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Qin Y, Hu X, Zhao HL, Kurban N, Chen X, Yi JK, Zhang Y, Cui SY, Zhang YH. Inhibition of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Exerts Antidepressant-like Effects through Distinct Pathways in Prelimbic and Infralimbic Cortices in Rats under Intracerebroventricular Injection with Streptozotocin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7496. [PMID: 39000602 PMCID: PMC11242124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) is considered a useful animal model to mimic the onset and progression of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). In rodents, on day 7 of the experiment, the animals exhibit depression-like behaviors. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a rate-limiting enzyme catalyzing the conversion of tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn), is closely related to depression and AD. The present study aimed to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of preliminary depression-like behaviors in ICV-STZ rats in two distinct cerebral regions of the medial prefrontal cortex, the prelimbic cortex (PrL) and infralimbic cortex (IL), both presumably involved in AD progression in this model, with a focus on IDO-related Kyn pathways. The results showed an increased Kyn/Trp ratio in both the PrL and IL of ICV-STZ rats, but, intriguingly, abnormalities in downstream metabolic pathways were different, being associated with distinct biological effects. In the PrL, the neuroprotective branch of the Kyn pathway was attenuated, as evidenced by a decrease in the kynurenic acid (KA) level and Kyn aminotransferase II (KAT II) expression, accompanied by astrocyte alterations, such as the decrease in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells and increase in morphological damage. In the IL, the neurotoxicogenic branch of the Kyn pathway was enhanced, as evidenced by an increase in the 3-hydroxy-kynurenine (3-HK) level and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) expression paralleled by the overactivation of microglia, reflected by an increase in ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive cells and cytokines with morphological alterations. Synaptic plasticity was attenuated in both subregions. Additionally, microinjection of the selective IDO inhibitor 1-Methyl-DL-tryptophan (1-MT) in the PrL or IL alleviated depression-like behaviors by reversing these different abnormalities in the PrL and IL. These results suggest that the antidepressant-like effects linked to Trp metabolism changes induced by 1-MT in the PrL and IL occur through different pathways, specifically by enhancing the neuroprotective branch in the PrL and attenuating the neurotoxicogenic branch in the IL, involving distinct glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Su-Ying Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.Q.); (X.H.); (H.-L.Z.); (N.K.); (X.C.); (J.-K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong-He Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Y.Q.); (X.H.); (H.-L.Z.); (N.K.); (X.C.); (J.-K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
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Stanciu GD, Bild V, Ababei DC, Rusu RN, Cobzaru A, Paduraru L, Bulea D. Link Between Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease due to the Shared Amyloid Aggregation and Deposition Involving both Neurodegenerative Changes and Neurovascular Damages. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061713. [PMID: 32503113 PMCID: PMC7357086 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease are two highly prevalent diseases among the aging population and have become major public health concerns in the 21st century, with a significant risk to each other. Both of these diseases are increasingly recognized to be multifactorial conditions. The terms “diabetes type 3” or “brain diabetes” have been proposed in recent years to provide a complete view of the potential common pathogenic mechanisms between these diseases. While insulin resistance or deficiency remains the salient hallmarks of diabetes, cognitive decline and non-cognitive abnormalities such as impairments in visuospatial function, attention, cognitive flexibility, and psychomotor speed are also present. Furthermore, amyloid aggregation and deposition may also be drivers for diabetes pathology. Here, we offer a brief appraisal of social impact and economic burden of these chronic diseases and provide insight into amyloidogenesis through considering recent advances of amyloid-β aggregates on diabetes pathology and islet amyloid polypeptide on Alzheimer’s disease. Exploring the detailed knowledge of molecular interaction between these two amyloidogenic proteins opens new opportunities for therapies and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Veronica Bild
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.C.A.); (R.N.R.); (A.C.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Daniela Carmen Ababei
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.C.A.); (R.N.R.); (A.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Razvan Nicolae Rusu
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.C.A.); (R.N.R.); (A.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Alina Cobzaru
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.C.A.); (R.N.R.); (A.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Luminita Paduraru
- Department Mother & Child Care, Division Neonatology, Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Delia Bulea
- Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.C.A.); (R.N.R.); (A.C.); (D.B.)
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Effect of carbamylated erythropoietin Fc fusion protein (CEPO-Fc) on learning and memory impairment and hippocampal apoptosis induced by intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin in rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 384:112554. [PMID: 32057828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of streptozotocin (STZ) has been used as a metabolic model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Erythropoietin (EPO) possesses neuroprotective and memory-improving effects, which might be advantageous in treating different characteristics of AD. Nevertheless, the hematopoietic effect of EPO has hindered its application as a neuroprotective agent. Previous studies have shown that a new Epo derivative called carbamylated Erythropoietin-Fc (CEPO-Fc), yield noticeable neuroprotective effects without affecting hematopoiesis. In this study, the neuroprotective effects of CEPO-Fc on icv-STZ induced memory impairment and hippocampal apoptosis were examined. Adult male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were used. STZ was administered on days 1 and 3 (3 mg/kg in divided doses/icv), and CEPO-Fc was administered at the dose of 5000 IU/ip/daily during days 4-14. The animals were trained in Morris water maze during days 15-17, and the memory retention test was performed on the 18th day. Following behavioral studies, the animals were sacrificed and their hippocampi isolated to determine the amounts of cleaved caspase-3 (the landmark of apoptosis). The results showed that CEPO-Fc treatment at the dose of 5000 IU/kg/ip was able to prevent the learning and memory deficit induced by icv-STZ. Western blot analysis revealed that STZ prompted the cleavage of caspase-3 in the hippocampus while pretreatment with CEPO-Fc significantly reduced the cleavage of this protein. Collectively, our findings suggest that CEPO-Fc could restore STZ-induced learning and memory impairment as well as apoptosis in the hippocampal region in a rat model of sporadic AD induced by icv-STZ.
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Fronza MG, Baldinotti R, Martins MC, Goldani B, Dalberto BT, Kremer FS, Begnini K, Pinto LDS, Lenardão EJ, Seixas FK, Collares T, Alves D, Savegnago L. Rational design, cognition and neuropathology evaluation of QTC-4-MeOBnE in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7276. [PMID: 31086208 PMCID: PMC6513848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial pathology characterized by amyloid deposits, neurofibrillary formation, oxidative stress and cholinergic system dysfunction. In this sense, here we report the rational design of a multi-target directed ligand (MTDL) for AD based on virtual screening and bioinformatic analyses, exploring the molecular targets β-secretase (BACE-1), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). After this screening, the compound with higher molecular docking affinity was selected, the 1-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4 carboxamide(QTC-4-MeOBnE). To further our studies, the protective effect of QTC-4-MeOBnE (0.1 and 1 mg/kg for 20 days) on STZ-induced sporadic AD mice was determined. QTC-4-MeOBnE pretreatment attenuated cognitive and memory deficit induced by STZ in an object recognition test, Y-maze, social recognition test and step-down passive avoidance. The mechanisms underlying this action might be attributed to the reduction of lipid peroxidation and reactive species formation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mice submitted to STZ. In addition, QTC-4-MeOBnE pretreatment abolished the up-regulation of AChE activity and the overexpression of GSK 3β and genes involved in amyloid cascade such as BACE-1, protein precursor amyloid, у-secretase, induced by STZ. Moreover, toxicological parameters were not modified by QTC-4-MeOBnE chronic treatment. This evidence suggests that QTC-4-MeOBnE exerts its therapeutic effect through multiple pathways involved in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Fronza
- Research Group on Neurobiotechnology - GPN, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Baldinotti
- Research Group on Neurobiotechnology - GPN, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Martins
- Research Group on Neurobiotechnology - GPN, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Goldani
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis - LASOL, CCQFA, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Thaís Dalberto
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis - LASOL, CCQFA, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Frederico Schmitt Kremer
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Proteomics - BIOPRO-LAB, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Karine Begnini
- Oncology Research Group - GPO, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciano da Silva Pinto
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Proteomics - BIOPRO-LAB, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eder João Lenardão
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis - LASOL, CCQFA, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana K Seixas
- Oncology Research Group - GPO, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Collares
- Oncology Research Group - GPO, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis - LASOL, CCQFA, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Research Group on Neurobiotechnology - GPN, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Raheja S, Girdhar A, Kamboj A, Lather V, Pandita D. Aegle marmelos leaf extract ameliorates the cognitive impairment and oxidative stress induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in male rats. Life Sci 2019; 221:196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Chen Y, Guo Z, Mao YF, Zheng T, Zhang B. Intranasal Insulin Ameliorates Cerebral Hypometabolism, Neuronal Loss, and Astrogliosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Alzheimer's Rat Model. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:716-724. [PMID: 28929339 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) in rodents leads to cognitive impairments and several pathological changes like Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there is hardly any research about the effect of ICV-STZ on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in rodents. Previous studies have demonstrated that intranasal insulin improves cognition in AD patients. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we treated the ICV-STZ rats with daily intranasal delivery of insulin (2 U/day) for 6 consecutive weeks, then monitored 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake using a high-resolution small-animal positron emission tomography (microPET) and studied the expression of neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using immunohistochemical staining. We observed that 18F-FDG uptake decreased significantly at the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex in ICV-STZ rats as compared with the control rats. Intranasal insulin restores the cerebral glucose metabolism in prefrontal and cingulate cortex and attenuates astroglia activation and neuronal loss in the hippocampus of ICV-STZ rats. These findings provide the mechanistic basis for treating AD patients with intranasal insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxing Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.88 Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhangyu Guo
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.88 Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yan-Fang Mao
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.88 Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No.88 Jiefang Road, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Wijesekara N, Ahrens R, Sabale M, Wu L, Ha K, Verdile G, Fraser PE. Amyloid-β and islet amyloid pathologies link Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes in a transgenic model. FASEB J 2017; 31:5409-5418. [PMID: 28808140 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700431r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) present a significant risk to each other. AD and T2D are characterized by deposition of cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) and pancreatic human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), respectively. We investigated the role of amyloidogenic proteins in the interplay between these diseases. A novel double transgenic mouse model combining T2D and AD was generated and characterized. AD-related amyloid transgenic mice coexpressing hIAPP displayed peripheral insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and glucose intolerance. Aβ and IAPP amyloid co-deposition increased tau phosphorylation, and a reduction in pancreatic β-cell mass was detected in islets. Increased brain Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation and reduced insulin levels and signaling were accompanied by extensive synaptic loss and decreased neuronal counts. Aβ immunization rescued the peripheral insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, suggesting a role for Aβ in T2D pathogenesis for individuals predisposed to AD. These findings demonstrate that Aβ and IAPP are key factors in the overlapping pathologies of AD and T2D.-Wijesekara, N., Ahrens, R., Sabale, M., Wu, L., Ha, K., Verdile, G., Fraser, P. E. Amyloid-β and islet amyloid pathologies link Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes in a transgenic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeeja Wijesekara
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Rosemary Ahrens
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miheer Sabale
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ling Wu
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathy Ha
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul E Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Souza LC, Jesse CR, de Gomes MG, Del Fabbro L, Goes ATR, Donato F, Boeira SP. Activation of Brain Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase Contributes to Depressive-Like Behavior Induced by an Intracerebroventricular Injection of Streptozotocin in Mice. Neurochem Res 2017. [PMID: 28631232 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of information concerning the molecular events underlying the depressive-like effect of an intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) in mice. The elevated activity of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been proposed to mediate depression in inflammatory disorders. In the present study, we reported that ICV-STZ activates IDO in the hippocampus of mice and culminates in depressive-like behaviors, as measured by the increased duration of immobility in the tail suspension test and decreased sucrose intake in the sucrose preference test. The blockade of IDO activation by the IDO inhibitor 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT) prevents the development of depressive-like behaviors and attenuates STZ-induced up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. 1-MT abrogates kynurenine production and normalizes brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, but does not protect the biomarkers of the serotonin (5-HT) system in the hippocampus of STZ-injected mice. These results implicate IDO as a critical molecular mediator of STZ-induced depressive-like behavior, likely through activation of the kynurenine pathway and subsequent reduction of BDNF levels. Impairment of the 5-HT system may reflect the inflammatory response induced by STZ and also contributes to observed depression symptoms. The present study not only provides evidence that IDO plays a critical role in mediating inflammation-induced depression but also supports the notion that neuroinflammation and the kynurenine pathway are important targets for novel therapeutic drugs for depression. In addition, this study provides new insights on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying ICV-STZ and indicates that this model could be employed in preclinical research of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Cattelan Souza
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiano R Jesse
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, CEP 97650-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Gomes de Gomes
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Lucian Del Fabbro
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - André Tiago Rossito Goes
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Franciele Donato
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Silvana Peterini Boeira
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
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Souza LC, Jesse CR, de Gomes MG, Viana CE, Mattos E, Silva NC, Boeira SP. Intracerebroventricular Administration of Streptozotocin as an Experimental Approach to Depression: Evidence for the Involvement of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase. Neurotox Res 2017; 31:464-477. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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