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Wang YC. Medicinal plant activity on Helicobacter pylori related diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10368-10382. [PMID: 25132753 PMCID: PMC4130844 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i30.10368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 50% of the world population is infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). The bacterium highly links to peptic ulcer diseases and duodenal ulcer, which was classified as a group I carcinogen in 1994 by the WHO. The pathogenesis of H. pylori is contributed by its virulence factors including urease, flagella, vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), cytotoxin-associated gene antigen (Cag A), and others. Of those virulence factors, VacA and CagA play the key roles. Infection with H. pylori vacA-positive strains can lead to vacuolation and apoptosis, whereas infection with cagA-positive strains might result in severe gastric inflammation and gastric cancer. Numerous medicinal plants have been reported for their anti-H. pylori activity, and the relevant active compounds including polyphenols, flavonoids, quinones, coumarins, terpenoids, and alkaloids have been studied. The anti-H. pylori action mechanisms, including inhibition of enzymatic (urease, DNA gyrase, dihydrofolate reductase, N-acetyltransferase, and myeloperoxidase) and adhesive activities, high redox potential, and hydrophilic/hydrophobic natures of compounds, have also been discussed in detail. H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation may progress to superficial gastritis, atrophic gastritis, and finally gastric cancer. Many natural products have anti-H. pylori-induced inflammation activity and the relevant mechanisms include suppression of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation and inhibition of oxidative stress. Anti-H. pylori induced gastric inflammatory effects of plant products, including quercetin, apigenin, carotenoids-rich algae, tea product, garlic extract, apple peel polyphenol, and finger-root extract, have been documented. In conclusion, many medicinal plant products possess anti-H. pylori activity as well as an anti-H. pylori-induced gastric inflammatory effect. Those plant products have showed great potential as pharmaceutical candidates for H. pylori eradication and H. pylori induced related gastric disease prevention.
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Walsh JH. Unanswered questions about Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 9 Suppl 1:31-7. [PMID: 7495940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1995.tb00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There is general agreement that Helicobacter pylori eradication is indicated in all infected patients with duodenal ulcer disease and is probably indicated in all infected patients with gastric ulcer disease. However, translation of treatment recommendations into practice leads to some difficult clinical decisions. Three of the more perplexing questions are whether or not all patients with dyspepsia and H. pylori should be treated, whether or not a definitive diagnosis of ulcer should be established by an invasive method, and whether H. pylori eradication is sufficient to prevent recurrence of bleeding ulcers, especially in patient groups that have a high frequency of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Another common problem is the question of whether or not to establish the success of an eradication regimen in an individual patient and the choice of method to obtain this information. There is also an obvious need to develop better antimicrobial regimens aimed specifically at Helicobacter pylori. At the basic level, almost nothing is known about the mechanisms by which H. pylori produces peptic ulcer in 10-20% of infected patients while producing gastritis in all infected subjects. There is good evidence that host factors, including intrinsic rate of acid secretion, family history and smoking are independent additive risk factors for ulcer. Ingestion of NSAIDs appears to be an independent and separate risk factor. There is evidence that strains of H. pylori that lack certain genetic markers may have a reduced likelihood of causing ulcers, but the 'ulcer' marker is present in the majority of infected subjects without ulcer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Walsh
- VA/UCLA Gastroenteric Biology Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
AIM: To study the agglutination pattern of Helicobacter pylori coccoid and spiral forms.
METHODS: Assays of agglutination and agglutination inhibition were applied using fifteen commercial lectins.
RESULTS: Strong agglutination was observed with mannose-specific Concanavalin A (Con A), fucose-specific Tetragonolobus purpureas (Lotus A) and N-acetyl glucosamine-specific Triticum vulgaris (WGA) lectins. Mannose and fucose specific lectins were reactive with all strains of H. pylori coccoids as compared to the spirals. Specific carbohydrates, glycoproteins and mucin were shown to inhibit H. pylori lectin-agglutination reactions. Pre-treatment of the bacterial cells with formalin and sulphuric acid did not alter the agglutination patterns with lectins. However, sodium periodate treatment of bacterial cells were shown to inhibit agglutination reaction with Con A, Lotus A and WGA lectins. On the contrary, enzymatic treatment of coccoids and spirals did not show marked inhibition of H. pylori lectin agglutination. Interes tingly, heating of H. pylori cells at 60 °C for 1 h was shown to augment the agglutination with all of the lectins tested.
CONCLUSION: The considerable differences in lectin agglutination patterns seen among the two differentiated forms of H. pylori might be attributable to the structural changes during the events of morphological transformation, resulting in exposing or masking some of the sugar residues on the cell surface. Possibility of various sugar residues on the cell wall of the coccoids may allow them to bind to different carbohydrate receptors on gastric mucus and epithelial cells. The coccoids with adherence characteristics like the spirals could aid in the pathogenic process of Helicobacter infection. This may probably lead to different clinical outcome of H. pylori associated gastroduodenal disease.
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Naidoo S, Ramsaroop R, Bhoola R, Bhoola K. Correlation of kinin generating activity with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric infection. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 43:225-33. [PMID: 10596857 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(99)00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system involves a biologically complex set of interactive proteases that signal the first-line onset of inflammation and associated cellular processes. The basic enzymatic cleavage of kininogen substrate by the serine protease tissue kallikrein to liberate kinins is regulated by a number of factors. These may include the recently discovered bacterial involvement in the causation of gastritis. The gram-negative Helicobacter pylori organism, colonises the human gastric epithelium and initiates ulcerogenesis and may induce, in the longer term, tumour formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of kinins in H. pylori-induced gastric dyspepsia. During endoscopic examination, lavage aspirates of 23 patients were collected, and the tissue kallikrein content measured by a kinin-generating assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gastric antral and pyloric biopsy tissue was histologically examined for degrees of inflammation and H. pylori infection, and then immunolabelled for tissue kallikrein and kinin receptors. Results show that labelled tissue kallikrein in the fundic glands and parietal cells of the diseased antrum was elevated with increasing severity of gastritis. Further, kinin-generating potential of the lavage fluid appeared to be greater with increasing evidence of infection. Tissue kallikrein immunosorbent assay levels were significantly raised in patients showing mild to moderate H. pylori infection. One outcome of this study may be the inclusion of kinin antagonists in management of gastric dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naidoo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, University of Natal Medical School, Kwa-Zulu, South Africa.
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Houimel M, Mach JP, Corthésy-Theulaz I, Corthésy B, Fisch I. New inhibitors of Helicobacter pylori urease holoenzyme selected from phage-displayed peptide libraries. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 262:774-80. [PMID: 10411639 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Urease is an important virulence factor for Helicobacter pylori and is critical for bacterial colonization of the human gastric mucosa. Specific inhibition of urease activity has been proposed as a possible strategy to fight this bacteria which infects billions of individual throughout the world and can lead to severe pathological conditions in a limited number of cases. We have selected peptides which specifically bind and inhibit H. pylori urease from libraries of random peptides displayed on filamentous phage in the context of pIII coat protein. Screening of a highly diverse 25-mer combinatorial library and two newly constructed random 6-mer peptide libraries on solid phase H. pylori urease holoenzyme allowed the identification of two peptides, 24-mer TFLPQPRCSALLRYLSEDGVIVPS and 6-mer YDFYWW that can bind and inhibit the activity of urease purified from H. pylori. These two peptides were chemically synthesized and their inhibition constants (Ki) were found to be 47 microM for the 24-mer and 30 microM for the 6-mer peptide. Both peptides specifically inhibited the activity of H. pylori urease but not that of Bacillus pasteurii.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Houimel
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Park SM, Hong SI, Jung HY, Yang SK, Kim HR, Min YI, Hong WS. Antigenic diversity and serotypes of Helicobacter pylori associated with peptic ulcer diseases. Korean J Intern Med 1998; 13:104-9. [PMID: 9735665 PMCID: PMC4531945 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.1998.13.2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical presentation of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has marked variation mainly due to the strain diversity and host susceptibility. Although H. pylori is identified as a major risk factor for gastric and duodenal ulcers, the ulcerogenic or pathogenic strain has not been documented yet. The objective of this study was to investigate antigenic types of the ulcerogenic strain of H. pylori. METHODS The sera of 64 patients were tested by Western blot using Helicoblot 2.0 for six major anti-H. pylori antibodies, together with CLO test and histological examination of gastric biopsy tissues. Thirty-five, nine and 20 patients had duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and chronic active gastritis, respectively. The antigenic types of H. pylori were analyzed in 54 patients with positive H. pylori infection. In this study, H. pylori was divided into four serotypes according to the presence and absence of CagA and VagA: type I; CagA (+) and VacA(+), type Ia: CagA (+) and VacA(-), type Ib: CagA(-) and VacA(+), and type II: CagA(-) and VacA(-). RESULTS There was no difference in the number of bands for six antigens: 3.2 +/- 1.4, 3.0 +/- 1.2 and 3.1 +/- 1.4 in 35 duodenal ulcer, 7 gastric ulcer and 12 chronic gastritis, respectively. The band with 119 kDa was 90.7%, which was the most common band with the order of 35, 30, 26.5, 89 and 19.5 kDa. Type I, la and Ib were positive in 22.2, 42.6 and 27.8%, respectively, which were significantly higher than type II (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the positive rates of four urease subtypes between the four serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Kurbel S, Kurbel B. The role of gastric mast cells, enterochromaffin-like cells and parietal cells in the regulation of acid secretion. Med Hypotheses 1995; 45:539-42. [PMID: 8771047 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(95)90236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The idea presented here is that, in gastric mucosa, two independent regulatory systems use the same transmitter: histamine molecules. The IgE/mast cell system is dispersed throughout the body, while the other regulates the gastric acid secretion. IgE molecules in gastric mucosa are attached to the mast cells. Mast cells release histamine molecules after the antigen has been recognized by IgE. These molecules normally act on vascular H1 receptors to promote extravasation and chemotaxy. Gastrin molecules are released from antral G cells to stimulate gastric acid secretion. Their influence on parietal cells is indirectly augmented by gastrin governed release of histamine molecules from enterochromaffin-like cells. These histamine molecules normally act on H2 receptors of parietal cells to promote gastric acid secretion. Chronic infection of gastric mucosa (i.e. with Helicobacter pylori), autoimmune disorders or repetitive mucosal exposure to the same antigen, can develop chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa. Gastric acid secretion is diminished with secondary hypergastrinemia and increased release of histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells in an attempt to stimulate the few remaining parietal cells. Hypothetically, increased concentrations of released histamine in gastric mucosa might activate the vascular H1 receptors with extravasation and aggravated inflammation. This can further decrease the number of active parietal cells, reduce gastric acid secretion and potentiate hypergastrinemia. In this hypothetical setting, H1 blockers might reduce the damage by abolishing the vascular reactions. The prolonged antigen load on gastric mucosa can promote production of specific IgE antibodies. Further exposures to the same antigen degranulate sensitized mucosal mast cells. Liberated histamine can produce extravasation through the vascular H1 receptor and, hypothetically, local hyperacidity through the parietal cell H2 receptors. The result would be hyperacidity and hypogastrinemia with possible ulcer disease. Some individuals are more predisposed to IgE production or have increased numbers of mast cells that might explain why only some people develop ulcer disease after H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kurbel
- Department of Oncology, Osijek Clinical Hospital, Croatia
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Thoreson AC, Borre MB, Andersen LP, Elsborg L, Holck S, Conway P, Henrichsen J, Vuust J, Krogfelt KA. Development of a PCR-based technique for detection of Helicobacter pylori. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 10:325-33. [PMID: 7773250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1995.tb00051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A primer-set was designed for specific detection of genes that encode for 16S rRNA of Helicobacter pylori, using direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primers were selected in the hypervariable regions, derived from a complete small subunit 16S rRNA sequence of the reference strain H. pylori CCUG 17874. The primer-set amplified a 537 base pair (bp) sequence specifically from chromosomal H. pylori DNA. Amplification of purified chromosomal H. pylori DNA was achieved at concentrations as low as 1 femto gram (fg), equivalent to 5 bacteria. Furthermore, as few as 1 lysed H. pylori cell was detected by this PCR technique. The specificity of the primers was 100%, since purified chromosomal DNA was detected from all 32 various H. pylori isolates, whereas no other bacteria species were detected, whether related to Helicobacter or not. The 16S rDNA primers successfully detected H. pylori in antral biopsy specimens collected from infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Thoreson
- Department of Bacteriology, Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen-S, Denmark
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Abstract
A chemically defined medium consisting of a buffered mineral base supplemented with amino acids, a purine, and thiamine supported growth of 23 clinical isolates and the type strain of Helicobacter pylori. The growth of four strains was inhibited by the presence of certain amino acids. All but one strain required alanine for growth. The amino acids leucine, valine, phenylalanine, methionine, arginine, and histidine were generally required. Isoleucine either was required or stimulated growth. Strains could be differentiated into groups on the basis of a requirement for one or more of the amino acids cysteine, serine, and proline. Only one strain however, demonstrated a requirement for all three of these amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nedenskov
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Tromsø, Norway
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Knipp U, Birkholz S, Kaup W, Mahnke K, Opferkuch W. Suppression of human mononuclear cell response by Helicobacter pylori: effects on isolated monocytes and lymphocytes. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1994; 8:157-66. [PMID: 7909699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1994.tb00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonization of the human gastric mucosa causes a long-term, not self-limiting inflammation, suggesting that the microbe has properties to protect itself against the host immune defence system. Recently we were able to demonstrate that H. pylori suppresses the in vitro proliferative response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to antigens as well as to mitogens without affecting cell viability. The purpose of this study was to clarify which cell subsets of mononuclear cells are influenced by H. pylori. The use of monocytes which had been pretreated with a soluble cytoplasmic fraction of H. pylori (30 micrograms ml-1) led to a suppressed proliferation of T cells after PHA-activation. Activation of isolated T cells with PHA and PMA revealed that the proliferative response of lymphocytes could also be inhibited independently of monocytes. The anti-proliferative effect was associated with a reduction of IL-2 receptor (CD25) expression as well as an inhibition of blastogenesis. Furthermore, the spontaneous proliferation of EBV-transformed B cell lines was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. FACS-analysis of HLA-DR, ICAM-1 and CD14 expression on the surface of monocytes revealed an influence of H. pylori on CD14 expression at a concentration of 30 micrograms ml-1, while the expression of HLA-DR and ICAM-1 was not affected at this concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Knipp
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, FRG
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Vogt K, Hahn H. Influence of omeprazole on urease activity of Helicobacter pylori in vitro. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 280:273-8. [PMID: 8280951 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The influence of omeprazole on urease activity of 13 Helicobacter pylori strains was assessed in vitro employing different inocula of the bacteria and various concentrations of omeprazole. Bacteria were grown in liquid culture supplemented with omeprazole for 48 h. Afterwards, bacterial numbers were assessed and urease activity was measured in a spectrophotometric assay. In 10 strains, omeprazole had no influence on urease activity at concentrations up to 8 mg/l; higher concentrations had a bacteriostatic effect. Three strains were more resistant to omeprazole: These showed a marked diminution of urease activity although bacterial numbers were only slightly reduced. Thus a possible inhibitory effect of omeprazole should be taken into account when urease of Helicobacter pylori is measured for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vogt
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Infektionsimmunologie, Freien Universität, Berlin, Germany
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Ketley JM, Michalski J, Galen J, Levine MM, Kaper JB. Construction of genetically marked Vibrio cholerae O1 vaccine strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 111:15-21. [PMID: 8359676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuated Vibrio cholerae O1 vaccine strains lacking the gene encoding the A subunit of cholera toxin have proven efficacious in preventing experimental cholera. As these strains move from closed, contained testing environments to large-scale field trials, a readily assayable phenotypic trait to distinguish a vaccine strain from wild-type V. cholerae O1 is desirable. We have constructed three derivatives of the attenuated V. cholerae strain CVD 103 which carry a mercury resistance or urease marker in the hlyA gene. CVD 103-HgR was constructed using a protracted marker-exchange procedure; this strain was found to have somewhat lowered colonisation efficiency in infant mice in comparison to its parent strain, CVD 103. The insertion of the resistance marker was repeated using a suicide vector system; CVD 103-HgR2 was found to colonise infant mice as efficiently as CVD 103. Strain CVD 103-UR, in which sequences encoding urease were inserted using a suicide vector, also colonised infant mice as well as CVD 103. The genetically marked strains CVD 103-HgR, CVD 103-HgR2 and CVD 103-UR form the basis for a generation of defined oral vaccines that may give single-dose, long-lasting protection to populations at risk from cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ketley
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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