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Davidson CJ, Hannigan JH, Bowen SE. Effects of inhaled combined Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX): Toward an environmental exposure model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103518. [PMID: 33132182 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combined environmental exposures to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) pose clear risks to public health. Research into these risks is under-studied even as BTEX levels in the atmosphere are predicted to rise. This review focuses on the available literature using single- and combined-BTEX component inhaled solvent exposures in animal models, necessarily also drawing on findings from models of inhalant abuse and occupational exposures. Health effects of these exposures are discussed for multiple organ systems, but with particular attention on neurobehavioral outcomes such as locomotor activity, impulsivity, learning, and psychopharmacological responses. It is clear that animal models have significant differences in the concentrations, durations and patterns of exposure. Experimental evidence of the deleterious health and neurobehavioral consequences of exposures to the individual components of BTEX were found, but these effects were typically assessed using concentrations and exposure patterns not characteristic of environmental exposure. Future studies with animal models designed appropriately to explore combined BTEX will be necessary and advantageous to discovering health outcomes and more subtle neurobehavioral impacts of long-term environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John H Hannigan
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child & Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Scott E Bowen
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Cosnier F, Nunge H, Bonfanti É, Grossmann S, Lambert-Xollin AM, Muller S, Sébillaud S, Thomas A, Gaté L, Campo P. Toluene and methylethylketone: effect of combined exposure on their metabolism in rat. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:684-694. [PMID: 28783416 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1362604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. Multiple exposures are ubiquitous in industrial environments. In this article, we highlight the risks faced by workers and complete the data available on the metabolic impact of a common mixture: toluene (TOL) and methylethylketone (MEK). 2. Rats were exposed by inhalation under controlled conditions either to each solvent individually, or to mixtures of the two. How the interaction between the two solvents affected their fate in the blood and brain, their main relevant urinary metabolites (o-cresol, benzylmercapturic acid for TOL and 2,3-butanediols for MEK) and their hepatic metabolism were investigated. 3. Although the cytochrome P450 concentration was unchanged, and the activities of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 isoforms were not additively or synergistically induced by co-exposure, TOL metabolism was inhibited by the presence of MEK (and vice versa). Depending on the relative proportions of each compound in the mixture, this sometimes resulted in a large increase in blood and brain concentrations. Apart from extreme cases (unbalanced mixtures), the amount of o-cresol and benzylmercapturic acid (and to a lesser extent 2,3-butanediols) excreted were proportional to the blood solvent concentrations. 4. In a co-exposure context, ortho-cresol and benzylmercapturic acid can be used as urinary biomarkers in biomonitoring for employees to relatively accurately assess TOL exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Cosnier
- a Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Hervé Nunge
- a Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Élodie Bonfanti
- a Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Stéphane Grossmann
- a Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Anne-Marie Lambert-Xollin
- a Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Samuel Muller
- a Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Sylvie Sébillaud
- a Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Aurélie Thomas
- a Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Laurent Gaté
- a Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Pierre Campo
- a Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
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3
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Cosnier F, Grossmann S, Nunge H, Brochard C, Muller S, Lambert-Xolin AM, Sebillaud S, Rieger B, Thomas A, Décret MJ, Burgart M, Gaté L, Cossec B, Campo P. Metabolism of inhaled methylethylketone in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1289220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Cosnier
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Stéphane Grossmann
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Hervé Nunge
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Céline Brochard
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Samuel Muller
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Anne-Marie Lambert-Xolin
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sylvie Sebillaud
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Benoît Rieger
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Aurélie Thomas
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Marie-Josèphe Décret
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Manuella Burgart
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Gaté
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Benoît Cossec
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Pierre Campo
- Toxicology and Biometrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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