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GÜVEN NM, KARAÖMERLİOĞLU İ, ARIOĞLU İNAN E, CAN EKE B. Investigation of the Expression of CYP3A4 in Diabetic Rats in Xenobiotic Metabolism. Turk J Pharm Sci 2024; 21:81-86. [PMID: 38529568 PMCID: PMC10982886 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2023.87450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives This study investigated the impact of a high-fat diet streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and dapagliflozin treatment on hepatic protein expression of CYP3A4. Materials and Methods In our study, 34 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, high-fat diet and STZ-induced diabetes, dapagliflozin-treated control, and dapagliflozin-treated diabetes. In the microsomes obtained from the livers of these rats, the protein expression levels of CYP3A4 were determined by Western blotting. Results Hepatic CYP3A4 protein expression levels in the control group treated with dapagliflozin were significantly decreased compared with those in the control group. In addition, hepatic CYP3A4 protein expression levels were decreased in dapagliflozin-treated diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats compared with those in both control and diabetic group rats, but the difference between the groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion According to these two results, the use of dapagliflozin inhibited hepatic CYP3A4 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naile Merve GÜVEN
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Türkiye
- Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | | | - Ebru ARIOĞLU İNAN
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Benay CAN EKE
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Türkiye
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2
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Gargvanshi S, Heravi G, Ayon NJ, Gutheil WG. Screening the NCI diversity set V for anti-MRSA activity: cefoxitin synergy and LC-MS/MS confirmation of folate/thymidine biosynthesis inhibition. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0054123. [PMID: 37888993 PMCID: PMC10715016 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00541-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE New antibacterial agents are urgently needed to counter increasingly resistant bacteria. One approach to this problem is library screening for new antibacterial agents. Library screening efforts can be improved by increasing the information content of the screening effort. In this study, we screened the National Cancer Institute diversity set V against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with several enhancements. One of these is to screen the library before and after microsomal metabolism as means to identify potential active metabolites. A second enhancement is to screen the library in the absence and presence of sub-minimum inhibitory concentration levels of another antibiotic, such as cefoxitin in this study. This identified four agents with synergistic activity with cefoxitin out of 16 agents with good MRSA activity alone. Finally, active agents from this effort were counter-screened in the presence of thymidine, which quickly identified three folate/thymidine biosynthesis inhibitors, and also screened for bactericidal vs bacteriostatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Gargvanshi
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Gioia Heravi
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Navid J. Ayon
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - William G. Gutheil
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Chourey S, Wang R, Ye Q, Reddy CN, Sun S, Takenaka N, Powell WS, Rokach J. Concise Syntheses of Microsomal Metabolites of a Potent OXE (Oxoeicosanoid) Receptor Antagonist. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2023; 71:534-544. [PMID: 37394602 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is the most potent eosinophil chemoattractant among lipid mediators, and its actions are mediated by the selective oxoeicosanoid (OXE) receptor. Our group previously developed a highly potent indole-based OXE antagonist, S-C025, with an IC50 value of 120 pM. S-C025 was converted to a number of metabolites in the presence of monkey liver microsomes. Complete chemical syntheses of authentic standards enabled us to identify that the four major metabolites were derived by the oxidation at its benzylic and N-methyl carbon atoms. Herein we report concise syntheses of the four major metabolites of S-C025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Chourey
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology
| | - Rui Wang
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology
| | - Qiuji Ye
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology
| | - Chintam Nagendra Reddy
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology
| | - Shiyu Sun
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology
| | - Norito Takenaka
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology
| | - William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology
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Zhao FL, Zhang Q, Wang SH, Hong Y, Zhou S, Zhou Q, Geng PW, Luo QF, Yang JF, Chen H, Cai JP, Dai DP. Identification and drug metabolic characterization of four new CYP2C9 variants CYP2C9*72- *75 in the Chinese Han population. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1007268. [PMID: 36582532 PMCID: PMC9792615 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1007268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome 2C9 (CYP2C9), one of the most important drug metabolic enzymes in the human hepatic P450 superfamily, is required for the metabolism of 15% of clinical drugs. Similar to other CYP2C family members, CYP2C9 gene has a high genetic polymorphism which can cause significant racial and inter-individual differences in drug metabolic activity. To better understand the genetic distribution pattern of CYP2C9 in the Chinese Han population, 931 individuals were recruited and used for the genotyping in this study. As a result, seven synonymous and 14 non-synonymous variations were identified, of which 4 missense variants were designated as new alleles CYP2C9*72, *73, *74 and *75, resulting in the amino acid substitutions of A149V, R150C, Q214H and N418T, respectively. When expressed in insect cell microsomes, all four variants exhibited comparable protein expression levels to that of the wild-type CYP2C9 enzyme. However, drug metabolic activity analysis revealed that these variants exhibited significantly decreased catalytic activities toward three CYP2C9 specific probe drugs, as compared with that of the wild-type enzyme. These data indicate that the amino acid substitution in newly designated variants can cause reduced function of the enzyme and its clinical significance still needs further investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ling Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China,Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-Hu Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People’s Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China
| | - Yun Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People’s Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China
| | - Pei-Wu Geng
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People’s Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, China
| | - Qing-Feng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Fu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Da-Peng Dai, ; Jian-Ping Cai, ; Hao Chen,
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Da-Peng Dai, ; Jian-Ping Cai, ; Hao Chen,
| | - Da-Peng Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China,Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Da-Peng Dai, ; Jian-Ping Cai, ; Hao Chen,
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Mizutare T, Sanoh S, Kanazu T, Ohta S, Kotake Y. Improved Predictability of Hepatic Clearance with Optimal pH for Acyl-Glucuronidation in Liver Microsomes. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3165-3173. [PMID: 35995204 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal pH for acyl-glucuronidation formation with carboxylic acid-containing compounds in human and rat liver microsomes to improve the predictability of their hepatic clearance. The optimal pH for acyl-glucuronidation of all 17 compounds was around pH 6.0 in human and rat liver microsomes. Correlation analysis was done with the predicted in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint,in vitro) and in vivo intrinsic clearance (CLint,in vivo) calculated from available reported data of total clearance (CLtot) of 11 compounds in humans. For 8 of the 11 compounds, under the pH 6.0 condition, the CLint,in vitro were within 1/3 to 3-fold error of the observed CLint,in vivo whereas, the error was within 1/3 to 3-fold of the observed CLint,in vivo for only 3 of the 11 under the pH 7.4 condition. The intracellular pH in human and rat hepatocytes decreased in the presence of a carboxylic acid-containing compound. These findings suggest that acyl-glucuronidation in liver microsomes at pH 6.0 is closer to physiological conditions in the presence of carboxylic acid compounds, and thus, use of this pH condition is important for physiological interpretation and predictability of intrinsic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Mizutare
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Takushi Kanazu
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Gargvanshi S, Gutheil WG. Library Screening for Synergistic Combinations of FDA-Approved Drugs and Metabolites with Vancomycin against VanA-Type Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0141222. [PMID: 35969069 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01412-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health threat, and there is an urgent need for new strategies to address this issue. In a recent study, a library screening strategy was developed in which an FDA-approved drug library was screened against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in both its original (unmetabolized [UM]) and its human liver microsome metabolized (postmetabolized [PM]) forms and in the absence and presence of a resistant-to antibiotic. This allows the identification of agents with active metabolites and agents that can act synergistically with the resistant-to antibiotic. In this study, this strategy is applied to VanA-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) in the absence and presence of vancomycin. Thirteen drugs with minimum MICs that were ≤12.5 μM under any tested condition (UM/PM vs. -/+vancomycin) were identified. Seven of these appeared to act synergistically with vancomycin, and follow-up checkerboard analyses confirmed synergy (∑FICmin ≤0.5) for six of these. Ultimately four rifamycins, two pleuromutilins, mupirocin, and linezolid were confirmed as synergistic. The most synergistic agent was rifabutin (∑FICmin = 0.19). Linezolid, a protein biosynthesis inhibitor, demonstrated relatively weak synergy (∑FICmin = 0.5). Only mupirocin showed significantly improved activity after microsomal metabolism, indicative of a more active metabolite, but efforts to identify an active metabolite were unsuccessful. Spectra of activity of several hits and related agents were also determined. Gemcitabine showed activity against a number vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis strains, but this activity was substantially weaker than previously observed in MRSA. IMPORTANCE Resistance to currently used antibiotics poses a serious threat to public health. This study reports a complete screen of 1,000 FDA-approved drugs and their metabolites against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) in both the absence and presence of vancomycin. This identified potentially synergistic combinations of FDA-approved drugs with vancomycin, and a number of these were confirmed in follow-up checkerboard assays. Among intrinsically active FDA-approved drugs, gemcitabine was identified as having activity against a panel of VRE strains.
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Khidkhan K, Poapolathep S, Kulprasertsri S, Sukkheewan R, Khunlert P, Giorgi M, Poapolathep A. Comparative in vitro biotransformation of fipronil in domestic poultry using liver microsome. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e82. [PMID: 36259101 PMCID: PMC9715393 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic poultry are among the non-target species of exposure to fipronil, but limited information is available on the metabolic effects of fipronil exposure in avian. We investigated the comparative capacity of in vitro biotransformation of fipronil among chicken, duck, quail, goose, and rat. Interspecies differences in kinetic parameters were observed; the clearance rate calculations (Vmax/Km) indicated that chicken and duck are more efficient in the cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of fipronil to sulfone than quail, goose and rat. The lower hepatic clearance of fipronil in quail, goose and rat, suggested that fipronil sulfone may serve as a biomarker to indicate fipronil exposure in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kraisiri Khidkhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sittinee Kulprasertsri
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Rattapong Sukkheewan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Paphatsara Khunlert
- Agricultural Toxic Substance Research Group, Agricultural Production Sciences Research and Development Division, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (latomonte), San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Hancock SE, Friedrich MG, Mitchell TW, Truscott RJW, Else PL. Changes in Phospholipid Composition of the Human Cerebellum and Motor Cortex during Normal Ageing. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122495. [PMID: 35745225 PMCID: PMC9230801 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Changes in phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, i.e., PC, PE and PS) composition with age in the mitochondrial and microsomal membranes of the human cerebellum and motor cortex were examined and compared to previous analyses of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. (2) Methods: Nano-electrospray ionization on a hybrid triple quadrupole−linear ion trap mass spectrometer was used to analyse the brain regions of subjects aged 18−104 years. (3) Results: With age, the cerebellum showed many changes in the major phospholipids (>10% of the phospholipid class). In both membrane types, these included increases in PE 18:0_22:6 and PS 18:0_22:6, decreases in PE 18:0_20:4 and PS 18:0_18:1 and an increase in PC 16:0_16:0 (microsomal membrane only). In addition, twenty-one minor phospholipids also changed. In the motor cortex, only ten minor phospholipids changed with age. With age, the acyl composition of the membranes in the cerebellum increased in docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) and decreased in the arachidonic (20:4) and adrenic (22:4) acids. A comparison of phospholipid changes in the cerebellum, motor cortex and other brain areas is provided. (4) Conclusions: The cerebellum is exceptional in the large number of major phospholipids that undergo changes (with consequential changes in acyl composition) with age, whereas the motor cortex is highly resistant to change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Hancock
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia;
| | - Michael G. Friedrich
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (M.G.F.); (T.W.M.); (R.J.W.T.)
| | - Todd W. Mitchell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (M.G.F.); (T.W.M.); (R.J.W.T.)
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Roger J. W. Truscott
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (M.G.F.); (T.W.M.); (R.J.W.T.)
| | - Paul L. Else
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (M.G.F.); (T.W.M.); (R.J.W.T.)
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-242682615
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Kuhn MJ, Sordillo LM. Inhibition of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid biosynthesis by vitamin E analogs in human and bovine cytochrome P450 microsomes. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:55-60. [PMID: 33851747 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cattle are predisposed to disease around the time of calving due to dysfunctional inflammatory responses. Oxylipids are lipid-derived mediators that regulate all aspects of the inflammatory response, and shifts in oxylipid profiles are correlated with disease risk. For example, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) is an oxylipid derived from cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) found at significantly greater concentrations around calving and during clinical disease. Biosynthesis of 20-HETE occurs almost exclusively from two specific CYP450 of which CYP450 family four sub-family F member two (CYP4F2) is the major contributor to 20-HETE production in humans. To further study the activities of 20-HETE and potentially reduce its production in vivo, mitigation methods must be explored. Additional substrates of CYP4F2, such as vitamin E, are known to both increase and decrease the metabolism of other CYP4F2 substrates. This study aimed to determine whether vitamin E analogs may reduce the production of 20-HETE through competition for CYP4F2 activity in human CYP4F2, bovine-kidney and bovine-mammary microsomes. Gamma-tocopherol reduced 20-HETE production from human and bovine-kidney microsomes (35.3% and 27.5%, respectively) whereas γ-tocotrienol only reduced 20-HETE production from human microsomes (40.1%). Finally, bovine-mammary microsomes did not produce a quantifiable amount of 20-HETE, suggesting basal mammary CYP4F2 activity may not be a significant contributor to 20-HETE found in milk. Together, these data show that analogs of vitamin E can reduce the production of 20-HETE, potentially through competition with arachidonic acid for metabolism by CYP4F2, posing a potential means for limiting 20-HETE production during clinical diseases of dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kuhn
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lorraine M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Jalkanen A, Lassheikki V, Torsti T, Gharib E, Lehtonen M, Juvonen RO. Tissue and interspecies comparison of catechol- O-methyltransferase mediated catalysis of 6- O-methylation of esculetin to scopoletin and its inhibition by entacapone and tolcapone. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:268-278. [PMID: 33289420 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1853850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) methylates both endogenous and exogenous catechol compounds to inactive and safe metabolites. We first optimised conditions for a convenient and sensitive continuous fluorescence-based 6-O-methylation assay of esculetin, which we used for investigating the COMT activity in human, mouse, rat, dog, rabbit, and sheep liver cytosols and microsomes and in ten different rat tissues. Furthermore, we compared the inhibition potencies and mechanisms of two clinically used COMT inhibitors, entacapone and tolcapone, in these species. In most tissues, the COMT activity was at least three times higher in cytosol than in microsomes. In the rat, the highest COMT activity was found in the liver, followed by kidney, ileum, thymus, spleen, lung, pancreas, heart, brain, and finally, skeletal muscle. Entacapone and tolcapone were characterised as highly potent mixed type tight-binding inhibitors. The competitive inhibition type dominated over the uncompetitive inhibition with entacapone, whereas uncompetitive inhibition dominated with tolcapone. Rats, dogs, pigs, and sheep are high COMT activity species, in contrast to humans, mice, and rabbits; COMT activity is highest in the liver. Both entacapone and tolcapone are potent COMT inhibitors, but their inhibition mechanisms differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaro Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veera Lassheikki
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tommi Torsti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elham Gharib
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Risto O Juvonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
Metabolism is one of the most important factors in controlling the toxicity and bioaccumulation of pesticides in fish. In vitro systems using subcellular fractions, cell lines, hepatocytes and tissues of a specific organ, each of which is characterized by usability, enzyme activity and chemical transport via membrane, have been applied to investigate the metabolic profiles of pesticides. Not only species and organs but also the fishkeeping conditions are known to greatly affect the in vitro metabolism of pesticides. A comparison of the metabolic profiles of pesticides and industrial chemicals taken under similar conditions has shown that in vitro systems using a subcellular S9 fraction and hepatocytes qualitatively reproduce many in vivo metabolic reactions. More investigation of these in vitro systems for pesticides is necessary to verify their applicability to the estimation of pesticide metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Katagi
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3–1–98 Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554–8558, Japan
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12
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Izes AM, Kimble B, Govendir M. Intrinsic clearance rate of O-desmethyltramadol (M1) by glucuronide conjugation and phase I metabolism by feline, canine and common brush-tailed possum microsomes. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:776-782. [PMID: 31755346 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1697014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative aspects of in vitro phase II glucuronidative metabolism of O-desmethyltramadol (O-DSMT or M1), the active metabolite of the analgesic drug tramadol, by feline, canine and common brush-tailed possum hepatic microsomes are described.Whilst previous studies have focused on the phase I conversion of tramadol to M1, this is the first report in which the phase II glucuronidative metabolic pathway of M1 has been isolated by an in vitro comparative species study.Using the substrate depletion method, microsomal phase II glucuronidative in vitro intrinsic clearance (Clint) of M1 was determined.The in vitro Clint (mean ± SD) by pooled common brush-tailed possum microsomes was 9.9 ± 1.7 μL/min/mg microsomal protein whereas the in vitro Clint by pooled canine microsomes was 1.9 ± 0.07 μL/min/mg microsomal protein. The rate of M1 depletion by feline microsomes, as measured solely by high pressure liquid chromatography, was too slow to determine. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified O-DSMT glucuronide in samples generated from all three species' microsomes, although the amount detected under the feline condition was minimal.This study indicates that M1 likely undergoes in vitro phase II glucuronidation by canine and common brush-tailed possum microsomes and, to a minor extent, by feline microsomes. The rate of depletion of M1 by phase I metabolism was also undertaken.When incubated with phase I co-factors and common brush-tailed possum microsomes or canine microsomes, M1 had an in vitro Clint of 47.6 and 22.8 μL/min/mg microsomal protein, respectively. However, due to a lack of CYP2B-like activity in the feline liver, unsurprisingly, M1 did not deplete when incubated with feline microsomes. Consequently, major M1 elimination pathways, using feline microsomes, were not determined."
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Izes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kimble
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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13
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Lee M, Moon Y, Lee S, Lee C, Jun Y. Ergosterol interacts with Sey1p to promote atlastin-mediated endoplasmic reticulum membrane fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FASEB J 2018; 33:3590-3600. [PMID: 30462528 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800779rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sterols play critical roles in various membrane fusion events, including soluble NSF attachment protein receptor-mediated membrane fusion, mainly by modulating the physical properties of biologic membranes; however, it remains unclear whether they also function in atlastin-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane fusion. Although ergosterol, the major sterol in yeast, is essential for fusion of Sey1p (yeast atlastin)-containing liposomes with an ER-mimicking lipid composition, fusion of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine liposomes does not require sterols. Here, we examined whether sterols are important for Sey1p-mediated ER fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using an in vitro ER fusion assay with isolated yeast ER microsomes. Ergosterol-specific ligands inhibited microsome fusion, indicating that ergosterol is critical for ER fusion. However, microsomes isolated from yeast strains lacking genes that encode enzymes involved in synthesis of ergosterol from lanosterol still fused, suggesting that other sterols can replace ergosterol and support Sey1p-mediated ER fusion. Importantly, disruption of sterol-binding motifs in the transmembrane regions of Sey1p markedly reduced ER fusion. Sey1p physically interacted with Erg11p and Erg4p, which function in ergosterol biosynthesis, suggesting that Sey1p recruits ergosterol-synthesizing enzymes to fusion sites and thereby enriches ergosterol, which, in turn, may recruit more Sey1p. This positive feedback loop may facilitate ER membrane fusion by concentrating fusion factors at fusion sites.-Lee, M., Moon, Y., Lee, S., Lee, C., Jun, Y. Ergosterol interacts with Sey1p to promote atlastin-mediated endoplasmic reticulum membrane fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.,Silver Health Bio Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.,Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yeojin Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.,Silver Health Bio Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.,Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sanghwa Lee
- Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.,Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea; and
| | - Changwook Lee
- Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Youngsoo Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.,Silver Health Bio Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.,Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
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14
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Huguet J, Gaudette F, Michaud V, Turgeon J. Development and validation of probe drug cocktails for the characterization of CYP450-mediated metabolism by human heart microsomes. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:187-199. [PMID: 29448869 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1438684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of our study was to develop and validate a cocktail approach to allow the simultaneous characterization of various CYP450-mediated oxidations by human heart microsomes for nine probe drug substrates, namely, 7-ethoxyresorufin, bupropion, repaglinide, tolbutamide, bufuralol, chlorzoxazone, ebastine, midazolam and dodecanoic acid. 2. The first validation step was conducted using recombinant human CYP450 isoenzymes by comparing activity measured for each probe drug as a function of (1) buffer used, (2) selectivity towards specific isoenzymes and (3) drug interactions between probes. Activity was all measured by validated LC-MSMS methods. 3. Two cocktails were then constituted with seven of the nine drugs and subjected to kinetic validation. Finally, all probe drugs were incubated with human heart microsomes prepared from ventricular tissues obtained from 12 patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. 4. Validated cocktail #1 including bupropion, chlorzoxazone, ebastine and midazolam was used to characterize CYP2B6-, 2E1-, 2J2- and 3A5-mediated metabolism in human hearts. 5. Cocktail #2 which includes bufuralol, 7-ethoxyresorufin and repaglinide failed the validation step. Substrates in cocktail #2 as well as tolbutamide and dodecanoic acid had to be incubated separately because of their physico-chemical characteristics (solubility and ionization) or drug interactions. 6. Activity in HHM was the highest towards ebastine, chlorzoxazone and tolbutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Huguet
- a CRCHUM, University of Montreal , Montreal , Canada.,b Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Montreal , Montreal , Canada
| | | | - Veronique Michaud
- a CRCHUM, University of Montreal , Montreal , Canada.,b Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Montreal , Montreal , Canada.,c College of Pharmacy , University of Florida, Lake Nona Campus , Orlando , FL , USA
| | - Jacques Turgeon
- c College of Pharmacy , University of Florida, Lake Nona Campus , Orlando , FL , USA
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15
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Sassa-Deepaeng T, Chaisri W, Pikulkaew S, Okonogi S. Investigation of antiaromatase activity using hepatic microsomes of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Drug Discov Ther 2017; 11:84-90. [PMID: 28320984 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2017.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal aromatase enzymes of humans and rats have been used in antiaromatase assays, but enzyme activity is species-specific. The current study extracted hepatic microsomes of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to investigate and compare the antiaromatase activity of chrysin, quercetin, and quercitrin. This activity was evaluated using a dibenzylfluorescein (DBF) assay. Results revealed that the age and body weight of Nile tilapia affected the yield of extracted microsomes. Extraction of hepatic microsomes of Nile tilapia was most effective when using a reaction medium with a pH of 8.0. A DBF assay using Nile tilapia microsomes revealed significant differences in levels of antiaromatase activity for chrysin, quercetin, and quercitrin. Chrysin was the most potent aromatase inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.25 mg/mL. In addition, chrysin is an aromatase inhibitor that also inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells. Hepatic microsomes of Nile tilapia can be used to investigate and compare the antiaromatase activity of different compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wasana Chaisri
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University
| | - Surachai Pikulkaew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University
| | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University
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16
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Salla M, Butler MS, Pelingon R, Kaeslin G, Croker DE, Reid JC, Baek JM, Bernhardt PV, Gillam EMJ, Cooper MA, Robertson AAB. Identification, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of the Major Human Metabolite of NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor MCC950. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1034-1038. [PMID: 27994733 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MCC950 is an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome that exhibits remarkable activity in multiple models of inflammatory disease. Incubation of MCC950 with human liver microsomes, and subsequent analysis by HPLC-MS/MS, revealed a major metabolite, where hydroxylation of MCC950 had occurred on the 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene moiety. Three possible regioisomers were synthesized, and coelution using HPLC-MS/MS confirmed the structure of the metabolite. Further synthesis of individual enantiomers and coelution studies using a chiral column in HPLC-MS/MS showed the metabolite was R-(+)- N-((1-hydroxy-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)furan-2-sulfonamide (2a). Incubation of MCC950 with a panel of cytochrome P450 enzymes showed P450s 2A6, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2J2, and 3A4 catalyze the formation of the major metabolite 2a, with a lower level of activity shown by P450s 1A2 and 2B6. All of the synthesized compounds were tested for inhibition of NLRP3-induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β from human monocyte derived macrophages. The identified metabolite 2a was 170-fold less potent than MCC950, while one regioisomer had nanomolar inhibitory activity. These findings also give first insight into the SAR of the hexahydroindacene moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Salla
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark S. Butler
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ruby Pelingon
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Geraldine Kaeslin
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel E. Croker
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Janet C. Reid
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jong Min Baek
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M. J. Gillam
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Avril A. B. Robertson
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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17
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Meier S, Bell M, Lyons DN, Ingram A, Chen J, Gensel JC, Zhu H, Nelson PT, Abisambra JF. Identification of Novel Tau Interactions with Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:687-702. [PMID: 26402096 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is pathologically characterized by the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal tau tangles. We recently identified that tau associates with proteins known to participate in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD); consequently, ERAD becomes dysfunctional and causes neurotoxicity. We hypothesized that tau associates with other ER proteins, and that this association could also lead to cellular dysfunction in AD. Portions of human AD and non-demented age matched control brains were fractionated to obtain microsomes, from which tau was co-immunoprecipitated. Samples from both conditions containing tau and its associated proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry. In total, we identified 91 ER proteins that co-immunoprecipitated with tau; 15.4% were common between AD and control brains, and 42.9% only in the AD samples. The remainder, 41.8% of the proteins, was only seen in the control brain samples. We identified a variety of previously unreported interactions between tau and ER proteins. These proteins participate in over sixteen functional categories, the most abundant being involved in RNA translation. We then determined that association of tau with these ER proteins was different between the AD and control samples. We found that tau associated equally with the ribosomal protein L28 but more robustly with the ribosomal protein P0. These data suggest that the differential association between tau and ER proteins in disease could reveal the pathogenic processes by which tau induces cellular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Meier
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michelle Bell
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Danielle N Lyons
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alexandria Ingram
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John C Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Haining Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jose F Abisambra
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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18
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Widdison W, Wilhelm S, Veale K, Costoplus J, Jones G, Audette C, Leece B, Bartle L, Kovtun Y, Chari R. Metabolites of antibody-maytansinoid conjugates: characteristics and in vitro potencies. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1762-73. [PMID: 25826705 DOI: 10.1021/mp5007757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several antibody-maytansinoid conjugates (AMCs) are in clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. Each of these conjugates can be metabolized by tumor cells to give cytotoxic maytansinoid metabolites that can kill targeted cells. In preclinical studies in mice, the cytotoxic metabolites initially formed in vivo are further processed in the mouse liver to give several oxidized metabolic species. In this work, the primary AMC metabolites were synthesized and incubated with human liver microsomes (HLMs) to determine if human liver would likely give the same metabolites as those formed in mouse liver. The results of these HLM metabolism studies as well as the subsequent syntheses of the resulting HLM oxidation products are presented. Syntheses of the minor impurities formed during the conjugation of AMCs were also conducted to determine their cytotoxicities and to establish how these impurities would be metabolized by HLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Widdison
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Sharon Wilhelm
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Karen Veale
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Juliet Costoplus
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Gregory Jones
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Charlene Audette
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Barbara Leece
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Laura Bartle
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Yelena Kovtun
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ravi Chari
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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19
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Zhang YY, Liu Y, Mehboob S, Song JH, Boci T, Johnson ME, Ghosh AK, Jeong H. Metabolism-directed structure optimization of benzimidazole-based Francisella tularensis enoyl-reductase (FabI) inhibitors. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:404-16. [PMID: 24171690 PMCID: PMC4355941 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.850553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. FabI is a potential antibiotic target against Francisella tularensis, which has been classified as a Category A biowarfare agent of high risk to public health. Our previous work demonstrated that N-benzyl benzimidazole compounds possess promising FabI inhibitory activity, but their druggability properties, including metabolic stability, are unknown. 2. The objective of this study was to characterize structure-metabolism relationships of a series of N-benzyl benzimidazole compounds to guide chemical optimization for better metabolic stability. To this end, metabolic stability data were obtained for 22 initial lead compounds using mouse hepatic microsomes. 3. Metabolic hotspots on the benzimidazole core structure as well as the benzyl ring were identified and verified by metabolite identification studies of four model compounds. Interestingly, the proposed structure-metabolism relationships did not apply to nine newly synthesized cyclopentane or oxacyclopentane derivatives of N-benzyl benzimidazole. 4. Subsequently, in silico quantitative structure-property relationship models were developed. Four molecular descriptors representing molecular polarity/polarisability, symmetry and size were identified to best explain variability in metabolic stability of different compounds. Multi-linear and non-linear regression models based on the selected molecular descriptors were developed and validated. 5. The structure-metabolism relationships for N-benzyl benzimidazole compounds should help optimization of N-benzyl benzimidazole compounds for better pharmacokinetic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Shahila Mehboob
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Jin-Hua Song
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Teuta Boci
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Michael E. Johnson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Arun K. Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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20
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Cole JT, Kean WS, Pollard HB, Verma A, Watson WD. Glucose-6-phosphate reduces calcium accumulation in rat brain endoplasmic reticulum. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:51. [PMID: 22529775 PMCID: PMC3330244 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cells expend large amounts of energy sequestering calcium (Ca2+), while loss of Ca2+ compartmentalization leads to cell damage or death. Upon cell entry, glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), a parent substrate to several metabolic major pathways, including glycolysis. In several tissues, G6P alters the ability of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to sequester Ca2+. This led to the hypothesis that G6P regulates Ca2+ accumulation by acting as an endogenous ligand for sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). Whole brain ER microsomes were pooled from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Using radio-isotopic assays, 45Ca2+ accumulation was quantified following incubation with increasing amounts of G6P, in the presence or absence of thapsigargin, a potent SERCA inhibitor. To qualitatively assess SERCA activity, the simultaneous release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) coupled with Ca2+ accumulation was quantified. Addition of G6P significantly and decreased Ca2+ accumulation in a dose-dependent fashion (1–10 mM). The reduction in Ca2+ accumulation was not significantly different that seen with addition of thapsigargin. Addition of glucose-1-phosphate or fructose-6-phosphate, or other glucose metabolic pathway intermediates, had no effect on Ca2+ accumulation. Further, the release of Pi was markedly decreased, indicating G6P-mediated SERCA inhibition as the responsible mechanism for reduced Ca2+ uptake. Simultaneous addition of thapsigargin and G6P did decrease inorganic phosphate in comparison to either treatment alone, which suggests that the two treatments have different mechanisms of action. Therefore, G6P may be a novel, endogenous regulator of SERCA activity. Additionally, pathological conditions observed during disease states that disrupt glucose homeostasis, may be attributable to Ca2+ dystasis caused by altered G6P regulation of SERCA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Cole
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda MD, USA
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21
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Abstract
Very long chain fatty acids confer functional diversity on cells by variations in their chain length and degree of unsaturation. Microsomal fatty acid elongation represents the major pathway for determining the chain length of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in cellular lipids. The overall reaction for fatty acid elongation involves four enzymes and utilizes malonyl CoA, NADPH, and fatty acyl CoA as substrates. While the fundamental pathway and its requirements have been known for many years, recent advances have revealed a family of enzymes involved in the first step of the reaction, i.e., the condensation reaction. Seven fatty acid elongase subtypes (Elovl #1-7) have been identified in the mouse, rat, and human genomes. These enzymes determine the rate of overall fatty acid elongation. Moreover, these enzymes also display differential substrate specificity, tissue distribution, and regulation, making them important regulators of cellular lipid composition as well as specific cellular functions. Herein, methods are described to measure elongase activity, analyze elongation products, and alter cellular elongase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Jump
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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