1
|
Kim S, Kim N, Park S, Jeon Y, Lee J, Yoo SJ, Lee JW, Moon C, Yu SW, Kim EK. Tanycytic TSPO inhibition induces lipophagy to regulate lipid metabolism and improve energy balance. Autophagy 2019; 16:1200-1220. [PMID: 31469345 PMCID: PMC7469491 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1659616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic glial cells named tanycytes, which line the 3rd ventricle (3V), are components of the hypothalamic network that regulates a diverse array of metabolic functions for energy homeostasis. Herein, we report that TSPO (translocator protein), an outer mitochondrial protein, is highly enriched in tanycytes and regulates homeostatic responses to nutrient excess as a potential target for an effective intervention in obesity. Administration of a TSPO ligand, PK11195, into the 3V, and tanycyte-specific deletion of Tspo reduced food intake and elevated energy expenditure, leading to negative energy balance in a high-fat diet challenge. Ablation of tanycytic Tspo elicited AMPK-dependent lipophagy, breaking down lipid droplets into free fatty acids, thereby elevating ATP in a lipid stimulus. Our findings suggest that tanycytic TSPO affects systemic energy balance through macroautophagy/autophagy-regulated lipid metabolism, and highlight the physiological significance of TSPO in hypothalamic lipid sensing and bioenergetics in response to overnutrition. Abbreviations 3V: 3rd ventricle; ACAC: acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase; AGRP: agouti related neuropeptide; AIF1/IBA1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ARC: arcuate nucleus; Atg: autophagy related; Bafilo: bafilomycin A1; CAMKK2: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2, beta; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; CNS: central nervous system; COX4I1: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4I1; FFA: free fatty acid; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; HFD: high-fat diet; ICV: intracerebroventricular; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; LD: lipid droplet; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MBH: mediobasal hypothalamus; ME: median eminence; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; NCD: normal chow diet; NEFM/NFM: neurofilament medium; NPY: neuropeptide Y; OL: oleic acid; POMC: pro-opiomelanocortin-alpha; PRKN/Parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; Rax: retina and anterior neural fold homeobox; RBFOX3/NeuN: RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 3; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TG: triglyceride; TSPO: translocator protein; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1; VCO2: carbon dioxide production; VMH: ventromedial hypothalamus; VO2: oxygen consumption
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seolsong Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoun Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjae Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Jeon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemeun Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology , Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Antkowiak B, Rammes G. GABA(A) receptor-targeted drug development -New perspectives in perioperative anesthesia. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:683-699. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1599356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Antkowiak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental Anesthesiology Section, Eberhard-Karls-University,
Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Experimental Anaesthesiology Section, Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Tübingen,
Germany
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- University Hospital rechts der Isar, Department of Anesthesiology, München,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guedes CES, Dias BRS, Petersen ALDOA, Cruz KP, Almeida NDJ, Andrade DR, Menezes JPBD, Borges VDM, Veras PST. In vitro evaluation of the anti-leishmanial activity and toxicity of PK11195. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e170345. [PMID: 29412342 PMCID: PMC5851033 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis, one of the most neglected diseases, is a serious public health problem in many countries, including Brazil. Currently available treatments require long-term use and have serious side effects, necessitating the development of new therapeutic interventions. Because translocator protein (TSPO) levels are reduced in Leishmania amazonensis-infected cells and because this protein participates in apoptosis and immunomodulation, TSPO represents a potential target for Leishmania chemotherapy. The present study evaluated PK11195, a ligand of this protein, as an anti-leishmanial agent. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the leishmanicidal activity of PK11195 against L. amazonensis in infected CBA mouse macrophages in vitro. METHODS The viability of axenic L. amazonensis, Leishmania major, and Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes was assessed after 48 h treatment with PK11195 (0.2-400 µM). Additionally, intracellular parasite viability was evaluated to determine IC50 values and the number of viable parasites in infected macrophages treated with PK11195 (50-100 µM). Infected macrophages were then treated with PK11195 (25-100 µM) to determine the percentage of L. amazonensis-infected cells and the number of parasites per infected cell. Electron microscopy was used to investigate morphological changes caused by PK11195. The production of free oxygen radicals, nitric oxide, and pro-inflammatory cytokines was also evaluated in infected macrophages treated with PK11195 and primed or not primed with IFN-γ. FINDINGS Median IC50 values for PK11195 were 14.2 µM for L. amazonensis, 8.2 µM for L. major, and 3.5 µM for L. braziliensis. The selective index value for L. amazonensis was 13.7, indicating the safety of PK11195 for future testing in mammals. Time- and dose-dependent reductions in the percentage of infected macrophages, the number of parasites per infected macrophage, and the number of viable intracellular parasites were observed. Electron microscopy revealed some morphological alterations suggestive of autophagy. Interestingly, MCP-1 and superoxide levels were reduced in L. amazonensis-infected macrophages treated with PK11195. MAIN CONCLUSIONS PK11195 causes the killing of amastigotes in vitro by mechanisms independent of inflammatory mediators and causes morphological alterations within Leishmania parasites, suggestive of autophagy, at doses that are non-toxic to macrophages. Thus, this molecule has demonstrated potential as an anti-leishmanial agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Sampaio Guedes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Rocha Simões Dias
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Kercia Pinheiro Cruz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Niara de Jesus Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Daniela Rodrigues Andrade
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia e Imunoregulação, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Valéria de Matos Borges
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia e Imunoregulação, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
TSPO ligand PK11195 alleviates neuroinflammation and beta-amyloid generation induced by systemic LPS administration. Brain Res Bull 2016; 121:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
5
|
Rupprecht R, Papadopoulos V, Rammes G, Baghai TC, Fan J, Akula N, Groyer G, Adams D, Schumacher M. Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) as a therapeutic target for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 9:971-88. [PMID: 21119734 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is localized primarily in the outer mitochondrial membrane of steroid-synthesizing cells, including those in the central and peripheral nervous system. One of its main functions is the transport of the substrate cholesterol into mitochondria, a prerequisite for steroid synthesis. TSPO expression may constitute a biomarker of brain inflammation and reactive gliosis that could be monitored by using TSPO ligands as neuroimaging agents. Moreover, initial clinical trials have indicated that TSPO ligands might be valuable in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This Review focuses on the biology and pathophysiology of TSPO and the potential of currently available TSPO ligands for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Laaksonen M, Kaliste-Korhonen E, Kärenlampi S, Hänninen O. P450 enzyme CYP2B catalyzes the detoxification of diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Chem Biol Interact 1995; 94:197-213. [PMID: 7820884 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(94)03334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenobarbital and some other enzyme-inducers are known to reduce organophosphate toxicity. One suggested mechanism is the induction of liver cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing monooxygenation reactions. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the cytochrome P450 subfamily, or P450 isoenzyme(s), participating in the detoxification of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) in the rat. DFP resulted in a type I spectrum in liver microsomes from phenobarbital- or RP 52028-treated rats (binding constants 0.32 and 0.17 microM, respectively) and in a purified P450 preparation enriched with CYP2B. The spectrum was reversible by metyrapone, an inhibitor of the CYP2B enzyme subfamily. The 7-pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity was inhibited by DFP in liver microsomes from phenobarbital- or RP 52028-treated rats and in a reconstituted system containing the purified CYP2B preparation. In microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats, the inhibition was of a mixed type, i.e., competitive-non-competitive (Km = 0.5 microM; Ki = 6 microM). The microsomal fractions of livers from phenobarbital- or RP 52028-treated rats detoxified DFP effectively in vitro, as measured by a decrease in the DFP inhibition of cholinesterase activity. This detoxification was antagonized by metyrapone and by an antibody raised against purified CYP2B preparation. Clotrimazole, an inhibitor of P450 enzymes, inhibited the detoxification of DFP in rat liver in vivo. A genetically-modified hamster cell line expressing CYP2B1 oxidized NADPH in the presence of DFP. No such oxidation was detected in the parent cell line. These studies suggest that CYP2B1 metabolizes DFP and may significantly contribute to the detoxification of this organophosphate in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Laaksonen
- Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ferrari L, Herber R, Batt AM, Siest G. Differential effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 beta and dexamethasone on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in male and female rats. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45:2269-77. [PMID: 8517867 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) is one of the major inflammation mediators, commonly reported to be an inhibitor of hepatic drug metabolism. We studied the effect of IL-1 treatment on various drug-metabolizing enzymes in male and female rats. IL-1 induced both cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A1 activity and protein in females, but in males, IL-1 repressed P450 3A2 activity, without decreasing the protein. P450 1A1 was impaired in males, but was retained after dexamethasone pretreatment. IL-1 did not change P450 2B1/2 activity and protein, but counteracted their induction by dexamethasone. Uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A2 (bilirubin) activity and its induction by dexamethasone were not affected by IL-1 treatment. Both P450 2C11 and epoxide hydrolase activities were repressed by IL-1 treatment, and both activities were impaired after dexamethasone treatment. These results clearly demonstrate that IL-1 acts at different steps of protein synthesis and gene expression. The effect of IL-1 on P450 was isoform-dependent, indicating that IL-1 can act on pretranscriptional events. The discrepancy between the variations of the activities and the protein of P450 3A2 suggests a post-translational regulation. For P450 2C11, 3A1, and for microsomal epoxide hydrolase, but not for P450 1A1 and 2B1/2, IL-1 mimics the glucocorticoid effects. These differential effects can affect the kinetics and the bioavailability of drugs used in pathologies in which IL-1 is increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Ferrari
- Centre du Médicament, Unité de Recherche Associée au CNRS No 597, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Nancy, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Strazielle N, Totis M, Herber R, Wellman M, Batt AM, Siest G. Effects of RP 52028 and phenobarbital on mRNA levels of inducible and constitutive sex-specific cytochrome P450 isozymes in rat liver. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 42:1053-60. [PMID: 1872892 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90288-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex-related differences in basal levels of mRNA coding for various cytochrome P450 isozymes and their inducibility by 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3- isoquinoline carboxamide (RP 52028) in comparison to phenobarbital (PB) were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. We observed that the inducible isozymes, namely cytochromes P450IIB1/2 and P450IIIA1/2 were barely detectable in non-induced animal livers. On the contrary, mRNAs coding for two constitutive forms of cytochrome, P450IIC7 and IIC11, were expressed at a high level in untreated rats in a sex-dependent manner. Cytochrome P450IIC11 mRNA was present in male rats only whereas P450IIC7 was expressed in both sexes but at a higher level in female rats. RP 52028 had a dose-dependent inducing effect on the P450IIB1/2 and IIIA1/2 isoforms in both sexes. After administration of a high dose (500 mg/kg), this molecule exhibited a pattern of induction similar to that of PB. Increases in the accumulation of these IIB1/2 and IIIA1/2 messengers were correlated with protein data, suggesting that RP 52028, like PB, induces these isozymes mainly through a pretranslational regulatory mechanism. On the other hand, PB and RP 52028 caused only a slight increase, less pronounced than in Wistar rats, in the mRNA level of the constitutive female-predominant P450IIC7, indicating a strain-related difference in inducibility of this isozyme. RP 52028 had no effect on P450IIC11 mRNA level in male rat liver, in contrast to the decreasing effect obtained with PB. Furthermore, the non-correlated changes in P450IIC11 mRNA level and microsomal testosterone 2 alpha-hydroxylase activity after treatment with RP suggests that this molecule modulates the expression of P450IIC11 at a posttranscriptional level only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Strazielle
- Centre du Médicament, U.R.A. CNRS No. 597, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Perrin R, Minn A, Ghersi-Egea JF, Grassiot MC, Siest G. Distribution of cytochrome P450 activities towards alkoxyresorufin derivatives in rat brain regions, subcellular fractions and isolated cerebral microvessels. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40:2145-51. [PMID: 2242042 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90247-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The regional and subcellular distributions of rat brain cytochrome P450 and cytochrome P450-dependent activities were examined. Cytochrome P450 was found to be mainly localized in mitochondria in all the six cerebral regions studied. The activities of the isoforms mostly implicated in drug metabolism, cytochromes P450 b and c, were measured by the dealkylation of two alkoxyresorufins, that are sensitive probe substrates for these isoforms. These activities have been measured in microsomal and mitochondrial fractions obtained from six different regions in male rat brains, as well as in microvessels. Resorufin derivatives dealkylation specific activities were higher in brain microsomal fractions than in hepatic ones in all the six regions examined when results were expressed per cytochrome P450 content. These brain microsomal specific activities were also higher than in mitochondrial fractions. Olfactory bulbs showed the highest cytochrome P450 content and activities in both microsomal and mitochondrial fractions. A sex-linked difference in cytochrome P450-dependent activities was also found. After an in vivo inducing pretreatment of rats, only 3-methylcholanthrene induced ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity, in the three preparations studied. These results provided (i) direct evidence that cytochromes P450 b and c isoforms are active in brain microsomal fractions, with regional and sex-linked differences, and (ii) the first demonstration of cytochrome P450-dependent activities in isolated rat brain microvessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Perrin
- Centre du Médicament, U.R.A. CNRS No 597, Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Totis M, Magdalou J, Fournel-Gigleux S, Batt AM, Siest G. Induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes in male and female rat liver microsomes by an isoquinoleine derivative (52028 RP). Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:3634-8. [PMID: 2510737 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Totis
- Centre du Médicament, U.R.A. CNRS No. 597, Faculté des Sciences, Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|