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Järvinen P, Kakko M, Sikanen T. Cytotoxicity of pharmaceuticals and their mixtures toward scaffold-free 3D spheroid cultures of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 199:106817. [PMID: 38797439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues are widely detected in surface waters all around the world, causing a range of adverse effects on environmental species, such as fish. Besides population level effects (mortality, reproduction), pharmaceutical residues can bioaccumulate in fish tissues resulting in organ-specific toxicities. In this study, we developed in vitro 3D culture models for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver cell line (RTH-149) and cryopreserved, primary rainbow trout hepatocytes (RTHEP), and compared their spheroid formation and susceptibility to toxic impacts of pharmaceuticals. The rapidly proliferating, immortalized RTH-149 cells were shown to form compact spheroids with uniform morphology in just three days, thus enabling higher throughput toxicity screening compared with the primary cells that required acclimation times of about one week. In addition, we screened the cytotoxicity of a total of fourteen clinically used human pharmaceuticals toward the 3D cultures of both RTH-149 cells (metabolically inactive) and primary RTHEP cells (metabolically active), to evaluate the impacts of the pharmaceuticals' own metabolism on their hepatotoxicity in rainbow trout in vitro. Among the test substances, the azole antifungals (clotrimazole and ketoconazole) were identified as the most cytotoxic, with hepatic metabolism indicatively amplifying their toxicity, followed by fluoxetine, levomepromazine, and sertraline, which were slightly less toxic toward the metabolically active primary cells than RTH-149 spheroids. Besides individual pharmaceuticals, the 3D cultures were challenged with mixtures of the eight most toxic substances, to evaluate if their combined mixture toxicities can be predicted based on individual substances' half-maximal effect (EC50) concentrations. As a result, the classical concentration addition approach was concluded sufficiently accurate for preliminarily informing on the approximate effect concentrations of pharmaceutical mixtures on a cellular level. However, direct read-across from human data was proven challenging and inexplicit for prediction of hepatotoxicity in fish in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Järvinen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Kakko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, P.O. Box 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Alves RF, Rocha E, Madureira TV. Fish hepatocyte spheroids - A powerful (though underexplored) alternative in vitro model to study hepatotoxicity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 262:109470. [PMID: 36122680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In vitro fish cell cultures are considered alternative models to in vivo toxicological studies. The two-dimensional (2D) cultures have been used in toxicity testing, but those models have well-known drawbacks, namely in culture longevity and in the maintenance of some in vivo cellular functions. In this context, three-dimensional (3D) systems are now proposed to better mimic in vivo effects. The use of 3D cultures in fish is still limited (e.g., toxicity testing, drug biotransformation and bioaccumulation studies) compared to the number of studies with mammalian cells exploring the potential of these systems. In fish, the liver spheroids have been the most used 3D model, deriving from either liver cell lines or primary cultures of hepatocytes. Because the liver is the main organ for xenobiotic detoxification, hepatocyte spheroids represent a promising alternative to test concentration-responses to xenobiotics and explore mechanistic or ecotoxicological perspectives. Evidence shows that fish hepatocytes cultured in spheroids closely resemble the in vivo counterparts, additionally having higher basal metabolic capacity than hepatocytes cultured in monolayer. This graphical review is an updated critical sum-up of data published with 3D fish hepatocytes and provides background knowledge for the upcoming studies using this model. It further addresses the culture conditions for obtaining fish hepatocyte spheroids and discusses the main factors that can influence the biometry and functionality of spheroids over time in culture and the 2D versus 3D distinct metabolic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F Alves
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Team of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology, CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Team of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology, CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Tânia V Madureira
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Team of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology, CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
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3
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Pereira IL, Lopes C, Rocha E, Madureira TV. Establishing brown trout primary hepatocyte spheroids as a new alternative experimental model-Testing the effects of 5α-dihydrotestosterone on lipid pathways. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 253:106331. [PMID: 36327687 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) fish liver cultures mimic the in vivo cellular microenvironment, which is ideal for ecotoxicological research. Despite that, the application of these cultures to evaluate toxic effects in fish is scarce. A 3D model of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) primary hepatocyte spheroids was optimized in this study by using DMEM/F-12 with 15 mM of HEPES, 10 mL/L of an antibiotic and antimycotic solution and FBS 10% (v/v), at 18 °C with ∼100 rpm. The selection of optimal conditions was based on a multiparametric characterization of the spheroids, including biometry, viability, microanatomy and immunohistochemistry. Biometric and morphologic stabilization of spheroids was reached within 12-16 days of culture. To our knowledge, this study is the first to culture and characterize viable spheroids from brown trout primary hepatocytes for over 30 days. Further, the 3D model was tested to explore the androgenic influences on lipidic target genes after 96 h exposures to control, solvent control, 10 and 100 µM of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a non-aromatizable androgen. Spheroids exposed to 100 µM of DHT had decreased sphericity. DHT at 100 µM also significantly down-regulated Acox1-3I, PPARγ and fatty acid synthesis targets (i.e., ACC), and significantly up-regulated Fabp1. Acsl1 was significantly up-regulated after exposure to both 10 and 100 µM of DHT. The results support that DHT modulates distinct lipidic pathways in brown trout and show that this 3D model is a new valuable tool for physiological and toxicological mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês L Pereira
- Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Team, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Lopes
- Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Team, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Team, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia V Madureira
- Histomorphology, Physiopathology and Applied Toxicology Team, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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4
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Tust M, Kohler M, Lagojda A, Lamshoeft M. Comparison of the in vitro assays to investigate the hepatic metabolism of seven pesticides in Cyprinus carpio and Oncorhynchus mykiss. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130254. [PMID: 34384174 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liver S9 fractions from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were incubated with seven pesticides (fenamidone, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, penflufen, spirotetramat, tebuconazole, tembotrione and trifloxystrobin) and the metabolic pathways of the applied chemicals were determined by HPLC-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Five of the seven pesticides (fenamidone, penflufen, spirotetramat, trifloxystrobin and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) revealed a higher metabolic capacity of rainbow trout liver fractions compared to carp liver fractions. The other two pesticides (tebuconazole and tembotrione) showed a similar and marginal biotransformation for liver S9 fractions of both species. Furthermore, four compounds (penflufen, spirotetramat, tembotrione and tebuconazole) were incubated with cryo-preserved hepatocytes of rainbow trout showing additional conjugated metabolites compared to liver S9 fractions. The incubations were performed with concentrations of 1 and 10 μM for experiments with liver S9 fractions and 5 μM with hepatocytes for up to 120 (liver S9 fractions) or 240 min (hepatocytes). A set of positive controls was used to confirm the metabolic capability of the in vitro systems. The comparison of the in vitro results from hepatocyte assays of penflufen and tebuconazole with the data from corresponding in vivo studies performed according to OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) guideline 305 exhibited a similar metabolic behavior for these pesticides and emphasizes the reliability of the in vitro assays. Besides investigation of the metabolism of plant protection products for research purposes, inter-species comparison by in vitro assays and the use of PBTK modelling approaches will allow improved environmental and dietary risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Tust
- Bayer AG Division Crop Science, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany.
| | - Maxie Kohler
- Bayer AG Division Crop Science, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany.
| | - Andreas Lagojda
- Bayer AG Division Crop Science, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany.
| | - Marc Lamshoeft
- Bayer AG Division Crop Science, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany.
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5
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Katagi T. In vitro metabolism of pesticides and industrial chemicals in fish. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2020; 45:1-15. [PMID: 32110158 PMCID: PMC7024743 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d19-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is one of the most important factors in controlling the toxicity and bioaccumulation of pesticides in fish. In vitro systems using subcellular fractions, cell lines, hepatocytes and tissues of a specific organ, each of which is characterized by usability, enzyme activity and chemical transport via membrane, have been applied to investigate the metabolic profiles of pesticides. Not only species and organs but also the fishkeeping conditions are known to greatly affect the in vitro metabolism of pesticides. A comparison of the metabolic profiles of pesticides and industrial chemicals taken under similar conditions has shown that in vitro systems using a subcellular S9 fraction and hepatocytes qualitatively reproduce many in vivo metabolic reactions. More investigation of these in vitro systems for pesticides is necessary to verify their applicability to the estimation of pesticide metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Katagi
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3–1–98 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
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6
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Serrano J, Tapper MA, Kolanczyk RC, Sheedy BR, Lahren T, Hammermeister DE, Denny JS, Hornung MW, Kubátová A, Kosian PA, Voelker J, Schmieder PK. Metabolism of cyclic phenones in rainbow trout in vitro assays. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:192-208. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1596331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Serrano
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Mark A. Tapper
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Richard C. Kolanczyk
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Barbara R. Sheedy
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Tylor Lahren
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Dean E. Hammermeister
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Denny
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Michael W. Hornung
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Patricia A. Kosian
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Voelker
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Student Services Contractor, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Patricia K. Schmieder
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN, USA
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7
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Lammel T, Tsoukatou G, Jellinek J, Sturve J. Development of three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures of the continuous rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:250-258. [PMID: 30342358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro experimental systems based on continuous piscine cell lines can be used as an alternative to animal tests for obtaining qualitative and quantitative information on the possible fate and effect of chemicals in fish. However, their capability to reproduce complex metabolic processes and toxic responses as they occur in vivo is limited due to the lack of organ-specific tissue architecture and functions. Here we introduce a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro experimental system based on spheroidal aggregate cultures (spheroids) of the continuous rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1 and provide a first description of their structural and functional properties including growth, viability/longevity, metabolic activity, ultrastructure and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) expression determined by bright-field, multi-photon fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy as well as RT-qPCR analysis. Our results show that RTL-W1 cells in 3D spheroids (ø ~ 150 µm) (including those in the interior) were viable, metabolically active and had higher basal and β-naphthoflavone-induced CYP1A expression levels than conventional 2D cell cultures. Furthermore, they displayed ultrastructural characteristics similar to differentiated hepatocytes. The available evidence suggests that 3D RTL-W1 spheroids may have enhanced hepatotypic functions and be a superior in vitro model to assess hepatic biotransformation, bioaccumulation and chronic toxicity compared to conventional cell monolayer cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lammel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18 A, Box 463, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Georgia Tsoukatou
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18 A, Box 463, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Jellinek
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18 A, Box 463, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18 A, Box 463, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
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Trowell JJ, Gobas FAPC, Moore MM, Kennedy CJ. Estimating the Bioconcentration Factors of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds from Biotransformation Rates Using Rainbow Trout Hepatocytes. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:295-305. [PMID: 29550936 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Determining the biotransformation potential of commercial chemicals is critical for estimating their persistence in the aquatic environment. In vitro systems are becoming increasingly important as screening methods for assessing the potential for chemical metabolism. Depletion rate constants (kd) for several organic chemicals with high octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) values (9-methylanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, and PCB-153) in rainbow trout hepatocytes were determined to estimate biotransformation rate constants (kMET) that were used in fish bioconcentration factor (BCF) models. Benzo[a]pyrene was rapidly biotransformed when incubated singly; however, its depletion rate constant (kd) declined 79% in a mixture of all four chemicals. Chrysene also exhibited significant biotransformation and its depletion rate constant declined by 50% in the mixture incubation. These data indicate that biotransformation rates determined using single chemicals may overestimate metabolism in environments containing chemical mixtures. Incubations with varying cell concentrations were used to determine whether cell concentration affected kd estimates. No statistically significant change in depletion rate constants were seen, possibly due to an increase in nonspecific binding of hydrophobic chemicals as cell density increased, decreasing overall biotransformation. A new model was used to estimate BCFs from kMET values calculated from empirically derived kd values. The inclusion of kMET in models resulted in significantly lower BCF values (compared kMET = 0). Modelled BCF values were consistent with empirically derived BCF values from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Trowell
- Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Frank A P C Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Margo M Moore
- Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Christopher J Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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9
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Langan LM, Owen SF, Jha AN. Establishment and long-term maintenance of primary intestinal epithelial cells cultured from the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Biol Open 2018. [PMID: 29514825 PMCID: PMC5898270 DOI: 10.1242/bio.032870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method for the establishment and long-term maintenance of ex vivo cultures from intestinal regions of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), is reported. Adherence of cells was observed within hours, epithelial island formation recorded at 48 h and rapid proliferation with confluence achieved between 9-14 days. In addition to metabolic characterisation, basic morphology of growing cells was characterised using histology, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Regional differences in intestinal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylation (ECOD) activities in these primary grown enterocytes were compared following exposure to model inducers [i.e. α-NF, β-NF, B(a)P] which demonstrated significant differences. Regional differences in dietary uptake and metabolism of contaminants can therefore be studied in this in vitro system to increase our understanding of fundamental processes, while concurrently providing a means to reduce the number of fish required for biological studies in line with the principles of the 3Rs (Reduce, Refine and Replace). This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Understanding chemical uptake from the diet is difficult in live fish: we developed long-term intestinal cell cultures that enables the science and provides an alternative method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Langan
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- Global Sustainability, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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Stadnicka-Michalak J, Weiss FT, Fischer M, Tanneberger K, Schirmer K. Biotransformation of Benzo[ a]pyrene by Three Rainbow Trout ( Onchorhynchus mykiss) Cell Lines and Extrapolation To Derive a Fish Bioconcentration Factor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3091-3100. [PMID: 29400055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Permanent fish cell lines constitute a promising complement or substitute for fish in the environmental risk assessment of chemicals. We demonstrate the potential of a set of cell lines originating from rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) to aid in the prediction of chemical bioaccumulation in fish, using benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP) as a model chemical. We selected three cell lines from different tissues to more fully account for whole-body biotransformation in vivo: the RTL-W1 cell line, representing the liver as major site of biotransformation, and the RTgill-W1 (gill) and RTgutGC (intestine) cell lines, as important environment-organism interfaces, which likely influence chemical uptake. All three cell lines were found to effectively biotransform BaP. However, rates of in vitro clearance differed, with the RTL-W1 cell line being most efficient, followed by RTgutGC. Co-exposures with α-naphthoflavone as potent inhibitor of biotransformation, assessment of CYP1A catalytic activity, and the progression of cellular toxicity upon prolonged BaP exposure revealed that BaP is handled differently in the RTgill-W1 compared to the other two cell lines. Application of the cell-line-derived in vitro clearance rates into a physiology-based toxicokinetic model predicted a BaP bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 909-1057 compared to 920 reported for rainbow trout in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Stadnicka-Michalak
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , EPF Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Frederik T Weiss
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | | | - Katrin Tanneberger
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Ecosens AG, 8304 Wallisellen , Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag , Überlandstrasse 133 , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , EPF Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
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11
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Fay KA, Fitzsimmons PN, Hoffman AD, Nichols JW. Comparison of trout hepatocytes and liver S9 fractions as in vitro models for predicting hepatic clearance in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:463-471. [PMID: 27487575 PMCID: PMC6162060 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Isolated hepatocytes and liver S9 fractions have been used to collect in vitro biotransformation data for fish as a means of improving modeled estimates of chemical bioaccumulation. To date, however, there have been few direct comparisons of these 2 methods. In the present study, cryopreserved trout hepatocytes were used to measure in vitro intrinsic clearance rates for 6 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These rates were extrapolated to estimates of in vivo intrinsic clearance and used as inputs to a well stirred liver model to predict hepatic clearance. Predicted rates of hepatic clearance were then evaluated by comparison with measured rates determined previously using isolated perfused livers. Hepatic clearance rates predicted using hepatocytes were in good agreement with measured values (<2.1-fold difference for 5 of 6 compounds) under 2 competing binding assumptions. These findings, which may be attributed in part to high rates of PAH metabolism, are similar to those obtained previously using data from liver S9 fractions. For 1 compound (benzo[a]pyrene), the in vivo intrinsic clearance rate calculated using S9 data was 10-fold higher than that determined using hepatocytes, possibly due to a diffusion limitation on cellular uptake. Generally, however, there was good agreement between calculated in vivo intrinsic clearance rates obtained using either in vitro test system. These results suggest that both systems can be used to improve bioaccumulation assessments for fish, particularly when vitro rates of activity are relatively high, although additional work is needed to determine if the chemical domain of applicability for each system differs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:463-471. Published 2016 SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A. Fay
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Patrick N. Fitzsimmons
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Alex D. Hoffman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - John W. Nichols
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
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12
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Baron MG, Mintram KS, Owen SF, Hetheridge MJ, Moody AJ, Purcell WM, Jackson SK, Jha AN. Pharmaceutical Metabolism in Fish: Using a 3-D Hepatic In Vitro Model to Assess Clearance. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168837. [PMID: 28045944 PMCID: PMC5207725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
At high internal doses, pharmaceuticals have the potential for inducing biological/pharmacological effects in fish. One particular concern for the environment is their potential to bioaccumulate and reach pharmacological levels; the study of these implications for environmental risk assessment has therefore gained increasing attention. To avoid unnecessary testing on animals, in vitro methods for assessment of xenobiotic metabolism could aid in the ecotoxicological evaluation. Here we report the use of a 3-D in vitro liver organoid culture system (spheroids) derived from rainbow trout to measure the metabolism of seven pharmaceuticals using a substrate depletion assay. Of the pharmaceuticals tested, propranolol, diclofenac and phenylbutazone were metabolised by trout liver spheroids; atenolol, metoprolol, diazepam and carbamazepine were not. Substrate depletion kinetics data was used to estimate intrinsic hepatic clearance by this spheroid model, which was similar for diclofenac and approximately 5 fold higher for propranolol when compared to trout liver microsomal fraction (S9) data. These results suggest that liver spheroids could be used as a relevant and metabolically competent in vitro model with which to measure the biotransformation of pharmaceuticals in fish; and propranolol acts as a reproducible positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Baron
- School of Biological Science, Plymouth University, Devon, United Kingdom
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kate S. Mintram
- School of Biological Science, Plymouth University, Devon, United Kingdom
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - A. John Moody
- School of Biological Science, Plymouth University, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy M. Purcell
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Science, Plymouth University, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Simon K. Jackson
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Science, Plymouth University, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Awadhesh N. Jha
- School of Biological Science, Plymouth University, Devon, United Kingdom
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13
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Lillicrap A, Springer T, Tyler CR. A tiered assessment strategy for more effective evaluation of bioaccumulation of chemicals in fish. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 75:20-6. [PMID: 26724733 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is currently limited guidance available for regulators and risk assessors on how to use data from non-guideline methods when assessing the bioaccumulation potential of a chemical. Furthermore, bioaccumulation assessments can be more subjective than they need to be due to the lack of a guidance framework on how to use/include the range of information that may be available for a substance. Under some circumstances, in silico, in vitro and/or in vivo non-test guideline data may be sufficient to classify whether a substance is bioaccumulative without the need for further animal testing. Classifying the bioaccumulative potential of a substance is especially difficult when the bioconcentration factor (BCF) is close to the threshold for defining it as bioaccumulative/very bioaccumulative (B/vB), and a more structured process is required to reduce uncertainty in the BCF estimates. In these situations, in silico and in vitro data can, and should, be used to provide greater confidence in classifying these substances. To aid future evaluations of bioaccumulation data, a proposed tiered assessment strategy is presented incorporating all available data on the bioaccumulative properties of a substance. In addition, a revised scheme is recommended for improving the classification of the bioaccumulative potential of a substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lillicrap
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, NO-0349, Norway.
| | - Tim Springer
- Wildlife International, 8598 Commerce Drive, Easton, MD 21601, USA.
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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14
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Uchea C, Owen SF, Chipman JK. Functional xenobiotic metabolism and efflux transporters in trout hepatocyte spheroid cultures. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:494-507. [PMID: 25893091 PMCID: PMC4384106 DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00160e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of xenobiotic fate in fish is important for the regulatory assessment of chemicals under current legislation. Trout hepatocyte spheroids are a promising in vitro model for this assessment. In this investigation, the gene expression and function for xenobiotic metabolism and cellular efflux were characterised. Using fluorescence, transport and real time PCR analysis, the expression and functionality of a variety of genes related to xenobiotic metabolism and drug efflux were assessed in a range of trout hepatocyte culture preparations. Significantly greater levels of expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and efflux were measured in spheroids (which have been shown to remain viable in excess of 30 days), compared to hepatocytes cultured using conventional suspension and monolayer culture techniques. A transient decline in the expression of genes related to both xenobiotic metabolism and transport was determined during spheroid development, with a subsequent recovery in older spheroids. The most mature spheroids also exhibited an expression profile most comparable to that reported in vivo. Functionality of efflux transporters in spheroids was also demonstrated using fluorescent markers and specific inhibitors. In conclusion, the more physiologically relevant architecture in spheroid cultures provides a high functional integrity in relation to xenobiotic metabolism and efflux. Together with the enhanced gene expression and longevity of the model, hepatocytes in spheroid culture may prove to be an accurate alternative model to study the mechanisms of these processes in fish liver and provide an assay to determine the bioaccumulation potential of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuzor Uchea
- University of Birmingham , School of Biosciences , Birmingham , B15 2TT , UK ; AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TF , UK .
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca , Alderley Park , Macclesfield , Cheshire , SK10 4TF , UK .
| | - J Kevin Chipman
- University of Birmingham , School of Biosciences , Birmingham , B15 2TT , UK
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15
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Stott LC, Schnell S, Hogstrand C, Owen SF, Bury NR. A primary fish gill cell culture model to assess pharmaceutical uptake and efflux: evidence for passive and facilitated transport. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 159:127-37. [PMID: 25544062 PMCID: PMC4303912 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The gill is the principle site of xenobiotic transfer to and from the aqueous environment. To replace, refine or reduce (3Rs) the large numbers of fish used in in vivo uptake studies an effective in vitro screen is required that mimics the function of the teleost gill. This study uses a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) primary gill cell culture system grown on permeable inserts, which tolerates apical freshwater thus mimicking the intact organ, to assess the uptake and efflux of pharmaceuticals across the gill. Bidirectional transport studies in media of seven pharmaceuticals (propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol, formoterol, terbutaline, ranitidine and imipramine) showed they were transported transcellularly across the epithelium. However, studies conducted in water showed enhanced uptake of propranolol, ranitidine and imipramine. Concentration-equilibrated conditions without a concentration gradient suggested that a proportion of the uptake of propranolol and imipramine is via a carrier-mediated process. Further study using propranolol showed that its transport is pH-dependent and at very low environmentally relevant concentrations (ng L(-1)), transport deviated from linearity. At higher concentrations, passive uptake dominated. Known inhibitors of drug transport proteins; cimetidine, MK571, cyclosporine A and quinidine inhibited propranolol uptake, whilst amantadine and verapamil were without effect. Together this suggests the involvement of specific members of SLC and ABC drug transporter families in pharmaceutical transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C Stott
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Schnell
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Nic R Bury
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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16
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Laue H, Gfeller H, Jenner KJ, Nichols JW, Kern S, Natsch A. Predicting the bioconcentration of fragrance ingredients by rainbow trout using measured rates of in vitro intrinsic clearance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9486-9495. [PMID: 25058173 DOI: 10.1021/es500904h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation in aquatic species is a critical end point in the regulatory assessment of chemicals. Few measured fish bioconcentration factors (BCFs) are available for fragrance ingredients. Thus, predictive models are often used to estimate their BCFs. Because biotransformation can reduce chemical accumulation in fish, models using QSAR-estimated biotransformation rates have been developed. Alternatively, biotransformation can be measured by in vitro methods. In this study, biotransformation rates for nine fragrance ingredients were measured using trout liver S9 fractions and used as inputs to a recently refined in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) model. BCFs predicted by the model were then compared to (i) in vivo BCFs, (ii) BCFs predicted using QSAR-derived biotransformation rates, (iii) BCFs predicted without biotransformation, and (iv) BCFs predicted by a well-known regression model. For fragrance ingredients with relatively low (<4.7) log K(OW) values, all models predicted BCFs below a bioaccumulation threshold of 1000. For chemicals with higher (4.7-5.8) log K(OW) values, the model incorporating measured in vitro biotransformation rates and assuming no correction for potential binding effects on hepatic clearance provided the most accurate predictions of measured BCFs. This study demonstrates the value of integrating measured biotransformation rates for prediction of chemical bioaccumulation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Laue
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Fragrances S & T, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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17
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Lee YS, Lee DHY, Delafoulhouze M, Otton SV, Moore MM, Kennedy CJ, Gobas FAPC. In vitro biotransformation rates in fish liver S9: effect of dosing techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1885-1893. [PMID: 24832019 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro biotransformation assays are currently being explored to improve estimates of bioconcentration factors of potentially bioaccumulative organic chemicals in fish. The present study compares thin-film and solvent-delivery dosing techniques as well as single versus multiple chemical dosing for measuring biotransformation rates of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver S9. The findings show that biotransformation rates of very hydrophobic substances can be accurately measured in thin-film sorbent-dosing assays from concentration-time profiles in the incubation medium but not from those in the sorbent phase because of low chemical film-to-incubation-medium mass-transfer rates at the incubation temperature of 13.5 °C required for trout liver assays. Biotransformation rates determined by thin-film dosing were greater than those determined by solvent-delivery dosing for chrysene (octanol-water partition coefficient [KOW ] =10(5.60) ) and benzo[a]pyrene (KOW =10(6.04) ), whereas there were no statistical differences in pyrene (KOW =10(5.18) ) biotransformation rates between the 2 methods. In sorbent delivery-based assays, simultaneous multiple-chemical dosing produced biotransformation rates that were not statistically different from those measured in single-chemical dosing experiments for pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene but not for chrysene. In solvent-delivery experiments, multiple-chemical dosing produced biotransformation rates that were much smaller than those in single-chemical dosing experiments for all test chemicals. While thin-film sorbent-phase and solvent delivery-based dosing methods are both suitable methods for measuring biotransformation rates of substances of intermediate hydrophobicity, thin-film sorbent-phase dosing may be more suitable for superhydrophobic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Shan Lee
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Rand-Weaver M, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Patel A, Panter GH, Owen SF, Sumpter JP. The read-across hypothesis and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11384-95. [PMID: 24006913 PMCID: PMC3864244 DOI: 10.1021/es402065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in the environment have received increased attention over the past decade, as they are ubiquitous in rivers and waterways. Concentrations are in sub-ng to low μg/L, well below acute toxic levels, but there are uncertainties regarding the effects of chronic exposures and there is a need to prioritise which pharmaceuticals may be of concern. The read-across hypothesis stipulates that a drug will have an effect in non-target organisms only if the molecular targets such as receptors and enzymes have been conserved, resulting in a (specific) pharmacological effect only if plasma concentrations are similar to human therapeutic concentrations. If this holds true for different classes of pharmaceuticals, it should be possible to predict the potential environmental impact from information obtained during the drug development process. This paper critically reviews the evidence for read-across, and finds that few studies include plasma concentrations and mode of action based effects. Thus, despite a large number of apparently relevant papers and a general acceptance of the hypothesis, there is an absence of documented evidence. There is a need for large-scale studies to generate robust data for testing the read-across hypothesis and developing predictive models, the only feasible approach to protecting the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Rand-Weaver
- Biosciences, School
of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
- (M.R.-W.) Phone: +44(0)1895
266297; fax: +44(0)1895 273545; e-mail:
| | | | - Alpa Patel
- Biosciences, School
of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
- Institute
for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Grace H. Panter
- AstraZeneca, Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Freshwater
Quarry, Brixham, Devon, TQ5 8BA, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca, Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Freshwater
Quarry, Brixham, Devon, TQ5 8BA, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Sumpter
- Institute
for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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