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Tiwari N, Aggarwal G, Jain GK, Mittal G. Multi-drug loaded microneedles for emergency treatment of snakebite envenomation. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Supraja A, Dinesh MG, Rajasekaran S, Balaji TM, Rao SR. Effect of Cyclosporin A and Angiotensin II on cytosolic calcium levels in primary human gingival fibroblasts. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2016; 13:405-412. [PMID: 27857765 PMCID: PMC5090998 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.192276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To evaluate the effect of Cyclosporin A (CsA) and angiotensin II (Ang II) on cytosolic calcium levels in cultured human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Materials and Methods: Healthy gingival samples from six volunteers were obtained, and primary HGFs were cultured. Cell viability and proliferation assay were performed to identify the ideal concentrations of CsA and Ang II. Cytosolic calcium levels in cultured gingival fibroblasts treated with CsA and Ang II were studied using colorimetric assay, confocal and fluorescence imaging. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS software and GraphPad Prism. Results: Higher levels of cytosolic levels were evident in cells treated with CsA and Ang II when compared to control group and was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in both colorimetric assay and confocal imaging. Fluorescent images of the cultured HGFs revealed the same. Conclusion: Thus calcium being a key player in major cellular functions, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of drug-induced gingival overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajitkumar Supraja
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugan Girija Dinesh
- Centres for Indian Systems of Medicine Quality Assurance and Standardization, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subbarayan Rajasekaran
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thodur Madapusi Balaji
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Ranga Rao
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Maes M, Vinken M, Jaeschke H. Experimental models of hepatotoxicity related to acute liver failure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 290:86-97. [PMID: 26631581 PMCID: PMC4691574 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure can be the consequence of various etiologies, with most cases arising from drug-induced hepatotoxicity in Western countries. Despite advances in this field, the management of acute liver failure continues to be one of the most challenging problems in clinical medicine. The availability of adequate experimental models is of crucial importance to provide a better understanding of this condition and to allow identification of novel drug targets, testing the efficacy of new therapeutic interventions and acting as models for assessing mechanisms of toxicity. Experimental models of hepatotoxicity related to acute liver failure rely on surgical procedures, chemical exposure or viral infection. Each of these models has a number of strengths and weaknesses. This paper specifically reviews commonly used chemical in vivo and in vitro models of hepatotoxicity associated with acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, United States
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Jaeschke H, Williams CD, McGill MR, Xie Y, Ramachandran A. Models of drug-induced liver injury for evaluation of phytotherapeutics and other natural products. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:279-89. [PMID: 23353004 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracts from medicinal plants, many of which have been used for centuries, are increasingly tested in models of hepatotoxicity. One of the most popular models to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of natural products is acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury, although other hepatotoxicity models such as carbon tetrachloride, thioacetamide, ethanol and endotoxin are occasionally used. APAP overdose is a clinically relevant model of drug-induced liver injury. Critical mechanisms and signaling pathways, which trigger necrotic cell death and sterile inflammation, are discussed. Although there is increasing understanding of the pathophysiology of APAP-induced liver injury, the mechanism is complex and prone to misinterpretation, especially when unknown chemicals such as plant extracts are tested. This review discusses the fundamental aspects that need to be considered when using this model, such as selection of the animal species or in vitro system, timing and dose-responses of signaling events, metabolic activation and protein adduct formation, the role of lipid peroxidation and apoptotic versus necrotic cell death, and the impact of the ensuing sterile inflammatory response. The goal is to enable researchers to select the appropriate model and experimental conditions for testing of natural products that will yield clinically relevant results and allow valid interpretations of the pharmacological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Gaafa KM, Badawy MM, Hamza AA. The protective effects of ascorbic acid, cimetidine, and nifidipine on diethyldithiocarbamate-induced hepatic toxicity in albino rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:405-19. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2011.586035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wu J, Danielsson A, Zern MA. Toxicity of hepatotoxins: new insights into mechanisms and therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 8:585-607. [PMID: 15992118 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.5.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Liver injury caused by hepatotoxins, such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), ethanol, and acetaminophen (APAP), is characterised by varying degrees of hepatocyte degeneration and cell death via either apoptosis or necrosis. The generation of reactive intermediate metabolites from the metabolism of hepatotoxins, and the occurrence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the inflammatory reaction account for a variety of pathophysiologic pathways leading to cell death, such as covalent binding, disordered cytosolic calcium homeostasis, glutathione (GSH) depletion, onset of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and associated lipid peroxidation. The metabolism of hepatotoxins by cytochrome P-450 enzyme subtypes is a key step of the intoxication; therefore, enzyme inhibitors are shown to minimise the hepatotoxin-associated liver damage. Understanding the function of transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in acute liver injury, may provide some answers as to the molecular mechanisms of toxic insults. Moreover, substantial evidence exists that MPT is involved in ROS-associated hepatocellular injury and new findings offer a novel therapeutic approach to attenuate cell damage by blocking the onset of MPT. Thus, oxidant stress and lipid peroxidation are crucial elements leading to hepatotoxin-associated liver injury. In addition to specific treatment for a given hepatotoxin, the general strategy for prevention and treatment of the damage includes reducing the production of reactive metabolites of the hepatotoxins, using anti-oxidative agents, and selectively targeting therapeutics to Kupffer cells or hepatocytes for on-going processes, which play a role in mediating a second phase of the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Room 901, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5083, USA.
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Vijayalakshmi V, Naseem B, Khan AA, Capoor AK, Habibullah CM. Comparison of biochemical and cytotoxic functions of hepatocytes from goat, pig and human fetuses. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19:1029-35. [PMID: 15304121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To overcome the problem of shortage of donor organs, xenotransplantation of cells offers an alternative to orthotopic transplantation. Of the higher animals, the pig is considered as a suitable donor because of the similarity in size and function of pig organs to human organs. However, successful transplantation of pig organs/cells for human therapy is limited by hyperacute rejection, improper functioning of xenografts and the risk of transmission of endogenous retroviruses to the recipient. Thus, there is a pressing need to explore an alternate mammalian source to bridge the gap between the donor and the recipient waiting for transplantation. This has warranted us to explore the application of goat hepatocytes as a treatment modality in acute liver failure. METHODS In the present investigation, isolated goat hepatocytes were assessed for their viability, membrane integrity, synthetic and cytotoxic functions, and compared with the hepatocytes of pig and human fetuses (28-36 weeks). RESULTS The isolated hepatocytes from goat, pig and human fetuses were comparable in their viability, membrane integrity and synthetic functions. However, the cytotoxic functions assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2 thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay demonstrated a significant reduction in the viability of the pig hepatocytes (38%) as compared with the goat and human fetal hepatocytes, which retained their viability (98%) on incubation with normal human serum. CONCLUSION These observations are significant as they suggest that goat hepatocytes probably can be explored as a source for cell therapy in the treatment of acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vijayalakshmi
- Center For Liver Research and Diagnostics, Owaisi Hospital and Research Center, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, India
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Cheng JS, Jan CR. Effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid on intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations in hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2002; 16:485-90. [PMID: 12206814 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(02)00051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on Ca(2+) signaling in human hepatoma cells (HA22/VGH) has been investigated. NDGA (5-50 microM) increased [Ca(2+)](i) concentration-dependently. The [Ca(2+)](i) increase comprised an initial rise and an elevated phase over a time period of 4 min. Removal of extracellular Ca(2+) reduced 10-50 microM NDGA induced [Ca(2+)](i) signals by 45+/-5%. Consistently, the 50 microM NDGA-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase in Ca(2+)-containing medium was reduced by 41+/-2% by 10 microM of La(3+), nifedipine or verapamil. In Ca(2+)-free medium, pretreatment with 20 microM NDGA for 6 min abolished the [Ca(2+)](i) increase induced by the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitor thapsigargin (1 microM). Conversely, 20 microM NDGA failed to increase [Ca(2+)](i) after 1 microM thapsigargin had depleted the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) store. Inhibition of phospholipase C with 2 microM U73122 had little effect on 20 microM NDGA-induced Ca(2+) release. Several other lipoxygenase inhibitors had no effect on basal [Ca(2+)](i). Together, the data suggest that NDGA increased [Ca(2+)](i) in hepatocytes in a lipoxygenase-independent manner, by releasing Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum and causing Ca(2+) influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shiung Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
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Igarashi M, Yamaguchi H, Hirata A, Tsuchiya H, Ohnuma H, Tominaga M, Daimon M, Kato T. Mechanisms of inhibitory effects of cerivastatin on rat vascular smooth muscle cell growth. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002; 40:277-87. [PMID: 12131557 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200208000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism(s) of an inhibitory effect of cerivastatin on cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth. After being starved, cultured VSMCs were stimulated by 5% fetal bovine serum with either various concentrations of cerivastatin or 10-4 M of mevalonate. Cerivastatin dose-dependently decreased the values of [3H]-thymidine incorporation and cell numbers and the level of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2. It also suppressed the level of proliferative cell nuclear antigen in a dose-dependent manner. These reductions were abolished by the addition of mevalonate. Similarly, the level of phosphorylated p38 was also decreased by cerivastatin. In contrast, cerivastatin dose-dependently activated the phosphorylation of both c-jun NH2-terminal protein kinase and activating transcription factor-2, and these activations were abolished by the addition of mevalonate. The levels of phosphorylated Akt and p70 S6 kinase as well as those of Bcl-2 were dose-dependently reduced by cerivastatin, and these reductions were abolished by the addition of mevalonate. Cerivastatin could dose-dependently elevate the levels of CPP32/caspase-3 activity and cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments in VSMCs without causing cytotoxicity. These results indicate that cerivastatin suppresses cell survival and activates the apoptotic cellular signaling in VSMCs, suggesting that it could be effective for preventing the progression of restenosis after angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Igarashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Hirata A, Igarashi M, Yamaguchi H, Suwabe A, Daimon M, Kato T, Tominaga M. Nifedipine suppresses neointimal thickening by its inhibitory effect on vascular smooth muscle cell growth via a MEK-ERK pathway coupling with Pyk2. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:1521-30. [PMID: 11139427 PMCID: PMC1572490 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether nifedipine could suppress an atherogenic process such as balloon-injured intimal thickening in vivo and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in vitro. First, we examined the in vivo effect of nifedipine to determine whether it could suppress intimal thickening induced by balloon catheterization. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups (L, nifedipine 0.3 mg kg(-1) day(-1); H, nifedipine 3 mg kg(-1) day(-1); C, no nifedipine), and Alzet((R)) osmotic pumps were implanted in their backs for continuous administration. The neointimal layers were completely occupied by proliferated VSMC, and the area ratios of neointima/media treated with nifedipine significantly decreased dose-dependently compared to those of the control. Neither blood pressure nor lipid levels changed among the three groups. We next evaluated the in vitro effect of nifedipine on the proliferation of cultured rat VSMC. Nifedipine decreased the values of [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and total cellular protein content as well as the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2, and even the phosphorylation of Pyk2, in dose-dependent fashions. In addition, nifedipine suppressed the levels of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) dose-dependently in both VSMC and balloon-injured thoracic aortae. These results indicate that nifedipine has an inhibitory effect on intimal thickening by attenuating intimal VSMC proliferation, suggesting that nifedipine could be effective for preventing the progression of atherosclerotic plaque as in restenosis after angioplasty.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/analysis
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/chemistry
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Catheterization
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 2
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lipids/blood
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Nifedipine/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/drug effects
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/drug effects
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/drug effects
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tunica Intima/chemistry
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Media/chemistry
- Tunica Media/drug effects
- Tunica Media/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hirata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masahiko Igarashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Akira Suwabe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takeo Kato
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Ellouk-Achard S, Djenabi S, De Oliveira GA, Desauty G, Duc HT, Zohair M, Trojan J, Claude JR, Sarasin A, Lafarge-Frayssinet C. Induction of apoptosis in rat hepatocarcinoma cells by expression of IGF-I antisense c-DNA. J Hepatol 1998; 29:807-18. [PMID: 9833920 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We have developed a gene therapy strategy based on the observation that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is necessary for the acquisition and maintenance of the transformed phenotype in hepatocarcinoma. This strategy consists in transfecting the rat hepatoma cell line with an episomal vector expressing the antisense IGF-I c-DNA under the control of the metallothionein I promoter inducible by zinc, decreasing therefore the level of IGF-I in these cells. The transfected clones lost their tumorigenic properties, and were able to induce, in vivo, the regression of an established tumor in syngeneic rats. To understand the loss of tumorigenic properties of these transfected clones, we have quantified, by different approaches, the number of apoptotic cells according to the level of IGF-I expression. METHODS IGF-I antisense synthesis in transfected cells was stimulated using zinc. We then characterized and quantified apoptosis, in these transfected clones, by morphological and DNA fragmentation analyses, flow cytometry and comet assay. RESULTS We have demonstrated that IGF-I inhibits the development of apoptosis in parental cells, that the transfected clones are able to restore the spontaneous apoptotic programme, and that apoptosis increases massively when overexpression of IGF-I antisense is caused by zinc stimulation of the metallothionein I promoter. CONCLUSION The present results allow us to conclude that the level of apoptotic pathway in liver cell lines is directly related to the amount of IGF-I deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ellouk-Achard
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 42, Villejuif, France
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