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Popeijus HE, Zwaan W, Tayyeb JZ, Plat J. Potential Contribution of Short Chain Fatty Acids to Hepatic Apolipoprotein A-I Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115986. [PMID: 34206021 PMCID: PMC8199098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) is the major protein of high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and has a crucial role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). It has been postulated that elevating production of de novo ApoA-I might translate into the formation of new functional HDL particles that could lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk via RCT. During inflammation, serum ApoA-I concentrations are reduced, which contributes to the development of dysfunctional HDL particles as Serum Amyloid A (SAA) overtakes the position of ApoA-I within the HDL particles. Therefore, instead of elevating serum HDL cholesterol concentrations, rescuing lower serum ApoA-I concentrations could be beneficial in both normal and inflamed conditions. Several nutritional compounds, amongst others short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), have shown their capacity to modulate hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. In this review we provide an overview of HDL and more specific ApoA-I metabolism, SCFAs physiology and the current knowledge regarding the influence of SCFAs on ApoA-I expression and synthesis in human liver cells. We conclude that the current evidence regarding the effect of SCFAs on ApoA-I transcription and secretion is promising, however there is a need to investigate which dietary fibres could lead to increased SCFAs formation and consequent elevated ApoA-I concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman E. Popeijus
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands; (W.Z.); (J.Z.T.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-620991115
| | - Willem Zwaan
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands; (W.Z.); (J.Z.T.); (J.P.)
| | - Jehad Z. Tayyeb
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands; (W.Z.); (J.Z.T.); (J.P.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands; (W.Z.); (J.Z.T.); (J.P.)
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Zhao C, Hu Y, Chen H, Li B, Cao L, Xia J, Yin Y. An in vitro evaluation of the effects of different statins on the structure and function of human gut bacterial community. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230200. [PMID: 32214324 PMCID: PMC7098552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, a class of drugs that can effectively remove cholesterol from serum, are used to regulate plasma total cholesterol and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, but it is still unclear whether the drug are modulated by gut microbiota or the structures of gut microbiota are shaped by statins. We investigated the interactions between statins and the human gut microbiota during the in vitro fermentation process by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, gas chromatography (GC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. The presence of fluvastatin (FLU2) specifically promoted the growth of Escherichia/Shigella, Ruminococcaceae UCG 014, and Sutterella. However, the composition of the gut bacterial microbiota remained relatively static in samples treated with rosuvastatin (ROS), simvastatin (SIM), and atorvastatin (ATO). The PICRUSt program predicted moderate differences in the functional categories related to the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, cellular processes and signaling, and signal transduction in the FLU2 fermentation samples. Our study revealed substantial variation in the structure and function of microbiomes from the FLU2-treated samples. In addition, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were also significantly decreased in FLU2-treated samples compared with the samples treated with other stains. Statins can be degraded by the human gut microbiota in vitro, and the degradation rate was approximately 7%–30% and 19%–48% after fermentation was allowed to proceed for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Generally, FLU2 could largely shape the composition and function of human gut microbiota, which resulted in changes in the production of SCFAs. In turn, all statins could be degraded or modified by the gut microbiota. Our study paves the way for elucidating statin-gut microbiota interactions in vitro towards the improvement of the host health and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Zhao
- Key Lab of Biometallurgy of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Yunfei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Huahai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Baiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Linyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Jinlan Xia
- Key Lab of Biometallurgy of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (YY)
| | - Yeshi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (YY)
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Sanna S, van Zuydam NR, Mahajan A, Kurilshikov A, Vich Vila A, Võsa U, Mujagic Z, Masclee AAM, Jonkers DMAE, Oosting M, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Franke L, Zhernakova A, Fu J, Wijmenga C, McCarthy MI. Causal relationships among the gut microbiome, short-chain fatty acids and metabolic diseases. Nat Genet 2019; 51:600-605. [PMID: 30778224 PMCID: PMC6441384 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 706] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbiome-wide association studies on large population cohorts have highlighted associations between the gut microbiome and complex traits, including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity1. However, the causal relationships remain largely unresolved. We leveraged information from 952 normoglycemic individuals for whom genome-wide genotyping, gut metagenomic sequence and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were available2, then combined this information with genome-wide-association summary statistics for 17 metabolic and anthropometric traits. Using bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to assess causality3, we found that the host-genetic-driven increase in gut production of the SCFA butyrate was associated with improved insulin response after an oral glucose-tolerance test (P = 9.8 × 10-5), whereas abnormalities in the production or absorption of another SCFA, propionate, were causally related to an increased risk of T2D (P = 0.004). These data provide evidence of a causal effect of the gut microbiome on metabolic traits and support the use of MR as a means to elucidate causal relationships from microbiome-wide association findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Sanna
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Natalie R van Zuydam
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Kurilshikov
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arnau Vich Vila
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Urmo Võsa
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zlatan Mujagic
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daisy M A E Jonkers
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Oosting
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Lobo LS, Girotti JR, Mijailovsky SJ, Fernandes ÉKK, Luz C, Pedrini N. Synthesis and secretion of volatile short-chain fatty acids in Triatoma infestans infected with Beauveria bassiana. Med Vet Entomol 2018; 32:358-364. [PMID: 29858503 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Physically disturbed Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) adults, as well as adults of other Chagas' disease vectors, secrete a mix of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with alarm and possible sexual and defence functions. The aim of the present research was to test whether infection with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) has an effect on VOC secretion in disturbed T. infestans and on the expression of two genes (Ti-brnq and Ti-bckdc) potentially involved in VOC biosynthesis. The volatiles released by insects at different time periods after fungal treatment were identified and their relative amounts measured. Isobutyric acid was the most abundant volatile found in both healthy and fungus-infected insects and underwent no significant relative changes through the infection process. The secretion of propionic acid, however, was significantly higher at 1-4 days post-infection (d.p. i.) compared with that in controls. A slight induction of both Ti-brnq and Ti-bckdc genes was found by real-time polymerase chain reaction at 4 d.p. i., with expression values reaching up to three-fold those in controls. The early stages of fungal infection seem to affect the composition of the alarm pheromone by changing the expression pattern of both genes analysed. These results help to elucidate the impact of fungal infections on the chemical ecology of triatomine bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Lobo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - J R Girotti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S J Mijailovsky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - É K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - C Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - N Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Maltz RM, Keirsey J, Kim SC, Mackos AR, Gharaibeh RZ, Moore CC, Xu J, Bakthavatchalu V, Somogyi A, Bailey MT. Prolonged restraint stressor exposure in outbred CD-1 mice impacts microbiota, colonic inflammation, and short chain fatty acids. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196961. [PMID: 29742146 PMCID: PMC5942810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressor-exposure has been shown to exacerbate inflammation and change the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota; however stressor-induced effects on microbiota-derived metabolites and their receptors are unknown. Thus, bacterial-produced short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as well as microbial community composition, were assessed in the colons of mice exposed to stress during infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Mice were exposed to overnight restraint on 7 consecutive nights, or left undisturbed as a control. After the first exposure of restraint, mice were orally challenged with C. rodentium or with vehicle. Microbial community composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and SCFA levels measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pathogen levels and colonic inflammation were also assessed 6 days post-infection. Results demonstrated that the microbial community structure and SCFA production were significantly affected by both stressor exposure and C. rodentium-infection. Exposure to prolonged restraint in the absence of infection significantly reduced SCFAs (acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid). Multiple bacterial taxa were affected by stressor exposure, with the relative abundance of Lactobacillus being significantly reduced and directly correlated with propionic acid. Lactobacillus abundances were inversely correlated with colonic inflammation, supporting the contention that Lactobacillus helps to regulate mucosal inflammatory responses. Our data indicates that restraint stressor can have significant effects on pathogen-induced colonic inflammation and suggest that stressor-induced changes in the microbiota, microbial-produced SCFAs and their receptors may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Maltz
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Keirsey
- Campus Chemical Instrumentation Center Mass Spec and Proteomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Sandra C. Kim
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Amy R. Mackos
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Raad Z. Gharaibeh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
- Bioinformatics Services Division, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Cathy C. Moore
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Jinyu Xu
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Vasudevan Bakthavatchalu
- The Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Arpad Somogyi
- Campus Chemical Instrumentation Center Mass Spec and Proteomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Bailey
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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Zhang J, Cheng S, Wang Y, Yu X, Li J. Identification and characterization of the free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2) and a novel functional FFA2-like receptor (FFA2L) for short-chain fatty acids in pigs: evidence for the existence of a duplicated FFA2 gene (FFA2L) in some mammalian species. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014; 47:108-18.e1. [PMID: 24315753 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2, also called GPR43) is reported to play a critical role in mediating the actions of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in humans and mice. However, little is known about the structure, functionality, and tissue expression of FFA2 in other mammalian species, including pigs. In the present study, the full-length cDNAs of FFA2 (pFFA2) and a novel FFA2-like gene (named pFFA2L) were cloned from pig intestines by reverse transcription PCR. Both cloned pFFA2 and pFFA2L are predicted to encode 2 receptors of remarkable structural similarity and share high amino acid sequence identities with FFA2 from other mammalian species. Interestingly, the novel FFA2L could also be identified in 9 other mammalian species, suggesting that FFA2L was likely duplicated from FFA2 in the last common ancestor of these species. With the use of a pGL4-SRE-luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated that pFFA2 expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells could be activated by acetate, propionate, and butyrate equipotently, whereas pFFA2L could be activated only by acetate and propionate, indicating that both pFFA2 and pFFA2L are functional receptors for SCFAs with nonidentical pharmacologic properties. Reverse transcription PCR found that pFFA2 mRNA was widely expressed in nearly all tissues examined, including adipose tissue and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, whereas pFFA2L expression was mainly restricted to the GI tract. Taken together, our findings raise a novel concept that the actions of SCFAs are likely mediated by 2 FFA2s (FFA2 and FFA2L) in target tissues of some mammalian species, such as the GI tract of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - S Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
| | - X Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - J Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
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Rishi P, Ricke S. HilA gene expression in SCFAs adapted and inorganic acid challenged Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Nepal Med Coll J 2007; 9:162-165. [PMID: 18092431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) encounters short chain fatty acids (inorganic acids containing propionate, butyrate and acetate) in the intestine as well as in food preservatives. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) exposed organisms have been reported to offer resistance to organic acid resulting into enhanced virulence. However, the role of hilA (hyper invasive loci) gene expression has not been assessed in this context. In the present study, S. typhimurium was grown under SCFAs stress condition simulating the in vivo environment and hilA gene expression was evaluated. The gene expression was measured by beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) assay using a hilA-lacZY fusion strain and calculated as Miller units. hilA gene expression was found to be significantly higher in the SCFAs exposed cells than the unexposed ones, after 2 hrs and 4 hrs of exposure. However, no significant difference was observed between the activities at 2 hrs and 4 hrs. It indicates that hilA gene gets expressed by 2 hrs and persists till 4 hrs at least. The beta-gal activity was also measured in the unadapted / SCFAs adapted organisms followed by acid shock for 1 hr. The gene expression was also found to be higher in the SCFAs adapted--acid (pH 3) challenged as compared to the unadapated acid challenged organisms suggesting that SCFAs adaptation may induce organic acid tolerance by modulating the hilA response. This observation indicates that hilA may be the additional gene contributing to acid resistance and thereby increasing virulence of the organism after SCFAs adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rishi
- Deptt. of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, IIndia-160014.
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Basson MD, Liu YW, Hanly AM, Emenaker NJ, Shenoy SG, Gould Rothberg BE. Identification and comparative analysis of human colonocyte short-chain fatty acid response genes. J Gastrointest Surg 2000; 4:501-12. [PMID: 11077326 DOI: 10.1016/s1091-255x(00)80093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) butyrate, propionate, and acetate produced during fiber fermentation promote colonic differentiation and can reverse or suppress neoplastic progression. We sought to identify candidate genes responsible for SCFA activity on colonocytes and to compare the relative activities of independent SCFAs. cDNA was generated from polyA+ mRNA isolated from control Caco-2 cells and cells treated with equimolar butyrate, propionate, and acetate. GeneCalling, a restriction-based differential RNA expression platform linked to a DNA sequence database lookup, was applied. A total of 30,000 individual genetic sequences were analyzed for differential expression among the three SCFAs. Differentially expressed peaks corresponding to cancer-related genes were isolated, sequenced, and cross-referenced to the GenBank human database. Gene identities were independently confirmed by oligonucleotide poisoning. More than 1000 gene fragments were identified as being substantially modulated in expression by butyrate. Butyrate tended to have the most pronounced effects and acetate the least. Five fragments selected for further study were fully sequenced and proved 100% homologous with human sequences for clusterin, amyloid precursor-like protein 2, and caudal homeobox 2 protein, not previously known to be modulated by SCFAs. In each case, a similar order of potency for the three SCFAs studied was observed. The common SCFAs appear to exert different effects. This study suggests the diversity of the SCFA response at the molecular level and facilitates identifying genes important in the biologic activity of dietary fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Basson
- Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA
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