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Zhao C, Hu Y, Chen H, Li B, Cao L, Xia J, Yin Y. An in vitro evaluation of the effects of different statins on the structure and function of human gut bacterial community. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230200. [PMID: 32214324 PMCID: PMC7098552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, a class of drugs that can effectively remove cholesterol from serum, are used to regulate plasma total cholesterol and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, but it is still unclear whether the drug are modulated by gut microbiota or the structures of gut microbiota are shaped by statins. We investigated the interactions between statins and the human gut microbiota during the in vitro fermentation process by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, gas chromatography (GC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. The presence of fluvastatin (FLU2) specifically promoted the growth of Escherichia/Shigella, Ruminococcaceae UCG 014, and Sutterella. However, the composition of the gut bacterial microbiota remained relatively static in samples treated with rosuvastatin (ROS), simvastatin (SIM), and atorvastatin (ATO). The PICRUSt program predicted moderate differences in the functional categories related to the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, cellular processes and signaling, and signal transduction in the FLU2 fermentation samples. Our study revealed substantial variation in the structure and function of microbiomes from the FLU2-treated samples. In addition, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were also significantly decreased in FLU2-treated samples compared with the samples treated with other stains. Statins can be degraded by the human gut microbiota in vitro, and the degradation rate was approximately 7%–30% and 19%–48% after fermentation was allowed to proceed for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Generally, FLU2 could largely shape the composition and function of human gut microbiota, which resulted in changes in the production of SCFAs. In turn, all statins could be degraded or modified by the gut microbiota. Our study paves the way for elucidating statin-gut microbiota interactions in vitro towards the improvement of the host health and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Zhao
- Key Lab of Biometallurgy of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Yunfei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Huahai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Baiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Linyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Jinlan Xia
- Key Lab of Biometallurgy of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (YY)
| | - Yeshi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (YY)
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Nolan JA, Skuse P, Govindarajan K, Patterson E, Konstantinidou N, Casey PG, MacSharry J, Shanahan F, Stanton C, Hill C, Cotter PD, Joyce SA, Gahan CGM. The influence of rosuvastatin on the gastrointestinal microbiota and host gene expression profiles. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G488-G497. [PMID: 28209601 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00149.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Statins are the most widely prescribed medications worldwide for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. They inhibit the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-R), an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis in higher organisms and in isoprenoid biosynthesis in some bacteria. We hypothesized that statins may influence the microbial community in the gut through either direct inhibition or indirect mechanisms involving alterations to host responses. We therefore examined the impact of rosuvastatin (RSV) on the community structure of the murine gastrointestinal microbiota. RSV was orally administered to mice and the effects on the gut microbiota, host bile acid profiles, and markers of inflammation were analyzed. RSV significantly influenced the microbial community in both the cecum and feces, causing a significant decrease in α-diversity in the cecum and resulting in a reduction of several physiologically relevant bacterial groups. RSV treatment of mice significantly affected bile acid metabolism and impacted expression of inflammatory markers known to influence microbial community structure (including RegIIIγ and Camp) in the gut. This study suggests that a commonly used statin (RSV) leads to an altered gut microbial composition in normal mice with attendant impacts on local gene expression profiles, a finding that should prompt further studies to investigate the implications of statins for gut microbiota stability and health in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work demonstrates that rosuvastatin administration in mice affects the gastrointestinal microbiota, influences bile acid metabolism, and alters transcription of genes encoding factors involved in gut homeostasis and immunity in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Nolan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - P Skuse
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - K Govindarajan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - E Patterson
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - P G Casey
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J MacSharry
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - F Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Hill
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - P D Cotter
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Biosciences Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - S A Joyce
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - C G M Gahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; .,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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van Koppen A, Papazova DA, Oosterhuis NR, Gremmels H, Giles RH, Fledderus JO, Joles JA, Verhaar MC. Ex vivo exposure of bone marrow from chronic kidney disease donor rats to pravastatin limits renal damage in recipient rats with chronic kidney disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:63. [PMID: 25889756 PMCID: PMC4430868 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Healthy bone marrow cell (BMC) infusion improves renal function and limits renal injury in a model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in rats. However, BMCs derived from rats with CKD fail to retain beneficial effects, demonstrating limited therapeutic efficacy. Statins have been reported to improve cellular repair mechanisms. Methods We studied whether exposing CKD rat BMCs ex vivo to pravastatin improved their in vivo therapeutic efficacy in CKD and compared this to systemic in vivo treatment. Six weeks after CKD induction, healthy BMCs, healthy pravastatin-pretreated BMCs, CKD BMCs or CKD pravastatin-pretreated BMCs were injected into the renal artery of CKD rats. Results At 6 weeks after BMC injection renal injury was reduced in pravastatin-pretreated CKD BMC recipients vs. CKD BMC recipients. Effective renal plasma flow was lower and filtration fraction was higher in CKD BMC recipients compared to all groups whereas there was no difference between pravastatin-pretreated CKD BMC and healthy BMC recipients. Mean arterial pressure was higher in CKD BMC recipients compared to all other groups. In contrast, 6 weeks of systemic in vivo pravastatin treatment had no effect. In vitro results showed improved migration, decreased apoptosis and lower excretion of pro-inflammatory Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 5 in pravastatin-pretreated CKD BMCs. Conclusions Short ex vivo exposure of CKD BMC to pravastatin improves CKD BMC function and their subsequent therapeutic efficacy in a CKD setting, whereas systemic statin treatment did not provide renal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne van Koppen
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, F03.223, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands. .,Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Diana A Papazova
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, F03.223, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Nynke R Oosterhuis
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, F03.223, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, F03.223, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Rachel H Giles
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, F03.223, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost O Fledderus
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, F03.223, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, F03.223, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, F03.223, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
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