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Dargue R, Zia R, Lau C, Nicholls AW, Dare TO, Lee K, Jalan R, Coen M, Wilson ID. Metabolism and Effects on Endogenous Metabolism of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) in a Porcine Model of Liver Failure. Toxicol Sci 2021; 175:87-97. [PMID: 32061126 PMCID: PMC7197950 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic fate, toxicity, and effects on endogenous metabolism of paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) in 22 female Landrace cross large white pigs were evaluated in a model of acute liver failure (ALF). Anesthetized pigs were initially dosed at 250 mg/kg via an oroduodenal tube with APAP serum concentrations maintained above 300 mg/l using maintenance doses of 0.5–4 g/h until ALF. Studies were undertaken to determine both the metabolic fate of APAP and its effects on the endogenous metabolic phenotype of ALF in using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Increased concentrations of citrate combined with pre-ALF increases in circulating lactate, pyruvate, and alanine in plasma suggest mitochondrial dysfunction and a switch in hepatic energy metabolism to glycolysis in response to APAP treatment. A specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay was used to quantify APAP and metabolites. The major circulating and urinary metabolite of APAP was the phenolic glucuronide (APAP-G), followed by p-aminophenol glucuronide (PAP-G) formed from N-deacetylated APAP. The PAP produced by N-deacetylation was the likely cause of the methemoglobinemia and kidney toxicity observed in this, and previous, studies in the pig. The phenolic sulfate of APAP, and the glutathione-derived metabolites of the drug were only found as minor components (with the cysteinyl conjugate detected but not the mercapturate). Given its low sulfation, combined with significant capacity for N-deacetylation the pig may represent a poor translational model for toxicology studies for compounds undergoing significant metabolism by sulfation, or which contain amide bonds which when hydrolyzed to unmask an aniline lead to toxicity. However, the pig may provide a useful model where extensive amide hydrolysis is seen for drugs or environmental chemicals in humans, but not in, eg, the rat and dog which are the preclinical species normally employed for safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dargue
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rabiya Zia
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Chungho Lau
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | - Karla Lee
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Muireann Coen
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Guth BD, Grobler AF, Frazier KS, Greiter-Wilke A, Herzyk D, Hough TA, Khan AA, Markert M, Smith JD, Svenson KL, Wells S, Pugsley MK. Drug safety Africa: An overview of safety pharmacology & toxicology in South Africa. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 98:106579. [PMID: 31085319 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This meeting report is based on presentations given at the first Drug Safety Africa Meeting in Potchefstroom, South Africa from November 20-22, 2018 at the North-West University campus. There were 134 attendees (including 26 speakers and 34 students) from the pharmaceutical industry, academia, regulatory agencies as well as 6 exhibitors. These meeting proceedings are designed to inform the content that was presented in terms of Safety Pharmacology (SP) and Toxicology methods and models that are used by the pharmaceutical industry to characterize the safety profile of novel small chemical or biological molecules. The first part of this report includes an overview of the core battery studies defined by cardiovascular, central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory studies. Approaches to evaluating drug effects on the renal and gastrointestinal systems and murine phenotyping were also discussed. Subsequently, toxicological approaches were presented including standard strategies and options for early identification and characterization of risks associated with a novel therapeutic, the types of toxicology studies conducted and relevance to risk assessment supporting first-in-human (FIH) clinical trials and target organ toxicity. Biopharmaceutical development and principles of immunotoxicology were discussed as well as emerging technologies. An additional poster session was held that included 18 posters on advanced studies and topics by South African researchers, postgraduate students and postdoctoral fellows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Guth
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany; North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | - Danuta Herzyk
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., A subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Tertius A Hough
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, UK
| | | | - Michael Markert
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - James D Smith
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, UK
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Minami K, Higashino H, Kataoka M, Togashi K, Mutaguchi K, Yamashita S. Analysis of the Complicated Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered Telmisartan in Rats Using a Stable Isotope-IV Method. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2774-2780. [PMID: 30922857 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to kinetically analyze the nonlinear absorption and systemic exposure of telmisartan (TEL) after oral administration to rats by using a stable isotope-IV method. Rats were orally administered different dose of TEL, followed by the intravenous injection of 0.005 mg/kg of deuterium-labeled TEL (TEL-d3). Assuming that TEL-d3 shows same pharmacokinetic properties with TEL, systemic clearance (CLtot), oral bioavailability (Foral), and intestinal and hepatic availability (Fa*Fg, Fh) of TEL were calculated in each individual rat. AUCpo of TEL increased disproportionately with dose and showed a sigmoid-type relation, indicating the involvement of multi-nonlinear processes in oral absorption of TEL. Fa*Fg of TEL increased with dose at the low-dose range while decreased at the high-dose range. In contrast, Fh increased and CLtot decreased significantly in the middle range (2 to 6 mg/kg). As main factors of nonlinearity, saturations of solubility, efflux transport in the intestine, and the hepatic uptake of TEL were indicated. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a high possibility of a stable isotope-IV method to characterize complicated pharmacokinetic properties of oral drugs in animals, which can help to consider the future risks in their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Minami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Haruki Higashino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Makoto Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Togashi
- Pharmaceutical Business Division, Sumika Chemical Analysis Service, Ltd, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Kuninori Mutaguchi
- Pharmaceutical Business Division, Sumika Chemical Analysis Service, Ltd, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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Tang H, Mayersohn M. Porcine Prediction of Pharmacokinetic Parameters in People: A Pig in a Poke? Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1712-1724. [PMID: 30171162 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The minipig has become an animal of considerable interest in preclinical drug development. It has been used in toxicology research and in examining/establishing regulatory guidelines as a nonrodent animal model. We have reviewed some basic issues that one would want to consider in the development and testing of any animal model for humans. The pig is a reasonable alternative to the dog, but there are some clear limitations and unexplained disparities in the literature, which require further study; primary among these is the need for standardization in choice of breed and sex and routine protocols. The minipig offers numerous advantages over other established animal models, and it has similarities to the human with regard to anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry. The gastrointestinal tract is structurally and functionally similar to humans. This appears to be true for enzymes and transporters in the gut as well, but more study is needed. One major concern is assessment of oral drug absorption, especially with regard to potential food effects due to gastric emptying differences, yet this does not appear to be a consistent observation. Hepatic metabolism seems to reflect enzymatic patterns in humans, with some differences. Kidney function seems similar to humans but requires further study. We have analyzed literature data that suggest the pig would offer a reasonable model for human oral bioavailability and for allometric predictions of clearance. The minipig appears to be the model for dermal absorption in humans, and we discuss this in terms of literature data and our own in-house experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Tang
- Guangzhou Dazhou Biomedicine, Guangzhou, China (H.T., M.M.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (M.M.)
| | - Michael Mayersohn
- Guangzhou Dazhou Biomedicine, Guangzhou, China (H.T., M.M.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (M.M.)
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Bradshaw PR, Wilson ID, Gill RU, Butler PJ, Dilworth C, Athersuch TJ. Metabolic Hydrolysis of Aromatic Amides in Selected Rat, Minipig, and Human In Vitro Systems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2405. [PMID: 29402925 PMCID: PMC5799297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of aromatic amines from drugs and other xenobiotics resulting from the hydrolysis of metabolically labile amide bonds presents a safety risk through several mechanisms, including geno-, hepato- and nephrotoxicity. Whilst multiple in vitro systems used for studying metabolic stability display serine hydrolase activity, responsible for the hydrolysis of amide bonds, they vary in their efficiency and selectivity. Using a range of amide-containing probe compounds (0.5–10 µM), we have investigated the hydrolytic activity of several rat, minipig and human-derived in vitro systems - including Supersomes, microsomes, S9 fractions and hepatocytes - with respect to their previously observed human in vivo metabolism. In our hands, human carboxylesterase Supersomes and rat S9 fractions systems showed relatively poor prediction of human in vivo metabolism. Rat S9 fractions, which are commonly utilised in the Ames test to assess mutagenicity, may be limited in the detection of genotoxic metabolites from aromatic amides due to their poor concordance with human in vivo amide hydrolysis. In this study, human liver microsomes and minipig subcellular fractions provided more representative models of human in vivo hydrolytic metabolism of the aromatic amide compounds tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Bradshaw
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Philip J Butler
- Cyprotex, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Clive Dilworth
- Cyprotex, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Toby J Athersuch
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. .,MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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