS motor mapping data of 100 brain tumor patients. Data were collected from preoperative motor mapping of abductor pollicis brevis (APB), abductor digiti minimi (ADM), and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle representations among these patients. While edema and age at exam in the ADM model only jointly reduced the unexplained variance significantly, the other factors kept in the ADM model (gender, antiepileptic drug intake, and motor deficit) and each of the factors kept in the APB and FCR models independently significantly reduced the unexplained variance. Hence, several clinical parameters contribute to inter-individual rMT variability and should be taken into account during initial and follow-up motor mappings. Thus, the present study adds basic evidence on inter-individual rMT variability, whereby some of the parameters are specific to brain tumor patients.
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Habets JGV, Leentjens AFG, Schijns OEMG. Serious and reversible levetiracetam-induced psychiatric symptoms after resection of frontal low-grade glioma: two case histories. Br J Neurosurg 2016; 31:471-473. [DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2016.1244255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen G. V. Habets
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert F. G. Leentjens
- Department of Psychiatry and Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf E. M. G. Schijns
- Department of Neurosurgery and Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Salem HA, Al-Shorbagy MY. Evaluation of the relaxant effect of levetiracetam on isolated rat duodenum. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 31:75-82. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A. Salem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Cairo University; Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Muhammad Y. Al-Shorbagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Cairo University; Cairo 11562 Egypt
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Koekkoek JAF, Dirven L, Taphoorn MJB. The withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs in patients with low-grade and anaplastic glioma. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:193-202. [PMID: 27484737 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1219250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in World Health Organization (WHO) grade II-III glioma patients with epilepsy is controversial, as the presence of a symptomatic lesion is often related to an increased risk of seizure relapse. However, some glioma patients may achieve long-term seizure freedom after antitumor treatment, raising questions about the necessity to continue AEDs, particularly when patients experience serious drug side effects. Areas covered: In this review, we show the evidence in the literature from 1990-2016 for AED withdrawal in glioma patients. We put this issue into the context of risk factors for developing seizures in glioma, adverse effects of AEDs, seizure outcome after antitumor treatment, and outcome after AED withdrawal in patients with non-brain tumor related epilepsy. Expert commentary: There is currently scarce evidence of the feasibility of AED withdrawal in glioma patients. AED withdrawal could be considered in patients with grade II-III glioma with a favorable prognosis, who have achieved stable disease and long-term seizure freedom. The potential benefits of AED withdrawal need to be carefully weighed against the presumed risk of seizure recurrence in a shared decision-making process by both the clinical physician and the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan A F Koekkoek
- a Department of Neurology , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands.,b Department of Neurology , Medical Center Haaglanden , The Hague , The Netherlands
| | - Linda Dirven
- a Department of Neurology , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Martin J B Taphoorn
- a Department of Neurology , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands.,b Department of Neurology , Medical Center Haaglanden , The Hague , The Netherlands
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Ge YX, Tian XZ, Lin YY, Liu XY. Chronic treatment with levetiracetam reverses deficits in hippocampal LTP in vivo in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 628:194-200. [PMID: 27345386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the common form of epilepsy in adults, often displays complex partial seizures and cognitive deficits. The underlying mechanisms of such deficits are not yet well understood. Many contributing factors, such as initial epileptogenic lesion, seizure type, age of onset, and treatment side effects have been proposed. Levetiracetam (LEV) is a novel anti-epileptic drug (AED) used to treat partial seizures and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. It has been suggested that LEV exerts antiepileptic properties by modulation of synaptic release of neurotransmitters. However, its neuroprotective effects on learning and memory are not yet well demonstrated. Here we showed the impairment of spatial memory in the pilocarpine-induced experimental TLE rats, which can be improved by LEV. Furthermore, we found chronic LEV treatment partially reversed the SE-induced synaptic dysfunction in hippocampal LTP induction in vivo. In addition, LEV treatment can alleviate the SE-induced abnormal GluR1 phosphorylation at Ser(831) site, which may contribute to the rescue of synaptic transmission. These results indicate the neuroprotective role for LEV while it exhibits an antiseizure effect on experimental epileptic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xing Ge
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University Affiliated Tenth People's Hospital, 200072 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiang-Zhu Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University Affiliated Tenth People's Hospital, 200072 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ying-Ying Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University Affiliated Tenth People's Hospital, 200072 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji University Affiliated Tenth People's Hospital, 200072 Shanghai, PR China.
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Levetiracetam-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions were not associated with HLA genes in a small sample of Chinese patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2016; 124:12-5. [PMID: 27162008 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of levetiracetam (LEV)-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cADRs) and to explore its possible genetic association with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. METHODS Nine cases with LEV-induced cADRs were recruited. Demographic and clinical information of these cases was summarized. Additionally, cases were matched with LEV-tolerant controls (1:4). High-resolution HLA class I and class II genotyping was performed for each participant. The allele frequencies between the cases and controls were compared. RESULTS All LEV-induced cADRs were mild skin rashes which occurred within 28 days of LEV exposure. The mean latency from LEV exposure to skin rash was (15.67±5.41) days (ranging 6-27). The carrier rates of the two alleles, HLA-DRB1*0405 and HLA-DQB1*0401, were higher in cases compared with controls (the same P=0.036, OR=13.875, 95% CI: 1.273-151.230). The association between the HLA-C*0304 allele and LEV-induced cADRs was boundary (P=0.05, OR=5.2, 95% CI: 1.086-24.897). However, the above-mentioned HLA alleles didn't reach statistical significance after multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Safety monitoring was necessary within four weeks after the initiation of LEV treatment, although it has been regarded as a safe antiepileptic drug. Our study failed to show any potential link between HLA alleles and LEV-induced cADRs in Han Chinese. Further studies are needed to clarify the genetic and immunological mechanisms of LEV-induced cADRs.
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