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Bendtsen KM, Harder MWH, Glendorf T, Kjeldsen TB, Kristensen NR, Refsgaard HHF. Predicting human half-life for insulin analogs: An inter-drug approach. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 201:114375. [PMID: 38897553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
An inter-drug approach, applying pharmacokinetic information for insulin analogs in different animal species, rat, dog and pig, performed better compared to allometric scaling for human translation of intra-venous half-life and only required data from a single animal species for reliable predictions. Average fold error (AFE) between 1.2-1.7 were determined for all species and for multispecies allometric scaling AFE was 1.9. A slightly larger prediction error for human half-life was determined from in vitro human insulin receptor affinity data (AFE on 2.3-2.6). The requirements for the inter-drug approach were shown to be a span of at least 2 orders of magnitude in half-life for the included drugs and a shared clearance mechanism. The insulin analogs in this study were the five fatty acid protracted analogs: Insulin degludec, insulin icodec, insulin 320, insulin 338 and insulin 362, as well as the non-acylated analog insulin aspart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M Bendtsen
- Digital Sciences & Innovation, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Magnus W H Harder
- Global Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Tine Glendorf
- Global Research Technologies, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Thomas B Kjeldsen
- Global Research Technologies, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Hanne H F Refsgaard
- Global Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark.
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2
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Stringer R, Kaster T. Predicting the Intravenous Pharmacokinetics of Covalent Drugs in Animals and Humans. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39018425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
30 covalent drugs were used to assess clearance (CL) prediction reliability in animals and humans. In animals, marked CL underprediction was observed using cryopreserved hepatocytes or liver microsomes (LMs) supplemented for cytochrome P450 activity. Improved quantitative performance was observed by combining metabolic stability data from LMs and liver S9 fractions, the latter supplemented with reduced glutathione for glutathione transferase activity. While human LMs provided reliable human CL predictions, prediction statistics were improved further by incorporating S9 stability data. CL predictions with allometric scaling were less robust compared to in vitro drug metabolism methods; the best results were obtained using the fu-corrected intercept model. Human volume of distribution (Vd) was well predicted using allometric scaling of animal pharmacokinetic data; the most reliable results were achieved using simple allometric scaling of unbound Vd values. These results provide a quantitative framework to guide appropriate method selection for human PK prediction with covalent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Stringer
- Novartis Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Kaster
- Novartis Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
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3
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Chen W, Wang L, Ruan Z, Lou H, Jiang B. Translate Pharmacokinetics of PD-1/PD-L1 Monoclonal Antibodies from Cynomolgus Monkey to Human: Comparison of Different Approaches. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00249-1. [PMID: 38986869 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies blocking programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its natural ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have been proved to be promising strategies in recent years. Hundreds of PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies are under development worldwide. Prediction of human pharmacokinetics (PK) in the preclinical stage is critical for designing dosing regimens in first-in-human studies. This study aims to predict the PK of PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in human by scaling of monkey data. A systematic literature search of published articles on the PK of PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in cynomolgus monkey and in human was conducted. Allometric scaling (AS), the species time-invariant (STIV) method, as well as physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling were investigated. Six antibodies (avelumab, atezolizumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, and zimberelimab) were included for investigation. The exponents used in this study were 0.85 and 1 for clearance (CL) and distribution volume (V), respectively, both for AS and STIV methods. The generic PBPK model for macromolecules in PK-Sim was used without further modifications. The dissociation constant of the antibody for binding to FcRn (KD) in endosome space for human was assumed to be two-fold of that for monkey. Predicted human CLs for the majority of drugs were within the observed range, while Vs were not well predicted using the AS method. The STIV method and the generic PBPK model can be employed to translate concentration-time curves of PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies from cynomolgus monkey to human with comparable efficacy. The results of this study provide reference for the early development of PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Chen
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zourong Ruan
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honggang Lou
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Kang DW, Kim JH, Kim KM, Cho SJ, Choi GW, Cho HY. Inter-Species Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Scaling for Drug Repurposing of Pyronaridine and Artesunate. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6998. [PMID: 39000107 PMCID: PMC11241507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though several new targets (mostly viral infection) for drug repurposing of pyronaridine and artesunate have recently emerged in vitro and in vivo, inter-species pharmacokinetic (PK) data that can extend nonclinical efficacy to humans has not been reported over 30 years of usage. Since extrapolation of animal PK data to those of humans is essential to predict clinical outcomes for drug repurposing, this study aimed to investigate inter-species PK differences in three animal species (hamster, rat, and dog) and to support clinical translation of a fixed-dose combination of pyronaridine and artesunate. PK parameters (e.g., steady-state volume of distribution (Vss), clearance (CL), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), mean residence time (MRT), etc.) of pyronaridine, artesunate, and dihydroartemisinin (an active metabolite of artesunate) were determined by non-compartmental analysis. In addition, one- or two-compartment PK modeling was performed to support inter-species scaling. The PK models appropriately described the blood concentrations of pyronaridine, artesunate, and dihydroartemisinin in all animal species, and the estimated PK parameters in three species were integrated for inter-species allometric scaling to predict human PKs. The simple allometric equation (Y = a × Wb) well explained the relationship between PK parameters and the actual body weight of animal species. The results from the study could be used as a basis for drug repurposing and support determining the effective dosage regimen for new indications based on in vitro/in vivo efficacy data and predicted human PKs in initial clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hea-Young Cho
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (D.W.K.); (J.H.K.); (K.M.K.); (S.-j.C.); (G.-W.C.)
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Jiang S, Li X, Xue W, Xia S, Wang J, Sai Y, Dai G, Su W. Preclinical pharmacokinetic characterization of amdizalisib, a novel PI3Kδ inhibitor for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1392209. [PMID: 38948472 PMCID: PMC11211886 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1392209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Amdizalisib, also named HMPL-689, a novel selective and potent PI3Kδ inhibitor, is currently under Phase II clinical development in China for treating hematological malignancies. The preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) of amdizalisib were extensively characterized in vitro and in vivo to support the further development of amdizalisib. We characterized the plasma protein binding, blood-to-plasma partition ratio, cell permeability, hepatic microsomal metabolic stability, and drug-drug interaction potential of amdizalisib using in vitro experiments. In vivo PK assessment was undertaken in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys following a single intravenous or oral administration of amdizalisib. The tissue distribution and excretion of amdizalisib were evaluated in rats. The PK parameters (CL and Vss) of amdizalisib in preclinical species (mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys) were utilized for the human PK projection using the allometric scaling (AS) approach. Amdizalisib was well absorbed and showed low-to-moderate clearance in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. It had high cell permeability without P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate liability. Plasma protein binding of amdizalisib was high (approximately 90%). It was extensively distributed but with a low brain-to-plasma exposure ratio in rats. Amdizalisib was extensively metabolized in vivo, and the recovery rate of the prototype drug was low in the excreta. Amdizalisib and/or its metabolites were primarily excreted via the bile and urine in rats. Amdizalisib showed inhibition potential on P-gp but not on BCRP and was observed to inhibit CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 with IC50 values of 30.4 and 10.7 μM, respectively. It exhibited induction potential on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9. The preclinical data from these ADME studies demonstrate a favorable pharmacokinetic profile for amdizalisib, which is expected to support the future clinical development of amdizalisib as a promising anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jian Wang
- HUTCHMED Limited, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, China
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Uo T, Ojo KK, Sprenger CC, Epilepsia KS, Perera BGK, Damodarasamy M, Sun S, Kim S, Hogan HH, Hulverson MA, Choi R, Whitman GR, Barrett LK, Michaels SA, Xu LH, Sun VL, Arnold SLM, Pang HJ, Nguyen MM, Vigil ALBG, Kamat V, Sullivan LB, Sweet IR, Vidadala R, Maly DJ, Van Voorhis WC, Plymate SR. A Compound that Inhibits Glycolysis in Prostate Cancer Controls Growth of Advanced Prostate Cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.01.547355. [PMID: 37461469 PMCID: PMC10350011 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.01.547355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer remains incurable regardless of recent therapeutic advances. Prostate cancer tumors display highly glycolytic phenotypes as the cancer progresses. Non-specific inhibitors of glycolysis have not been utilized successfully for chemotherapy, because of their penchant to cause systemic toxicity. This study reports the preclinical activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics of a novel small molecule preclinical candidate, BKIDC-1553, with antiglycolytic activity. Experimental design We tested a large battery of prostate cancer cell lines for inhibition of cell proliferation, in vitro. Cell cycle, metabolic and enzymatic assays were used to demonstrate their mechanism of action. A human PDX model implanted in mice and a human organoid were studied for sensitivity to our BKIDC preclinical candidate. A battery of pharmacokinetic experiments, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion experiments, and in vitro and in vivo toxicology experiments were carried out to assess readiness for clinical trials. Results We demonstrate a new class of small molecule inhibitors where antiglycolytic activity in prostate cancer cell lines is mediated through inhibition of hexokinase 2. These compounds display selective growth inhibition across multiple prostate cancer models. We describe a lead BKIDC-1553 that demonstrates promising activity in a preclinical xenograft model of advanced prostate cancer, equivalent to that of enzalutamide. BKIDC-1553 demonstrates safety and pharmacologic properties consistent with a compound that can be taken into human studies with expectations of a good safety margin and predicted dosing for efficacy. Conclusion This work supports testing BKIDC-1553 and its derivatives in clinical trials for patients with advanced prostate cancer.
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Lee SJ, Bae SH, Jeon S, Ji HY, Han S. Combined translational pharmacometrics approach to support the design and conduct of the first-in-human study of DWP16001. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:286-298. [PMID: 37602795 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) of DWP16001, a novel sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and predict efficacious doses for the first-in-human study using various translational approaches. METHODS A mechanistic PK/PD model was developed for DWP16001 using nonlinear mixed-effect modelling to describe animal PK/PD properties. Using allometry and in silico physiologically based equations, human PK parameters were predicted. Human PD parameters were scaled by applying interspecies difference and in vitro drug-specific factors. Human parameters were refined using early clinical data. Model-predicted PK and PD outcomes were compared to observations before and after parameter refinement. RESULTS The PK/PD model of DWP16001 was developed using a 2-compartment model with first-order absorption and indirect response. Efficacious doses of 0.3 and 2 mg of DWP16001 were predicted using human half-maximal inhibitory concentration values translated from Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats and normal rats, respectively. After parameter refinement, doses of 0.2 and 1 mg were predicted to be efficacious for each disease model, which improved the prediction results to within a 1.2-fold difference between the model prediction and observation. CONCLUSIONS This study predicted efficacious human doses of DWP16001 using population PK/PD modelling and a combined translational pharmacometrics approach. Early clinical data allowed the methods used to translate in vitro and in vivo findings to clinical PK/PD values for DWP16001 to be optimized. This study has shown that a refinement step can be readily applied to improve model prediction and further support the study design and conduct of a first-in-human study.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Q-fitter, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Hye Young Ji
- Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Life Sciences Research Institute, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seunghoon Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Keefer CE, Chang G, Di L, Woody NA, Tess DA, Osgood SM, Kapinos B, Racich J, Carlo AA, Balesano A, Ferguson N, Orozco C, Zueva L, Luo L. The Comparison of Machine Learning and Mechanistic In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation Models for the Prediction of Human Intrinsic Clearance. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5616-5630. [PMID: 37812508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of human pharmacokinetics (PK) remains one of the key objectives of drug metabolism and PK (DMPK) scientists in drug discovery projects. This is typically performed by using in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) based on mechanistic PK models. In recent years, machine learning (ML), with its ability to harness patterns from previous outcomes to predict future events, has gained increased popularity in application to absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) sciences. This study compares the performance of various ML and mechanistic models for the prediction of human IV clearance for a large (645) set of diverse compounds with literature human IV PK data, as well as measured relevant in vitro end points. ML models were built using multiple approaches for the descriptors: (1) calculated physical properties and structural descriptors based on chemical structure alone (classical QSAR/QSPR); (2) in vitro measured inputs only with no structure-based descriptors (ML IVIVE); and (3) in silico ML IVIVE using in silico model predictions for the in vitro inputs. For the mechanistic models, well-stirred and parallel-tube liver models were considered with and without the use of empirical scaling factors and with and without renal clearance. The best ML model for the prediction of in vivo human intrinsic clearance (CLint) was an in vitro ML IVIVE model using only six in vitro inputs with an average absolute fold error (AAFE) of 2.5. The best mechanistic model used the parallel-tube liver model, with empirical scaling factors resulting in an AAFE of 2.8. The corresponding mechanistic model with full in silico inputs achieved an AAFE of 3.3. These relative performances of the models were confirmed with the prediction of 16 Pfizer drug candidates that were not part of the original data set. Results show that ML IVIVE models are comparable to or superior to their best mechanistic counterparts. We also show that ML IVIVE models can be used to derive insights into factors for the improvement of mechanistic PK prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Keefer
- Translational Modeling and Simulation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - George Chang
- Translational Modeling and Simulation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nathaniel A Woody
- Translational Modeling and Simulation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A Tess
- Translational Modeling and Simulation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sarah M Osgood
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brendon Kapinos
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jill Racich
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anthony A Carlo
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amanda Balesano
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nicholas Ferguson
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christine Orozco
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Larisa Zueva
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lina Luo
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Di L. Recent advances in measurement of metabolic clearance, metabolite profile and reaction phenotyping of low clearance compounds. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1209-1219. [PMID: 37526497 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2238606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low metabolic clearance is usually a highly desirable property of drug candidates in order to reduce dose and dosing frequency. However, measurement of low clearance can be challenging in drug discovery. A number of new tools have recently been developed to address the gaps in the measurement of intrinsic clearance, identification of metabolites, and reaction phenotyping of low clearance compounds. AREAS COVERED The new methodologies of low clearance measurements are discussed, including the hepatocyte relay, HepatoPac®, HμREL®, and spheroid systems. In addition, metabolite formation rate determination and in vivo allometric scaling approaches are covered as alternative methods for low clearance measurements. With these new methods, measurement of ~ 20-fold lower limit of intrinsic clearance can be achieved. The advantages and limitations of each approach are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Although several novel methods have been developed in recent years to address the challenges of low clearance, these assays tend to be time and labor intensive and costly. Future innovations focusing on developing systems with high enzymatic activities, ultra-sensitive universal quantifiable detectors, and artificial intelligence will further enhance our ability to explore the low clearance space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Research Fellow, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
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10
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Ogasawara A, Ogawa K, Ide R, Ikenaga Y, Fukunaga C, Nakayama S, Tsuda M. Results from a first-in-human study of dersimelagon, an investigational oral selective MC1R agonist. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:801-813. [PMID: 37060458 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe outcomes from the first-in-human study of dersimelagon, an investigational oral selective MC1R agonist, under development for the treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and X-linked protoporphyria (XLP). METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 study, the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple ascending oral doses of dersimelagon in healthy participants were evaluated. RESULTS Dersimelagon was generally well tolerated in healthy participants, with the most common TEAEs being lentigo (52.8%) and skin hyperpigmentation (50.0%) after multiple doses. Systemic exposure to dersimelagon in plasma (based on AUC0-∞ and Cmax) increased in a slightly more than dose-proportional manner over the 1- to 600-mg single-dose range. Following multiple doses, dersimelagon was rapidly absorbed (median Tmax ranging from 4 to 5 h postdose on days 1 and 14). Mean t1/2 ranged from 10.56 to 18.97 h on day 14, and the steady state of plasma concentration was generally reached by 5 days of multiple dosing. There were no observable effects of age or race on the PK profile of dersimelagon or its metabolite dersimelagon glucuronide. No treatment-related effects on melanin density (MD) were observed following single doses of dersimelagon; however, after multiple doses, increases in MD were observed in participants receiving 150 and 300 mg dersimelagon. CONCLUSION Our study results indicate that dersimelagon is generally well tolerated and demonstrates a generally consistent PK profile across diverse subgroups. Treatment-related increases in MD warrant further investigation in a larger study population and in patients with EPP and XLP. TRIAL REGISTRATION A Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of MT-7117 in Healthy Subjects, NCT02834442, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02834442 , registration began July 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Ogasawara
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1-1-1, Marunouchi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8205, Japan.
| | - Kei Ogawa
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1-1-1, Marunouchi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8205, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ide
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikenaga
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Chie Fukunaga
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakayama
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Minoru Tsuda
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
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Chaira T, Subramani C, Barman TK. ADME, Pharmacokinetic Scaling, Pharmacodynamic and Prediction of Human Dose and Regimen of Novel Antiviral Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041212. [PMID: 37111697 PMCID: PMC10146820 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new drugs is an extremely time-consuming and expensive endeavour. Much of that time and money go into generating predictive human pharmacokinetic profiles from preclinical efficacy and safety animal data. These pharmacokinetic profiles are used to prioritize or minimize the attrition at later stages of the drug discovery process. In the area of antiviral drug research, these pharmacokinetic profiles are equally important for the optimization, estimation of half-life, determination of effective dose, and dosing regimen, in humans. In this article we have highlighted three important aspects of these profiles. First, the impact of plasma protein binding on two primary pharmacokinetic parameters-volume of distribution and clearance. Second, interdependence of primary parameters on unbound fraction of the drug. Third, the ability to extrapolate human pharmacokinetic parameters and concentration time profiles from animal profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tridib Chaira
- Department of Pharmacology, SGT University, Gurugram 122505, Haryana, India
| | - Chandru Subramani
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Tarani Kanta Barman
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
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12
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Vasalou C, Harding J, Jones RDO, Hariparsad N, McGinnity DF. Interspecies evaluation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict the biodistribution dynamics of dendritic nanoparticles. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285798. [PMID: 37195991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The exposure of a dendritic nanoparticle and its conjugated active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was determined in mouse, rat and dog, with the aim of investigating interspecies differences facilitating clinical translation. Plasma area under the curves (AUCs) were found to be dose proportional across species, while dose normalized concentration time course profiles in plasma, liver and spleen were superimposable in mouse, rat and dog. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, previously developed for mouse, was evaluated as a suitable framework to prospectively capture concentration dynamics in rat and dog. The PBPK model, parameterized either by considering species-specific physiology or using alternate scaling methods such as allometry, was shown to capture exposure profiles across species. A sensitivity analysis highlighted API systemic clearance as a key parameter influencing released API levels. The PBPK model was utilized to simulate human exposure profiles, which overlaid dose-normalized data from mouse, rat and dog. The consistency in measured interspecies exposures as well as the capability of the PBPK model to simulate observed dynamics support its use as a powerful translational tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Vasalou
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Niresh Hariparsad
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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13
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Park S, Lee YW, Oh J, Kim SJ, Lee S, Lee H. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of radiolabeled intraocular anti-CLEC14a antibody in preclinical animal species and application in humans. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2938-2946. [PMID: 36129122 PMCID: PMC9747121 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic antibodies are widely used in the treatment of neovascular macular degeneration. Human antibody targeting C-type lectin domain family 14 member A (CLEC14a) is potential therapeutic agents owing to its antiangiogenic activity. In the present study, we aimed to predict the human intraocular pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of an anti-CLEC14a antibody. I-125 labeled aflibercept and anti-CLEC14a antibody were intravitreally injected into mice, rats, and rabbits. Single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging was performed, and the intraocular radioactivity concentration (%ID/ml) was obtained. The PK parameters in those three animal species were obtained by compartmental analysis. The PK parameters in humans were estimated by allometric scaling of the animal PK parameters with consideration of the hydrodynamic radius of the antibody. The mean half-life values of intraocular I-125-labeled aflibercept in mice, rats, and rabbits were 1.13 days, 1.25 days, and 4.91 days, respectively, by analysis with a one-compartment model. The predicted human half-life of intraocular aflibercept was 5.75 days based on vitreal volume by allometric scaling. The half-life values of intraocular I-125-labeled anti-CLEC14a in mice, rats and rabbits were 1.05 days, 1.84 days, and 6.37 days, respectively, by analysis with a one-compartment model. The predicted human half-life of intraocular anti-CLEC14a was 10.29 days based on vitreal volume. According to the hydrodynamic volume of the anti-CLEC14a, the predicted human half-life of intraocular anti-CLEC14a was 9.81 days. The PK characteristics of the intraocular anti-CLEC14a antibody were evaluated noninvasively in animals using I-125 labeling, and the intraocular PK characteristics in humans were predicted using these animal data. This methodology can be applied for the development of new antiangiogenic antibodies to treat macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Park
- Department of Nuclear MedicineNational Cancer CenterGoyang‐siGyeonggi‐doKorea,Division of Convergence TechnologyNational Cancer CenterGoyang‐siGyeonggi‐doKorea
| | - Youn Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnam‐siGyeonggi‐doKorea
| | - Jaeseong Oh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsSeoul National University College of Medicine and HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Nuclear MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnam‐siGyeonggi‐doKorea
| | - Sukmook Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical ChemistryKookmin UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ho‐Young Lee
- Department of Nuclear MedicineSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnam‐siGyeonggi‐doKorea,Office of eHealth Research and BusinessSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnam‐siGyeonggi‐doKorea
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14
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Humphreys PG, Anderson NA, Bamborough P, Baxter A, Chung CW, Cookson R, Craggs PD, Dalton T, Fournier JCL, Gordon LJ, Gray HF, Gray MW, Gregory R, Hirst DJ, Jamieson C, Jones KL, Kessedjian H, Lugo D, McGonagle G, Patel VK, Patten C, Poole DL, Prinjha RK, Ramirez-Molina C, Rioja I, Seal G, Stafford KAJ, Shah RR, Tape D, Theodoulou NH, Tomlinson L, Ukuser S, Wall ID, Wellaway N, White G. Identification and Optimization of a Ligand-Efficient Benzoazepinone Bromodomain and Extra Terminal (BET) Family Acetyl-Lysine Mimetic into the Oral Candidate Quality Molecule I-BET432. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15174-15207. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niall A. Anderson
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Paul Bamborough
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Andrew Baxter
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Chun-wa Chung
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Rosa Cookson
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Peter D. Craggs
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Toryn Dalton
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | - Laurie J. Gordon
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Heather F. Gray
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Matthew W. Gray
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Richard Gregory
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - David J. Hirst
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Craig Jamieson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | | | | | - David Lugo
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Grant McGonagle
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | | | - Darren L. Poole
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Rab K. Prinjha
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | - Inmaculada Rioja
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Gail Seal
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | - Rishi R. Shah
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Daniel Tape
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | - Laura Tomlinson
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Sabri Ukuser
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Ian D. Wall
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Natalie Wellaway
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Gemma White
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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15
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Inghardt T, Antonsson T, Ericsson C, Hovdal D, Johannesson P, Johansson C, Jurva U, Kajanus J, Kull B, Michaëlsson E, Pettersen A, Sjögren T, Sörensen H, Westerlund K, Lindstedt EL. Discovery of AZD4831, a Mechanism-Based Irreversible Inhibitor of Myeloperoxidase, As a Potential Treatment for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11485-11496. [PMID: 36005476 PMCID: PMC9469207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is a promising therapeutic target for treatment of patients suffering from heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We aimed to discover a covalent myeloperoxidase inhibitor with high selectivity for myeloperoxidase over thyroid peroxidase, limited penetration of the blood-brain barrier, and pharmacokinetics suitable for once-daily oral administration at low dose. Structure-activity relationship, biophysical, and structural studies led to prioritization of four compounds for in-depth safety and pharmacokinetic studies in animal models. One compound (AZD4831) progressed to clinical studies on grounds of high potency (IC50, 1.5 nM in vitro) and selectivity (>450-fold vs thyroid peroxidase in vitro), the mechanism of irreversible inhibition, and the safety profile. Following phase 1 studies in healthy volunteers and a phase 2a study in patients with HFpEF, a phase 2b/3 efficacy study of AZD4831 in patients with HFpEF started in 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tord Inghardt
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Antonsson
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Ericsson
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hovdal
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Johannesson
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Johansson
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Jurva
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Kajanus
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Kull
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Michaëlsson
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Pettersen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tove Sjögren
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sörensen
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Westerlund
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva-Lotte Lindstedt
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Wang AQ, Hagen NR, Padilha EC, Yang M, Shah P, Chen CZ, Huang W, Terse P, Sanderson P, Zheng W, Xu X. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro Properties of GS-441524, a Potential Oral Drug Candidate for COVID-19 Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:918083. [PMID: 36052127 PMCID: PMC9424906 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.918083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) and In Vitro ADME properties of GS-441524, a potential oral agent for the treatment of Covid-19, were studied. GS-441524 was stable in vitro in liver microsomes, cytosols, and hepatocytes of mice, rats, monkeys, dogs, and humans. The plasma free fractions of GS-441524 were 62-78% across all studied species. The in vitro transporter study results showed that GS-441524 was a substrate of MDR1, BCRP, CNT3, ENT1, and ENT2; but not a substrate of CNT1, CNT2, and ENT4. GS-441524 had a low to moderate plasma clearance (CLp), ranging from 4.1 mL/min/kg in dogs to 26 mL/min/kg in mice; the steady state volume distribution (Vdss) ranged from 0.9 L/kg in dogs to 2.4 L/kg in mice after IV administration. Urinary excretion appeared to be the major elimination process for GS-441524. Following oral administration, the oral bioavailability was 8.3% in monkeys, 33% in rats, 39% in mice, and 85% in dogs. The PK and ADME properties of GS-441524 support its further development as an oral drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Q. Wang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Xu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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17
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Weng Y, Fonseca KR, Bi YA, Mathialagan S, Riccardi K, Tseng E, Bessire AJ, Cerny MA, Tess DA, Rodrigues AD, Kalgutkar AS, Litchfield JE, Di L, Varma MVS. Transporter-Enzyme Interplay in the Pharmacokinetics of PF-06835919, A First-in-class Ketohexokinase Inhibitor for Metabolic Disorders and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:DMD-AR-2022-000953. [PMID: 35779864 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess dietary fructose consumption promotes metabolic dysfunction thereby increasing the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and related comorbidities. PF-06835919, a first-in-class ketohexokinase (KHK) inhibitor, showed reversal of such metabolic disorders in preclinical models and clinical studies, and is under clinical development for the potential treatment of NASH. In this study, we evaluated the transport and metabolic pathways of PF-06835919 disposition and assessed pharmacokinetics in preclinical models. PF-06835919 showed active uptake in cultured primary human hepatocytes, and substrate activity to organic anion transporter (OAT)2 and organic anion transporting-polypeptide (OATP)1B1 in transfected cells. "SLC-phenotyping" studies in human hepatocytes suggested contribution of passive uptake, OAT2- and OATP1B-mediated transport to the overall uptake to be about 15%, 60% and 25%, respectively. PF-06835919 showed low intrinsic metabolic clearance in vitro, and was found to be metabolized via both oxidative pathways (58%) and acyl glucuronidation (42%) by CYP3A, CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and UGT2B7. Following intravenous dosing, PF-06835919 showed low clearance (0.4-1.3 mL/min/kg) and volume of distribution (0.17-0.38 L/kg) in rat, dog and monkey. Human oral pharmacokinetics are predicted within 20% error when considering transporter-enzyme interplay in a PBPK model. Finally, unbound liver-to-plasma ratio (Kpuu) measured in vitro using rat, NHP and human hepatocytes was found to be approximately 4, 25 and 10, respectively. Similarly, liver Kpuu in rat and monkey following intravenous dosing of PF-06835919 was found to be 2.5 and 15, respectively, and notably higher than the muscle and brain Kpuu, consistent with the active uptake mechanisms observed in vitro. Significance Statement This work characterizes the transport/metabolic pathways in the hepatic disposition of PF-06835919, a first-in-class KHK inhibitor for the treatment of metabolic disorders and NASH. Phenotyping studies using transfected systems, human hepatocytes and liver microsomes signifies the role of OAT2 and OATP1B1 in the hepatic uptake and multiple enzymes in the metabolism of PF-06835919. Data presented suggest hepatic transporter-enzyme interplay in determining its systemic concentrations and potential enrichment in liver, a target site for KHK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Weng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., United States
| | | | | | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, United States
| | | | - Elaine Tseng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, United States
| | | | - Li Di
- Pharmacokintics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., United States
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18
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Li X, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Wang B, Yang G, Xu X, Yechao B, Bai D, Feng B, Mao Y, Feng J, Bai C, He F, Tao W. Discovery of SHR5133, a Highly Potent and Novel HBV Capsid Assembly Modulator. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:507-512. [PMID: 35300087 PMCID: PMC8919393 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsid assembly modulators (CpAMs) represent a new class of antivirals targeting hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein to disrupt the assembly process. In this work, a novel chemotype featuring a fused heterocycle amide was discovered through pharmacophore exploration. Lead optimization resulted in compound 8 with an EC50 value of 511 nM, and then methyl substitution on the piperazine was found to improve the in vitro potency remarkably. Further SAR studies established the key compound SHR5133, which showed high in vitro antiviral potency, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles across species, and robust in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Zhigao Zhang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Guimei Yang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Xiangbin Xu
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Baihui Yechao
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Dongdong Bai
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Binqiang Feng
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Yuchang Mao
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Chang Bai
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Feng He
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Weikang Tao
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., R&D Center, 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
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19
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Abstract
Severe illness caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by an overexuberant inflammatory response resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and progressive respiratory failure (A. Gupta, M. V. Madhavan, K. Sehgal, N. Nair, et al., Nat Med 26:1017–1032, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3). Rhesus theta (θ) defensin-1 (RTD-1) is a macrocyclic host defense peptide exhibiting antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. RTD-1 treatment significantly improved survival in murine models of a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) and endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) (C. L. Wohlford-Lenane, D. K. Meyerholz, S. Perlman, H. Zhou, et al., J Virol 83:11385–11390, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01363-09; J. G. Jayne, T. J. Bensman, J. B. Schaal, A. Y. J. Park, et al., Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 58:310–319, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2016-0428OC). This investigation aimed to characterize the preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of intravenous (i.v.) RTD-1. Based on the lack of adverse findings, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was established at 10 mg/kg/day in rats and 15 mg/kg/day in monkeys. Analysis of single ascending dose studies in both species revealed greater-than-dose-proportional increases in the area under the curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-∞) (e.g., 8-fold increase from 5 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg in rats) suggestive of nonlinear PK. The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) ranged between 550 and 1,461 mL/kg, indicating extensive tissue distribution, which was validated in a biodistribution study of [14C]RTD-1 in rats. Based on interspecies allometric scaling, the predicted human clearance and Vss are 6.48 L/h and 28.0 L, respectively, for an adult (70 kg). To achieve plasma exposures associated with therapeutic efficacy established in a murine model of ALI, the estimated human equivalent dose (HED) is between 0.36 and 0.83 mg/kg/day. The excellent safety profile demonstrated in these studies and the efficacy observed in the murine models support the clinical investigation of RTD-1 for treatment of COVID-19 or other pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
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20
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Pedersen KM, Gradel AKJ, Ludvigsen TP, Christoffersen BØ, Fuglsang-Damgaard CA, Bendtsen KM, Madsen SH, Manfé V, Refsgaard HHF. Optimization of pig models for translation of subcutaneous pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins: Liraglutide, insulin aspart and insulin detemir. Transl Res 2022; 239:71-84. [PMID: 34428585 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of human pharmacokinetics (PK) from data obtained in animal studies is essential in drug development. Here, we present a thorough examination of how to achieve good pharmacokinetic data from the pig model for translational purposes by using single-species allometric scaling for selected therapeutic proteins: liraglutide, insulin aspart and insulin detemir. The predictions were based on non-compartmental analysis of intravenous and subcutaneous PK data obtained from two injection regions (neck, thigh) in two pig breeds, domestic pig and Göttingen Minipig, that were compared with PK parameters reported in humans. The effects of pig breed, injection site and injection depth (insulin aspart only) on the PK of these proteins were also assessed. Results show that the prediction error for human PK was within two-fold for most PK parameters in both pig breeds. Furthermore, pig breed significantly influenced the plasma half-life and mean absorption time (MAT), both being longer in Göttingen Minipigs compared to domestic pigs (P <0.01). In both breeds, thigh vs neck dosing was associated with a higher dose-normalized maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve as well as shorter MAT and plasma half-life (P <0.01). Finally, more superficial injections resulted in faster absorption, higher Cmax/dose and bioavailability of insulin aspart (P <0.05, 3.0 vs 5.0 mm injection depth). In conclusion, pig breed and injection region affected the PK of liraglutide, insulin aspart and insulin detemir and reliable predictions of human PK were demonstrated when applying single-species allometric scaling with the pig as a pre-clinical animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Katrina Jógvansdóttir Gradel
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Experimental Animal Models, University of Copenhagen.
| | | | | | | | | | - Suzi Høgh Madsen
- Translational Medicine, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv
| | - Valentina Manfé
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, DK-2760 Måløv
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21
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Singh R, Moreno M, Stanimirovic D. Comparison of Various Approaches to Translate Non-Linear Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies from Cynomolgus Monkey to Human. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 46:555-567. [PMID: 34120326 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-021-00691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The prediction of pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exhibiting non-linear pharmacokinetics in preclinical species to human is challenging, and very limited scientific work has been published in this field of research. Therefore, we have conducted an elaborate comparative assessment to determine the most reliable preclinical to clinical scaling strategy for mAbs with non-linear pharmacokinetics. METHODS We have compared three different scaling approaches to predict human pharmacokinetics from cynomolgus monkey. In the first approach, cynomolgus monkey pharmacokinetic parameters estimated using a two-compartment model with parallel linear and non-linear elimination were allometrically scaled to simulate human pharmacokinetics. In the second approach, allometric exponents were integrated with a minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) model to translate human pharmacokinetics. In the third approach, we have employed a species time-invariant method, wherein a two-compartment model with parallel linear and non-linear elimination was used as a framework model for simulation of the human profile. RESULTS Human exposure parameters projected by an integrated allometric method were only within two fold for approximately 45-70% of predictions at different doses of five mAbs evaluated, while approximately 70-80% of Cmax and AUC predictions by integrated mPBPK modelling as well as the species time-invariant method were within two-fold error. The average fold error for clearance predictions by the integrated mPBPK method was 1.10-1.45 fold, whilst for the species time-variant and integrated allometric methods, the average fold error was between 1.04 and 1.37 fold and 1.24 and 2.13 fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the species time-variant method and mPBPK proposed by us can be employed to reliably translate non-linear pharmacokinetics of mAbs from cynomolgus monkey to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Singh
- Translation Bioscience, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Global DMPK, Research IVIVT, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA. .,Translation Bioscience, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Maria Moreno
- Translation Bioscience, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Danica Stanimirovic
- Translation Bioscience, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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22
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Yoshida K, Doi Y, Iwazaki N, Yasuhara H, Ikenaga Y, Shimizu H, Nakada T, Watanabe T, Tateno C, Sanoh S, Kotake Y. Prediction of human pharmacokinetics for low-clearance compounds using pharmacokinetic data from chimeric mice with humanized livers. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 15:79-91. [PMID: 34080287 PMCID: PMC8742647 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of low-clearance (CL) compounds that can be slowly metabolized is a major goal in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the pursuit of low intrinsic CL (CLint ) often leads to significant challenges in evaluating the pharmacokinetics of such compounds. Although in vitro-in vivo extrapolation is widely used to predict human CL, its application has been limited for low-CLint compounds because of the low turnover of parent compounds in metabolic stability assays. To address this issue, we focused on chimeric mice with humanized livers (PXB-mice), which have been increasingly reported to accurately predict human CL in recent years. The predictive accuracy for nine low-CLint compounds with no significant turnover in a human hepatocyte assay was investigated using PXB-mouse methods such as single-species allometric scaling (PXB-SSS) approach and a novel physiologically based scaling (PXB-PBS) approach that assumes that the CLint per hepatocyte is equal between humans and PXB-mice. The percentages of compounds with predicted CL within 2- and 3-fold ranges of the observed CL for low-CLint compounds were 89% and 100%, respectively, for both PXB-SSS and PXB-PBS approaches. Moreover, the predicted CL was mostly consistent among the methods. Conversely, percentages of compounds with predicted CL within 2- and 3-fold ranges of the observed CL for low-CLint compounds were 50% and 63%, respectively for multispecies allometric scaling (MA). Overall, these PXB-mouse methods were much more accurate than conventional MA approaches, suggesting that PXB-mice are useful tool for predicting the human CL of low-CLint compounds that are slowly metabolized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yoshida
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Doi
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Norihiko Iwazaki
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yasuhara
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikenaga
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Shimizu
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Nakada
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Watanabe
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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23
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Mahmood I. Interspecies Scaling of Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC) for the Prediction of Human Clearance. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10010001. [PMID: 33430196 PMCID: PMC7839014 DOI: 10.3390/antib10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allometric scaling is a useful tool for the extrapolation of pharmacokinetic parameters from animals to humans. The objective of this study was to predict human clearance of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) allometrically from one to three animal species and compare the predicted human clearance with the observed human clearance. For three animal species allometric scaling, the "Rule of Exponents" (ROE) was used. The results of the study indicated that three-species allometric scaling in association with the ROE provides acceptable prediction (within 0.5-2-fold prediction error) of human clearance. The two-species allometric scaling resulted in substantial prediction error. One-species scaling using a fixed exponent of 1.0 provided acceptable prediction error (within 0.5-2-fold) by monkey, rat, and mouse, in which monkey and rat were comparable. Overall, the predicted human clearance values of ADCs from animal(s) was good. The allometric method proposed in this article can be used to predict human clearance from the animal data and subsequently to select the first-in-human dose of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar Mahmood
- Mahmood Clinical Pharmacology Consultancy, LLC, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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24
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Sou T, Hansen J, Liepinsh E, Backlund M, Ercan O, Grinberga S, Cao S, Giachou P, Petersson A, Tomczak M, Urbas M, Zabicka D, Vingsbo Lundberg C, Hughes D, Hobbie SN, Friberg LE. Model-Informed Drug Development for Antimicrobials: Translational PK and PK/PD Modeling to Predict an Efficacious Human Dose for Apramycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:1063-1073. [PMID: 33150591 PMCID: PMC8048880 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apramycin represents a subclass of aminoglycoside antibiotics that has been shown to evade almost all mechanisms of clinically relevant aminoglycoside resistance. Model-informed drug development may facilitate its transition from preclinical to clinical phase. This study explored the potential of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling to maximize the use of in vitro time-kill and in vivo preclinical data for prediction of a human efficacious dose (HED) for apramycin. PK model parameters of apramycin from four different species (mouse, rat, guinea pig, and dog) were allometrically scaled to humans. A semimechanistic PK/PD model was developed from the rich in vitro data on four Escherichia coli strains and subsequently the sparse in vivo efficacy data on the same strains were integrated. An efficacious human dose was predicted from the PK/PD model and compared with the classical PK/PD index methodology and the aminoglycoside dose similarity. One-compartment models described the PK data and human values for clearance and volume of distribution were predicted to 7.07 L/hour and 26.8 L, respectively. The required fAUC/MIC (area under the unbound drug concentration-time curve over MIC ratio) targets for stasis and 1-log kill in the thigh model were 34.5 and 76.2, respectively. The developed PK/PD model predicted the efficacy data well with strain-specific differences in susceptibility, maximum bacterial load, and resistance development. All three dose prediction approaches supported an apramycin daily dose of 30 mg/kg for a typical adult patient. The results indicate that the mechanistic PK/PD modeling approach can be suitable for HED prediction and serves to efficiently integrate all available efficacy data with potential to improve predictive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Sou
- Pharmacometrics, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Hansen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Maria Backlund
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Onur Ercan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sha Cao
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paraskevi Giachou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Petersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Tomczak
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Urbas
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Zabicka
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Diarmaid Hughes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven N Hobbie
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena E Friberg
- Pharmacometrics, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Tess DA, Eng H, Kalgutkar AS, Litchfield J, Edmonds DJ, Griffith DA, Varma MVS. Predicting the Human Hepatic Clearance of Acidic and Zwitterionic Drugs. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11831-11844. [PMID: 32985885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prospective predictions of human hepatic clearance for anionic/zwitterionic compounds, which are oftentimes subjected to transporter-mediated uptake, are challenging in drug discovery. We evaluated the utility of preclinical species, rats and cynomolgus monkeys [nonhuman primates (NHPs)], to predict the human hepatic clearance using a diverse set of acidic/zwitterionic drugs. Preclinical clearance data were generated following intravenous dosing in rats/NHPs and compared to the human clearance data (n = 18/27). Single-species scaling of NHP clearance with an allometric exponent of 0.50 allowed for good prediction of human clearance (fold error ∼2.1, bias ∼1.0), with ∼86% predictions within 3-fold. In comparison, rats underpredicted the clearance of lipophilic acids, while overprediction was noted for hydrophilic acids. Finally, an in vitro clearance assay based on human hepatocytes, which is routinely used in discovery setting, markedly underpredicted human clearance (bias ∼0.12). Collectively, this study provides insights into the usefulness of the preclinical models in enabling pharmacokinetic optimization for acid/zwitterionic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Tess
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather Eng
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John Litchfield
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Edmonds
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David A Griffith
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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26
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Nirogi R, Bhyrapuneni G, Muddana NR, Manoharan A, Shinde AK, Mohammed AR, Padala NP, Ajjala DR, Subramanian R, Palacharla VRC. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME), drug-drug interaction potential and prediction of human pharmacokinetics of SUVN-G3031, a novel histamine 3 receptor (H3R) inverse agonist in clinical development for the treatment of narcolepsy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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27
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Ye PP, Zheng Y, Du B, Liu XT, Tang BH, Kan M, Zhou Y, Hao GX, Huang X, Su LQ, Wang WQ, Yu F, Zhao W. First dose in neonates: pharmacokinetic bridging study from juvenile mice to neonates for drugs metabolized by CYP3A. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1275-1284. [PMID: 32400275 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1768454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
First dose prediction is challenging in neonates. Our objective in this proof-of-concept study was to perform a pharmacokinetic (PK) bridging study from juvenile mice to neonates for drugs metabolized by CYP3A. We selected midazolam and clindamycin as model drugs. We developed juvenile mice population PK models using NONMEM. The PK parameters of these two drugs in juvenile mice were used to bridge PK parameters in neonates using different correction methods. The bridging results were evaluated by the fold-error of 0.5- to 1.5-fold. Simple allometry with and without a correction factor for maximum lifespan potential could be used for a bridging of clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vd), respectively, from juvenile mice to neonates. Simulation results demonstrated that for midazolam, 100% of clinical studies for which both the predictive CL and Vd were within 0.5- to 1.5-fold of the observed. For clindamycin, 75% and 100% of clinical studies for which the predictive CL and Vd were within 0.5- to 1.5-fold of the observed. A PK bridging of drugs metabolized by CYP3A is feasible from juvenile mice to neonates. It could be a complement to the ADE and PBPK models to support the first dose in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Ye
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Du
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xi-Ting Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo-Hao Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Kan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guo-Xiang Hao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Le-Qun Su
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Qi Wang
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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28
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Jansen K, Pou Casellas C, Groenink L, Wever KE, Masereeuw R. Humans are animals, but are animals human enough? A systematic review and meta-analysis on interspecies differences in renal drug clearance. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:706-717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Metabolism and pharmacokinetics characterization of metarrestin in multiple species. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 85:805-816. [PMID: 32185484 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metarrestin is a first-in-class pyrrolo-pyrimidine-derived small molecule targeting a marker of genome organization associated with metastasis and is currently in preclinical development as an anti-cancer agent. Here, we report the in vitro ADME characteristics and in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of metarrestin. METHODS Solubility, permeability, and efflux ratio as well as in vitro metabolism of metarrestin in hepatocytes, liver microsomes and S9 fractions, recombinant cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, and potential for CYP inhibition were evaluated. Single dose pharmacokinetic profiles after intravenous and oral administration in mice, rat, dog, monkey, and mini-pig were obtained. Simple allometric scaling was applied to predict human pharmacokinetics. RESULTS Metarrestin had an aqueous solubility of 150 µM at pH 7.4, high permeability in PAMPA and moderate efflux ratio in Caco-2 assays. The compound was metabolically stable in liver microsomes, S9 fractions, and hepatocytes from six species, including human. Metarrestin is a CYP3A4 substrate and, in mini-pigs, is also directly glucuronidated. Metarrestin did not show cytochrome P450 inhibitory activity. Plasma concentration-time profiles showed low to moderate clearance, ranging from 0.6 mL/min/kg in monkeys to 48 mL/min/kg in mice and moderate to high volume of distribution, ranging from 1.5 L/kg in monkeys to 17 L/kg in mice. Metarrestin has greater than 80% oral bioavailability in all species tested. The excretion of unchanged parent drug in urine was < 5% in dogs and < 1% in monkeys over collection periods of ≥ 144 h; in bile-duct cannulated rats, the excretion of unchanged drug was < 1% in urine and < 2% in bile over a collection period of 48 h. CONCLUSIONS Metarrestin is a low clearance compound which has good bioavailability and large biodistribution after oral administration. Biotransformation appears to be the major elimination process for the parent drug. In vitro data suggest a low drug-drug interaction potential on CYP-mediated metabolism. Overall favorable ADME and PK properties support metarrestin's progression to clinical investigation.
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30
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Morita K, Kato M, Kudo T, Ito K. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of metabolic clearance using human liver microsomes: factors showing variability and their normalization. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1064-1075. [PMID: 32125203 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1738592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) using human liver microsomes has been widely used to predict metabolic clearance, but some of the factors used in the process of prediction show variability for the same compound: notably, microsomal intrinsic clearance values corrected by the unbound fraction (CLint, u), physiological parameters used for scale-up, and the source of in vivo clearance data.The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between in vitro and in vivo CLint with a focus on factors showing variability using four cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A substrates.We surveyed in vivo clearance values in literature and also determined the microsomal CLint, u values. A scaling factor (SFdirect) was defined as in vivo CLint divided by the microsomal CLint, u, which ranged from 1190 to 2310 (mg protein per kg body weight). The application of a mean SFdirect of 1600 (mg protein per kg body weight) and further normalization by the microsomal CLint, u values of midazolam, the most commonly used substrate, resulted in improved prediction accuracy for CLint, u values from various microsomal batches.The results suggest the normalization of variability might be useful for predicting the in vivo CLint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Morita
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan.,Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kudo
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Sinha J, Al-Sallami HS, Duffull SB. Choosing the Allometric Exponent in Covariate Model Building. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 58:89-100. [PMID: 29704107 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allometric scaling is often used to describe the covariate model linking total body weight (WT) to clearance (CL); however, there is no consensus on how to select its value. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to assess the influence of between-subject variability (BSV) and study design on (1) the power to correctly select the exponent from a priori choices, and (2) the power to obtain unbiased exponent estimates. METHODS The influence of WT distribution range (randomly sampled from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 [NHANES III] database), sample size (N = 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 subjects), and BSV on CL (low 20%, normal 40%, high 60%) were assessed using stochastic simulation estimation. A priori exponent values used for the simulations were 0.67, 0.75, and 1, respectively. RESULTS For normal to high BSV drugs, it is almost impossible to correctly select the exponent from an a priori set of exponents, i.e. 1 vs. 0.75, 1 vs. 0.67, or 0.75 vs. 0.67 in regular studies involving < 200 adult participants. On the other hand, such regular study designs are sufficient to appropriately estimate the exponent. However, regular studies with < 100 patients risk potential bias in estimating the exponent. CONCLUSION Those study designs with limited sample size and narrow range of WT (e.g. < 100 adult participants) potentially risk either selection of a false value or yielding a biased estimate of the allometric exponent; however, such bias is only relevant in cases of extrapolating the value of CL outside the studied population, e.g. analysis of a study of adults that is used to extrapolate to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Sinha
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Hesham S Al-Sallami
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Duffull
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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32
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Wellaway CR, Amans D, Bamborough P, Barnett H, Bit RA, Brown JA, Carlson NR, Chung CW, Cooper AWJ, Craggs PD, Davis RP, Dean TW, Evans JP, Gordon L, Harada IL, Hirst DJ, Humphreys PG, Jones KL, Lewis AJ, Lindon MJ, Lugo D, Mahmood M, McCleary S, Medeiros P, Mitchell DJ, O’Sullivan M, Le Gall A, Patel VK, Patten C, Poole DL, Shah RR, Smith JE, Stafford KAJ, Thomas PJ, Vimal M, Wall ID, Watson RJ, Wellaway N, Yao G, Prinjha RK. Discovery of a Bromodomain and Extraterminal Inhibitor with a Low Predicted Human Dose through Synergistic Use of Encoded Library Technology and Fragment Screening. J Med Chem 2020; 63:714-746. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique Amans
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Paul Bamborough
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Heather Barnett
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Rino A. Bit
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Jack A. Brown
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Neil R. Carlson
- GSK, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Chun-wa Chung
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | - Peter D. Craggs
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Robert P. Davis
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Tony W. Dean
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - John P. Evans
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Laurie Gordon
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | - David J. Hirst
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | - Dave Lugo
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Mahnoor Mahmood
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Scott McCleary
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Patricia Medeiros
- GSK, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | | | | | - Armelle Le Gall
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | - Chris Patten
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Darren L. Poole
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Rishi R. Shah
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Jane E. Smith
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | | | - Mythily Vimal
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Ian D. Wall
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | | | - Gang Yao
- GSK, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Rab K. Prinjha
- GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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33
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Gayrard V, Lacroix MZ, Gély CA, Grandin FC, Léandri R, Bouchard M, Roques B, Toutain PL, Picard-Hagen N. Toxicokinetics of bisphenol S in rats for predicting human bisphenol S clearance from allometric scaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 386:114845. [PMID: 31786412 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous data obtained in piglets suggested that despite structural analogy with Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol S (BPS) elimination may proceed more slowly, resulting in a much higher systemic exposure to unconjugated BPS than to BPA. Interspecies allometric scaling was applied to predict the toxicokinetic (TK) parameters of BPS, namely plasma clearance in humans from values obtained in animals, and thus contribute to assessment of the human internal exposure to BPS. Allometric scaling was performed using mean BPS plasma clearance values measured in rats after intravenous administration of 5 mg BPS /kg body weight (BW) and those previously obtained in piglets and sheep using identical IV BPS dosing and analytical procedures. The BPS plasma clearance, evaluated at 0.92 L/kg.h in rats, was proportional to species body weight, enabling the prediction of human BPS plasma clearance by extrapolating to a BW of 70 kg. The estimated BPS plasma clearance in humans was thus 0.92 L/min (0.79 L/kg.h), i.e. about two times lower than the previously estimated BPA clearance (1.79 L/min). By increasing systemic exposure to the active moiety of an environmental estrogenic chemical, this less efficient clearance of BPS in humans, as compared with BPA, might worsen the harmful consequences of replacing BPA by BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Gayrard
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Clémence A Gély
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France; INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
| | - Flore C Grandin
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Roger Léandri
- EA 3694 Human Fertility Research Group, Toulouse University Hospital, 330 Avenue de Grande Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse, France.
| | - Michèle Bouchard
- Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Centre de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (CReSP), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Béatrice Roques
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Picard-Hagen
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Lucas AJ, Sproston JL, Barton P, Riley RJ. Estimating human ADME properties, pharmacokinetic parameters and likely clinical dose in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1313-1327. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1660642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Lucas
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, UK
| | | | - Patrick Barton
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, UK
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Jairam RK, Mallurwar SR, Sulochana SP, Chandrasekhar DV, Todmal U, Bhamidipati RK, Richter W, Srinivas NR, Mullangi R. Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics of Fomepizole from Preclinical Species Pharmacokinetics Based on Normalizing Time Course Profiles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:221. [PMID: 31214899 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fomepizole is used as an antidote to treat methanol poisoning due to its selectivity towards alcohol dehydrogenase. In the present study, the goal is to develop a method to predict the fomepizole human plasma concentration versus time profile based on the preclinical pharmacokinetics using the assumption of superimposability on simulated time course profiles of animals and humans. Standard allometric equations with/without correction factors were also assimilated in the prediction. The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) predicted by simple allometry (57.55 L) was very close to the reported value (42.17 L). However, clearance (CL) prediction by simple allometry was at least 3-fold higher to the reported value (33.86 mL/min); hence, multiple correction factors were used to predict the clearance. Both brain weight and maximum life span potential could predict the CL with 1.22- and 1.01-fold difference. Specifically, the predicted Vss and CL values via interspecies scaling were used in the prediction of series of human intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters, while the simulation of human oral profile was done by the use of absorption rate constant (Ka) from dog following the applicability of human bioavailability value scaled from dog data. In summary, the findings indicate that the utility of diverse allometry approaches to derive the human pharmacokinetics of fomepizole after intravenous/oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Jairam
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, 560 022, India
| | | | - Suresh P Sulochana
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, 560 022, India
| | - Devaraj V Chandrasekhar
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, 560 022, India
| | - Umesh Todmal
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, 560 022, India
| | - Ravi Kanth Bhamidipati
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, 560 022, India
| | - Wolfgang Richter
- TUBE Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Leberstr. 20, A-1110, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ramesh Mullangi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, 560 022, India.
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Gu Y, Sai Y, Wang J, Yu M, Wang G, Zhang L, Ren H, Fan S, Ren Y, Qing W, Su W. Preclinical pharmacokinetics, disposition, and translational pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of savolitinib, a novel selective cMet inhibitor. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 136:104938. [PMID: 31132401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Savolitinib is a novel small-molecule selective cMet inhibitor. This work characterized its pharmacokinetics in preclinical phase, established the preclinical relationships between PK, cMet modulation and anti-tumor efficacy. In vitro and in vivo animal studies were performed for PK characterization. Savolitinib showed good absorption, moderate tissue distribution, low to intermediate clearance, and low accumulation. Hepatic oxidative metabolism followed by urinary and biliary excretions was the major elimination pathway. Based on preclinical PK data, human PK profiles were predicted using empirical methods. Pharmacodynamic studies for evaluating cMet inhibition and anti-tumor efficacy were conducted in nude mice bearing Hs746t xenograft. PK/PD models were built to link the PD measurements to nude mouse PK. The established integrated preclinical PK/PD model contained a two-compartment non-linear PK model, a biomarker link model and a tumor growth transit model. The IC50 of cMet inhibition and the concentration achieving half of the maximal Hs746t tumor reduction by savolitinib were equal to 12.5 and 3.7 nM (free drug), respectively. Based on the predicted human PK data, as well as the established PK/PD model in nude mouse, the human PD (cMet inhibition) profiles were also simulated. This research supported clinical development of savolitinib. Understanding the preclinical PK/PD relationship of savolitinib provides translational insights into the cMet-targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gu
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4, 720 Cailun Road, Zhang-Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yang Sai
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4, 720 Cailun Road, Zhang-Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4, 720 Cailun Road, Zhang-Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Meijing Yu
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4, 720 Cailun Road, Zhang-Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Guanglin Wang
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4, 720 Cailun Road, Zhang-Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4, 720 Cailun Road, Zhang-Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hongcan Ren
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4, 720 Cailun Road, Zhang-Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Shiming Fan
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4, 720 Cailun Road, Zhang-Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yongxin Ren
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4, 720 Cailun Road, Zhang-Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Weiguo Qing
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4, 720 Cailun Road, Zhang-Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Weiguo Su
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4, 720 Cailun Road, Zhang-Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Valic MS, Zheng G. Research tools for extrapolating the disposition and pharmacokinetics of nanomaterials from preclinical animals to humans. Theranostics 2019; 9:3365-3387. [PMID: 31244958 PMCID: PMC6567967 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical step in the translational science of nanomaterials from preclinical animal studies to humans is the comprehensive investigation of their disposition (or ADME) and pharmacokinetic behaviours. Disposition and pharmacokinetic data are ideally collected in different animal species (rodent and nonrodent), at different dose levels, and following multiple administrations. These data are used to assess the systemic exposure and effect to nanomaterials, primary determinants of their potential toxicity and therapeutic efficacy. At toxic doses in animal models, pharmacokinetic (termed toxicokinetic) data are related to toxicologic findings that inform the design of nonclinical toxicity studies and contribute to the determination of the maximum recommended starting dose in clinical phase 1 trials. Nanomaterials present a unique challenge for disposition and pharmacokinetic investigations owing to their prolonged circulation times, nonlinear pharmacokinetic profiles, and their extensive distribution into tissues. Predictive relationships between nanomaterial physicochemical properties and behaviours in vivo are lacking and are confounded by anatomical, physiological, and immunological differences amongst preclinical animal models and humans. These challenges are poorly understood and frequently overlooked by investigators, leading to inaccurate assumptions of disposition, pharmacokinetic, and toxicokinetics profiles across species that can have profoundly detrimental impacts for nonclinical toxicity studies and clinical phase 1 trials. Herein are highlighted two research tools for analysing and interpreting disposition and pharmacokinetic data from multiple species and for extrapolating this data accurately in humans. Empirical methodologies and mechanistic mathematical modelling approaches are discussed with emphasis placed on important considerations and caveats for representing nanomaterials, such as the importance of integrating physiological variables associated with the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) into extrapolation methods for nanomaterials. The application of these tools will be examined in recent examples of investigational and clinically approved nanomaterials. Finally, strategies for applying these extrapolation tools in a complementary manner to perform dose predictions and in silico toxicity assessments in humans will be explained. A greater familiarity with the available tools and prior experiences of extrapolating nanomaterial disposition and pharmacokinetics from preclinical animal models to humans will hopefully result in a more straightforward roadmap for the clinical translation of promising nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Valic
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA, M5G 1L7
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA, M5G 1L7
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA, M5G 1L7
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Choi GW, Lee YB, Cho HY. Interpretation of Non-Clinical Data for Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic Parameters: In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation and Allometric Scaling. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E168. [PMID: 30959827 PMCID: PMC6523982 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrapolation of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters from in vitro or in vivo animal to human is one of the main tasks in the drug development process. Translational approaches provide evidence for go or no-go decision-making during drug discovery and the development process, and the prediction of human PKs prior to the first-in-human clinical trials. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation and allometric scaling are the choice of method for projection to human situations. Although these methods are useful tools for the estimation of PK parameters, it is a challenge to apply these methods since underlying biochemical, mathematical, physiological, and background knowledge of PKs are required. In addition, it is difficult to select an appropriate methodology depending on the data available. Therefore, this review covers the principles of PK parameters pertaining to the clearance, volume of distribution, elimination half-life, absorption rate constant, and prediction method from the original idea to recently developed models in order to introduce optimal models for the prediction of PK parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go-Wun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea.
| | - Yong-Bok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Hea-Young Cho
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea.
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Liederer BM, Cheong J, Chou KJ, Dragovich PS, Le H, Liang X, Ly J, Mukadam S, Oeh J, Sampath D, Wang L, Wong S. Preclinical assessment of the ADME, efficacy and drug-drug interaction potential of a novel NAMPT inhibitor. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1063-1077. [PMID: 30257601 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1528407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
GNE-617 (N-(4-((3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfonyl)benzyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-carboxamide) is a potent, selective nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor being explored as a potential treatment for human cancers. Plasma clearance was low in monkeys and dogs (9.14 mL min-1 kg-1 and 4.62 mL min-1 kg-1, respectively) and moderate in mice and rats (36.4 mL min-1 kg-1 and 19.3 mL min-1 kg-1, respectively). Oral bioavailability in mice, rats, monkeys and dogs was 29.7, 33.9, 29.4 and 65.2%, respectively. Allometric scaling predicted a low clearance of 3.3 mL min-1 kg-1 and a volume of distribution of 1.3 L kg-1 in human. Efficacy (57% tumor growth inhibition) in Colo-205 CRC tumor xenograft mice was observed at an oral dose of 15 mg/kg BID (AUC = 10.4 µM h). Plasma protein binding was moderately high. GNE-617 was stable to moderately stable in vitro. Main human metabolites identified in human hepatocytes were formed primarily by CYP3A4/5. Transporter studies suggested that GNE-617 is likely a substrate for MDR1 but not for BCRP. Simcyp® simulations suggested a low (CYP2C9 and CYP2C8) or moderate (CYP3A4/5) potential for drug-drug interactions. The potential for autoinhibition was low. Overall, GNE-617 exhibited acceptable preclinical properties and projected human PK and dose estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M Liederer
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jonathan Cheong
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Kang-Jye Chou
- b Genentech, Inc., Pharmaceutical Sciences , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Peter S Dragovich
- c Genentech, Inc., Medicinal Chemistry , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Hoa Le
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Xiaorong Liang
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Justin Ly
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Sophie Mukadam
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jason Oeh
- d Genentech, Inc., Translational Oncology , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Deepak Sampath
- d Genentech, Inc., Translational Oncology , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Leslie Wang
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Susan Wong
- a Genentech, Inc., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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Shen J, Swift B, Mamelok R, Pine S, Sinclair J, Attar M. Design and Conduct Considerations for First-in-Human Trials. Clin Transl Sci 2019; 12:6-19. [PMID: 30048046 PMCID: PMC6342261 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A milestone step in translational science to transform basic scientific discoveries into therapeutic applications is the advancement of a drug candidate from preclinical studies to initial human testing. First-in-human (FIH) trials serve as the link to advance new promising drug candidates and are conducted primarily to determine the safe dose range for further clinical development. Cross-functional collaboration is essential to ensure efficient and successful FIH trials. The aim of this publication is to serve as a tutorial for conducting FIH trials for both small molecule and biological drug candidates with topics covering regulatory requirements, preclinical safety testing, study design considerations, safety monitoring, biomarker assessment, and global considerations. An emphasis is placed on FIH trial design considerations, including starting dose selection, study size and population, dose escalation scheme, and implementation of adaptive designs. In light of the recent revision of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guideline on FIH trials to promote safety and mitigate risk, we also discuss new measures introduced in the guideline that impact FIH trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Clinical PharmacologyAllerganCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brandon Swift
- Clinical PharmacologyRoivant SciencesDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Samuel Pine
- Bioanalytical OperationsBioAgilytixHamburgGermany
| | - John Sinclair
- Nonclinical DevelopmentKodiak Sciences Inc.Palo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mayssa Attar
- Non‐Clinical and Translational SciencesAllerganCaliforniaUSA
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Ebihara T, Nishihara M, Takahashi J, Jinno F, Tagawa Y. Differences in nonclinical pharmacokinetics between species and prediction of human pharmacokinetics of TAK-272 (SCO-272), a novel orally active renin inhibitor. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:175-183. [PMID: 29474740 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the search for orally available drugs, the prediction of human pharmacokinetics (PK) is essential for successfully selecting compounds that will be clinically useful. This report describes the selection of TAK-272 (SCO-272), a novel orally active renin inhibitor, as a clinical candidate via the detailed investigation of nonclinical PK data and human PK prediction. The bioavailability (BA) of TAK-272 after oral administration to rats and monkeys was low, especially in fasted monkeys, and the systemic exposure of TAK-272 was highly variable in monkeys. The results of mass balance studies in animals suggested that the absorbed TAK-272 was largely eliminated by metabolism. In vitro studies revealed that TAK-272 was mainly metabolized by CYP3A4/5 in humans, and it was a P-glycoprotein substrate. PK analysis suggested that the factors responsible for the low BA were different in rats and monkeys. First-pass hepatic extraction was high in rats, while the fraction absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (Fa * Fg ) was low in monkeys. It was predicted that humans would have a higher BA and a longer half-life in the plasma compared with the animals by a simple calculation using intrinsic hepatic clearance in monkeys, which correlates well with human values for CYP3A4 substrates, and Fa * Fg in rats, which correlates relatively well with human values. TAK-272 was finally selected as a clinical candidate based on the result of human PK prediction. The actual human PK after oral administration of TAK-272 was comparable to the predicted profile and was preferable for clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ebihara
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nishihara
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan
| | - Junzo Takahashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Jinno
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tagawa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan
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Tang H, Mayersohn M. Porcine Prediction of Pharmacokinetic Parameters in People: A Pig in a Poke? Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1712-1724. [PMID: 30171162 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The minipig has become an animal of considerable interest in preclinical drug development. It has been used in toxicology research and in examining/establishing regulatory guidelines as a nonrodent animal model. We have reviewed some basic issues that one would want to consider in the development and testing of any animal model for humans. The pig is a reasonable alternative to the dog, but there are some clear limitations and unexplained disparities in the literature, which require further study; primary among these is the need for standardization in choice of breed and sex and routine protocols. The minipig offers numerous advantages over other established animal models, and it has similarities to the human with regard to anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry. The gastrointestinal tract is structurally and functionally similar to humans. This appears to be true for enzymes and transporters in the gut as well, but more study is needed. One major concern is assessment of oral drug absorption, especially with regard to potential food effects due to gastric emptying differences, yet this does not appear to be a consistent observation. Hepatic metabolism seems to reflect enzymatic patterns in humans, with some differences. Kidney function seems similar to humans but requires further study. We have analyzed literature data that suggest the pig would offer a reasonable model for human oral bioavailability and for allometric predictions of clearance. The minipig appears to be the model for dermal absorption in humans, and we discuss this in terms of literature data and our own in-house experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Tang
- Guangzhou Dazhou Biomedicine, Guangzhou, China (H.T., M.M.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (M.M.)
| | - Michael Mayersohn
- Guangzhou Dazhou Biomedicine, Guangzhou, China (H.T., M.M.); and Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (M.M.)
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Mahmood I. Misconceptions and issues regarding allometric scaling during the drug development process. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:843-854. [PMID: 29999428 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1499725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Allometry is the study of size and its consequences. The simple hypothesis of allometric scaling is that all physiological parameters are proportional to body size or body mass. This review examines the development of theory-based allometry or fixed exponents (0.75 and 1.0 for basal metabolic rate and volume, respectively) and the evidence for or against the theory. The main focus of this report is to show the readers that there is enough evidence from experimental data that negate the concept of theory-based allometry in biology, physiology, and pharmacokinetics. Areas covered: In this review, the history of the development of theoretical allometry and the strong evidence against theory-based allometry demonstrated by experimental data is provided. During drug development, allometry is applied to both inter-species (from animals to humans) and intra-species (adults to children) scaling. These two forms of allometric scaling in the context of theory-based allometry are discussed and provide insight on scientific progress that refute theory-based allometry. Expert opinion: Theory-based allometry is a mere theory and experimental data and real-life observations strongly negate the existence of such a theory. Pharmacostatistical and physiological models based on theory-based allometry can be misleading and incorrect because the theory-based allometric exponent 0.75 is not universal. The exponents of allometry are data dependent and are not fixed in the universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar Mahmood
- a Office of Tissue & Advance Therapies (OTAT) , Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food & Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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Horiuchi K, Ohnishi S, Matsuzaki T, Funaki S, Watanabe A, Mizutare T, Matsumoto S, Nezasa KI, Hasegawa H. Improved Human Pharmacokinetic Prediction of Hepatically Metabolized Drugs With Species-Specific Systemic Clearance. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1443-1453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Sharma A, Benbrook DM, Woo S. Pharmacokinetics and interspecies scaling of a novel, orally-bioavailable anti-cancer drug, SHetA2. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194046. [PMID: 29634717 PMCID: PMC5892888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SHetA2 is a small molecule drug with promising cancer prevention and therapeutic activity and a high preclinical safety profile. The study objectives were to perform interspecies scaling and pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling of SHetA2 for human PK prediction. The PK data obtained from mice, rats, and dogs after intravenous and oral doses were used for simultaneous fitting to PK models. The disposition of SHetA2 was best described by a two-compartment model. The absorption kinetics was well characterized with a first-order absorption model for mice and rats, and a gastrointestinal transit model for dogs. Oral administration of SHetA2 showed a relatively fast absorption in mice, prolonged absorption (i.e., flip-flop kinetics) toward high doses in rats, and an early peak followed by a secondary peak at high doses in dogs. The oral bioavailability was 17.7-19.5% at 20-60 mg/kg doses in mice, <1.6% at 100-2000 mg/kg in rats, and 11.2% at 100 mg/kg decreasing to 3.45% at 400 mg/kg and 1.11% at 1500 mg/kg in dogs. The disposition parameters were well correlated with the body weight for all species using the allometric equation, which predicted values of CL (17.3 L/h), V1 (36.2 L), V2 (68.5 L) and CLD (15.2 L/h) for a 70-kg human. The oral absorption rate and bioavailability of SHetA2 was highly dependent on species, doses, formulations, and possibly other factors. The limited bioavailability at high doses was taken into consideration for the suggested first-in-human dose, which was much lower than the dose estimated based on toxicology studies. In summary, the present study provided the PK model for SHetA2 that depicted the disposition and absorption kinetics in preclinical species, and computational tools for human PK prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Doris Mangiaracina Benbrook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Sukyung Woo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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Deng Y, Hu L, Qiang W, Cheng Z, Wang L, Wang X. TNF-α level affects etanercept clearance: TNF-α concentration as a new correction factor of allometric scaling to predict individual etanercept clearances in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:643-651. [PMID: 29436715 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Etanercept (ETN) is a widely used anti-tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) agent, which relieves the symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) by binding to TNF-α to inhibit its inflammation effects. In this study, the effect of TNF-α level on ETN clearance (CL) was investigated, and the TNF-α concentration was initially set as a correction factor for allometric scaling to improve the predictions of individual ETN CLs. Individual ETN CLs and TNF-α concentrations in healthy volunteers and patients with AS were determined by performing ETN pharmacokinetic studies in the two cohorts. Accordingly, individual ETN CLs in both healthy volunteers and patients with AS were predicted from data of two animal species using different methods, including simple allometric scaling, scaling with a correction factor of maximum life span potential or brain weight, and scaling with a correction factor of the TNF-α concentration. The accuracies of such predictions were evaluated by the percentage errors. Consequently, increased TNF-α concentration was shown to improve ETN CL, by comparing both ETN CLs and TNF-α concentrations between healthy volunteers and patients with AS. More importantly, better predictions of individual ETN CLs were achieved in patients with AS using allometric scaling with TNF-α concentration as the correction factor. In conclusion, in vivo levels of TNF-α can affect ETN CL, and allometric scaling corrected with the TNF-α concentration can be used to estimate the individual CLs of anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibodies based on preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Deng
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiang
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Lee WS, Shim SR, Lee SY, Yoo JS, Cho SK. Preclinical pharmacokinetics, interspecies scaling, and pharmacokinetics of a Phase I clinical trial of TTAC-0001, a fully human monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor 2. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:495-504. [PMID: 29563774 PMCID: PMC5848842 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s150241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background VEGF is a highly selective mitogen that serves as the central regulator of tumor angiogenesis by mediating endothelial proliferation, permeability, and survival. Tanibirumab (TTAC-0001) is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody derived from a fully human naïve single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) phage library that was developed to inhibit the effects of VEGF in the treatment of solid tumors, especially those of the brain. Methods In the present study, we conducted intravenous pharmacokinetic studies of TTAC-0001 in mice, rats, and cynomolgus monkeys. At the doses studied (3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg), TTAC-0001 exhibited dose proportionality in mice and monkeys. At a dose of ~10 mg/kg, the clearance of TTAC-0001 from serum was 0.017 mL/h in mice, 0.35 mL/h in rats, and 2.19 mL/h in cynomolgus monkeys, and the terminal half-life ranged from 20-30 h among the three species. Pharmacokinetic data in mice, rats, and cynomolgus monkeys were used to predict the pharmacokinetics of TTAC-0001 in humans using allometric scaling. The predicted serum clearance of TTAC-0001 in humans was 102.45 mL/h and the terminal half-life was 27.52 h. Results The maximum life span-corrected clearance value was 72.92 mL/h. The observed clearance in humans was more similar to the predicted scaled clearance. Conclusion We investigated the pharmacokinetics of TTAC-0001 in mice, rats, and cynomolgus monkeys after intravenous administration. At the doses studied, TTAC-0001 exhibited dose proportionality in mice and monkeys. The scaled pharmacokinetics of TTAC-0001 reported here was useful for designing first-in-human studies. Allometric scaling in the therapeutic antibody is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jin San Yoo
- PharmAbcine, Inc., Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kweon Cho
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics of Ulixertinib, a Novel ERK1/2 Inhibitor from Mice, Rats, and Dogs Pharmacokinetics. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 43:453-460. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Chrovian CC, Soyode-Johnson A, Peterson AA, Gelin CF, Deng X, Dvorak CA, Carruthers NI, Lord B, Fraser I, Aluisio L, Coe KJ, Scott B, Koudriakova T, Schoetens F, Sepassi K, Gallacher DJ, Bhattacharya A, Letavic MA. A Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction To Access 6-Methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-c]pyridines Enables the Discovery Synthesis and Preclinical Profiling of a P2X7 Antagonist Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2017; 61:207-223. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christa C. Chrovian
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Akinola Soyode-Johnson
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alexander A. Peterson
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christine F. Gelin
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiaohu Deng
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Curt A. Dvorak
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicholas I. Carruthers
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ian Fraser
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Leah Aluisio
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin J. Coe
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brian Scott
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tatiana Koudriakova
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Freddy Schoetens
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kia Sepassi
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David J. Gallacher
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael A. Letavic
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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50
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Noh K, Kang ΨW. Calculation of a First-In-Man Dose of 7- O-Succinyl Macrolactin A Based on Allometric Scaling of Data from Mice, Rats, and Dogs. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:648-658. [PMID: 28274094 PMCID: PMC5685435 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
7-O-Succinyl macrolactin A (SMA) exerts several pharmacological effects including anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, and anti-cancer activities. Recently, SMA has been extensively evaluated as an anti-cancer drug. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to characterise the pharmacokinetics of SMA via both non-compartmental and compartmental analysis in mice, rats, and dogs, and to derive an appropriate first-in-man dose based on allometric scaling of the animal data. The time courses of plasma SMA concentrations after intravenous administration to rats and dogs were analysed retrospectively, as were data collected after intraperitoneal SMA injection in mice. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated via both noncompartmental and compartmental analysis, and were correlated with body weight and/or the potential maximum life-span. The clearance and distribution volume of SMA in humans were predicted, and a first-in-man dose proposed. A two-compartment model best described the time courses of SMA plasma concentrations after a saturation elimination process was applied to fit the dataset obtained from rats. Incorporation of the maximum potential life-span during allometric scaling was required to improve the estimation of human clearance. The SMA clearance and the distribution volume in the steady state, in a 70-kg adult male, were estimated to be 30.6 L/h and 19.5 L, respectively. To meet the area under the curve (AUC) required for anti-tumour activity, a dose of 100 mg (∼1.5 mg/kg) was finally proposed as the first dose for a 70-kg human. Although toxicological profiles derived from non-clinical studies must be considered before any final decision is made, our work will facilitate clinical studies on SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumhan Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ψ Wonku Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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