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Systematic Assessment of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infections from 1911-2019: A Growth Analysis of Association with Human Autoimmune Diseases. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081212. [PMID: 32784941 PMCID: PMC7465227 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an understudied pathogen worldwide with continuous implications in human autoimmune diseases (ADs). The awareness of MAP appears to be low in many places and its research is at infant stage in many countries. The lack of worldwide coverage of the MAP research landscape calls for urgent research attention and prioritization. This present study aimed to assess MAP global research productivity with an emphasis on its implications in ADs via bibliometric and growth analytic frameworks from authors, countries, institutions, international, disciplines and collaboration network perspectives. MAP primary articles were retrieved from the Scopus database and the Web of Science from 1911 to 2019 via title-specific algorithm. Analytic results of dataset yielded a total of 3889 articles from 581 journals and 20.65 average citations per documents. The annual growth rate of MAP research for the period was 6.31%. Based on a country’s productivity (articles (%), freq. of publication (%)), the USA (887 (22.81%), 26.72%), and Australia (236 (6.07%), 6.07%) ranked the top 2 countries but Egypt and Germany had the highest average growth rate (AGR, 170%) in the last 3 years. MAP studies are generally limited to Europe, Australia, Asia, South America and few nations in Africa. It had positive growth rate (30%–100%) in relation to type 1 diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis ADs; food science and technology, immunology, agriculture, pathology, and research and experimental medicine, wildlife, environments, virulence, disease resistance, meat and meat products, osteopontin, waste milk and slurry/sludge digestion subjects; but negative growth (−130% to −30%) in ulcerative colitis and Parkinson’s disease and no growth in multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, thyroid disorders, psoriasis, and lupus. The mapping revealed a gross lack of collaboration networking in terms of authorship, (intra- and inter-) nationally and institutionally with a generalized collaboration index of 1.82. In conclusion, inadequate resources-, knowledge- and scientific-networking hampered growth and awareness of MAP research globally. The study recommends further research to strengthen evidence of MAP’s epidemiologic prevalence in ADs and proffer practical solution(s) for drug development and point-of-care diagnostics amongst other extended themes.
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Bo M, Erre GL, Bach H, Slavin YN, Manchia PA, Passiu G, Sechi LA. PtpA and PknG Proteins Secreted by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis are Recognized by Sera from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case-Control Study. J Inflamm Res 2019; 12:301-308. [PMID: 31819587 PMCID: PMC6899068 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s220960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can result from complex interactions between the affected person’s genetic background and environment. Viral and bacterial infections may play a pathogenetic role in RA through different mechanisms of action. We aimed to evaluate the presence of antibodies (Abs) directed against two proteins of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in sera of RA subjects, which are crucial for the survival of the pathogen within macrophages. Moreover, we analyzed the correlation of immune response to both proteins with the following homologous peptides: BOLF1305–320, MAP_402718–32 and IRF5424–434 to understand how the synergic role of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and MAP infection in genetically predisposed subjects may lead to a possible deregulation of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5). Materials and methods The presence of Abs against protein tyrosine phosphatase A (PtpA) and protein kinase G (PknG) in sera from Sardinian RA patients (n=84) and healthy volunteers (HCs, n=79) was tested by indirect ELISA. Results RA sera showed a remarkably high frequency of reactivity against PtpA in comparison to HCs (48.8% vs 7.6%; p<0.001) and lower but statistically significant responses towards PknG (27.4% vs 10.1%; p=0.0054). We found a significant linear correlation between the number of swollen joints and the concentrations of antibodies against PtpA (p=0.018). Furthermore, a significant bivariate correlation between PtpA and MAP MAP_402718–32 peptide has been found, suggesting that MAP infection may induce a secondary immune response through cross-reaction with IRF5 (R2=0.5). Conclusion PtpA and PknG are strongly recognized in RA which supports the hypothesis that MAP infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Erre
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, UOC di Reumatologia, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Yael N Slavin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | | | - Giuseppe Passiu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, UOC di Reumatologia, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
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Slavin YN, Bo M, Caggiu E, Sechi G, Arru G, Bach H, Sechi LA. High levels of antibodies against PtpA and PknG secreted by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis are present in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 323:49-52. [PMID: 30196833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the etiological agent of Paratuberculosis in ruminants. Protein tyrosine phosphatase A (PtpA) and protein kinase G (PknG) are secreted proteins necessary for the survival of the pathogen within macrophages. In this study we analyzed if Map was able to grow within astrocytes and investigated on the presence of antibodies against PtpA and PknG proteins in MS and NMOSD patients by ELISA. Map was unable to proliferate in astrocytes after of 72 h post-infection, but we observed a high level of antibodies against both virulence factors, suggesting that these patients have been exposed/infected with Map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael N Slavin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Marco Bo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43 b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisa Caggiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43 b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - GianPietro Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Viale San Pietro 8, Università di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Giannina Arru
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Viale San Pietro 8, Università di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43 b, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Bach E, Raizman EA, Vanderwal R, Soto P, Chaffer M, Keefe G, Pogranichniy R, Bach H. Immunogenicity of PtpA secreted during Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 198:1-5. [PMID: 29571512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of Johne's disease. To survive within host macrophages, the pathogen secretes a battery of proteins to interfere with the immunological response of the host. One of these proteins is tyrosine phosphate A (PtpA), which has been identified as a secreted protein critical for survival of its close relative M. tuberculosis within infected macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, the immune response to recombinant PtpA used as an antigen was investigated in a cohort of ∼1000 cows infected with MAP compared to negative control animals using ELISA. The sera from MAP-infected cows had significantly higher levels of antibodies against PtpA when compared to uninfected cows. CONCLUSIONS The data presented here indicate that the antibodies produced against PtpA are sensitive enough to detect infected animals before the appearance of the disease symptoms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The use of PtpA as an antigen can be developed as an early diagnostic test. Moreover, PtpA is a candidate antigen for detection of humoral immune responses in cows infected with MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eviatar Bach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eran A Raizman
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolete Soto
- Abbotsford Veterinary Clinic, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Chaffer
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Greg Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Roman Pogranichniy
- Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Horacio Bach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Rohr M, Narasimhulu CA, Sharma D, Doomra M, Riad A, Naser S, Parthasarathy S. Inflammatory Diseases of the Gut. J Med Food 2018; 21:113-126. [PMID: 29389238 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract whose prevalence has been dramatically increasing over the past decade. New studies have shown that IBD is the second most common chronic inflammatory disease worldwide after rheumatoid arthritis, affecting millions of people mainly in industrialized countries. Symptoms of IBD include frequent bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramping, anorexia, abdominal distension, and emesis. Although the exact etiology is unknown, it has been postulated that immunological, microbial, environmental, nutritional, and genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis and severity of IBD. Today, no treatment has consistently been shown to be successful in treating IBD. This review summarizes current research on the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and existing treatment approaches, including pharmaceutical and nutritional options for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rohr
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida, USA
| | | | - Dhara Sharma
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Mitsushita Doomra
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Aladdin Riad
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Saleh Naser
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sampath Parthasarathy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida, USA
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Qasem A, Naser AE, Naser SA. The alternate effects of anti-TNFα therapeutics and their role in mycobacterial granulomatous infection in Crohn's disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15:637-643. [PMID: 28481651 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1328276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that has been debated to be associated with bacterial triggers such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Standard treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) patients includes a family of immunomodulators and biologics such as Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (Anti-TNFα). This cytokine in particular has been known to play vital roles in fighting microbial infections through formation and maintenance of granulomas. Areas covered: This perspective is focused on elucidating the negative effects of using Anti-TNFα therapeutic agents as a treatment option in CD patients who are more likely suspected to have MAP infection, and the role of other immunomodulators in MAP infection. Expert commentary: While treatment with Anti-TNFα is beneficial to reduce inflammation and to provide short term relief to the patients, it also compromises the immune system causing susceptibility to microbial infection. More than 50% of CD patients have shown no response to Anti-TNFα treatment which indicates a demand for introducing novel CD treatment in combination with antibiotics as a future CD treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Qasem
- a Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA
| | - Abed Elrahman Naser
- a Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA
| | - Saleh A Naser
- a Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA
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Bach H. What Role Does Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Play in Crohn's Disease? Curr Infect Dis Rep 2015; 17:463. [PMID: 25754452 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-015-0463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, debilitating inflammatory bowel disease with no etiological agent yet identified. Studies have demonstrated that the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is present in a high percentage of CD patients. Although MAP has been isolated from human specimens, current techniques fail to show the presence of MAP in 100 % of tissues or biopsies obtained from CD patient lesions, and thus MAP cannot meet Koch's postulate as the etiological agent of CD. In this report, the effect of genetic and immune factors as well as the presence of MAP as a potential environmental factor is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 410-2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada,
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