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Sriram S, Macedo T, Mavinkurve‐Groothuis A, van de Wetering M, Looijenga LHJ. Alkylating agents-induced gonadotoxicity in prepubertal males: Insights on the clinical and preclinical front. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13866. [PMID: 38965809 PMCID: PMC11224131 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Rising cure rates in pediatric cancer patients warrants an increased attention toward the long-term consequences of the diagnosis and treatment in survivors. Chemotherapeutic agents can be gonadotoxic, rendering them at risk for infertility post-survival. While semen cryopreservation is an option that can be provided for most (post)pubertal boys before treatment, this is unfortunately not an option prepubertal in age, simply due to the lack of spermatogenesis. Over the last couple of years, studies have thus focused on better understanding the testis niche in response to various chemotherapeutic agents that are commonly administered and their direct and indirect impact on the germ cell populations. These are generally compounds that have a high risk of infertility and have been classified into risk categories in curated fertility guidelines. However, with it comes the lack of evidence and the challenge of using informative models and conditions most reflective of the physiological scenario, in short, the appropriate study designs for clinically relevant outcomes. Besides, the exact mechanism(s) of action for many of these "risk" compounds as well as other agents is unclear. Understanding their behavior and effect on the testis niche will pave the way for incorporating new strategies to ultimately combat infertility. Of the various drug classes, alkylating agents pose the highest risk of gonadotoxicity as per previously established studies as well as risk stratification guidelines. Therefore, this review will summarize the findings in the field of male fertility concerning gonadotoxicity of akylating agents as a result of chemotherapy exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Sriram
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Tiago Macedo
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Fan Q, He R, Li Y, Gao P, Huang R, Li R, Zhang J, Li H, Liang X. Studying the effect of hyperoside on recovery from cyclophosphamide induced oligoasthenozoospermia. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2023; 69:333-346. [PMID: 37578152 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2023.2241600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Oligoasthenozoospermia is becoming a serious problem, but effective prevention or treatment is lacking. Hyperoside, one of the main active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine, may be effective in the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia. In this study, we used cyclophosphamide (CTX: 50 mg/kg) to establish a mouse model of Oligoasthenozoospermia to investigate the therapeutic effect of hyperoside (30 mg/kg) on CTX-induced oligoasthenozoospermia. All mice were divided into four groups: blank control group (Control), treatment control group (Hyp), disease group (CTX) and treatment group (CTX + H). Mice body weight, testicular weight, sperm parameters and testicular histology were used to assess the reproductive capacity of mice and to explore the underlying mechanism of hyperoside in the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia by assessing hormone levels, protein levels of molecules related to hormone synthesis and transcript levels of important genes related to spermatogenesis. Treatment with hyperoside significantly improved sperm density, sperm viability and testicular function compared to untreated oligoasthenozoospermia mice. In mechanism, treatment with hyperoside resulted in significant improvement in pathological changes in spermatogenic tubules, with an increase in testosterone production, and upregulations of Protein Kinase CAMP-Activated Catalytic Subunit Beta (PRKACB), Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (STAR), and Cytochrome P450 Family 17 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP17A1) for testosterone production. Hyperoside also promoted the cell cycle of germ cells and up-regulated meiosis and spermatogenesis-related genes, including DNA Meiotic Recombinase 1 (Dmc1), Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (Atm) and RAD21 Cohesin Complex Component (Rad21). In conclusion, hyperoside exerted protective effects on oligoasthenozoospermia mice by regulating testosterone production, meiosis and sperm maturation of germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruifen He
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pu Gao
- Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Runchun Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Gynecologic Oncology Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Gynecologic Oncology Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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Involvement of Cytokines and Hormones in the Development of Spermatogenesis In Vitro from Spermatogonial Cells of Cyclophosphamide-Treated Immature Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041672. [PMID: 33562323 PMCID: PMC7914946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive chemotherapy treatment may lead to male infertility. Prepubertal boys do not produce sperm at this age, however, they have spermatogonial stem cells in their testes. Here, we examined the effect of intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CP) on the capacity of immature mice (IM) to develop spermatogenesis in vivo and in vitro [using methylcellulose culture system (MCS)]. Our results show a significant decrease in testicular weight, total number of testicular cells, and the number of Sertoli, peritubular, premeiotic, and meiotic/post-meiotic cells, but an increase in the percentages of damaged seminiferous tubules in CP-treated IM compared to control. The functionality of Sertoli cells was significantly affected. The addition of testosterone to isolated cells from seminiferous tubules of CP-treated IM significantly increased the percentages of premeiotic (CD9-positive cells) and meiotic/post-meiotic cells (ACROSIN-positive cells) developed in MCS compared to control. The addition of FSH did not affect developed cells in MCS compared to control, but in combination with testosterone, it significantly decreased the percentages of CD9-positive cells and ACROSIN-positive cells. The addition of IL-1 did not affect developed cells in MCS compared to control, but in combination with testosterone, it significantly increased the percentages of VASA-positive cells and BOULE-positive cells compared to IL-1 or testosterone. Addition of TNF significantly increased only CD9-positive cells in MCS compared to control, but in combination with testosterone, it significantly decreased ACROSIN-positive cells compared to testosterone. Our results show a significant impairment of spermatogenesis in the testes of CP-treated IM, and that spermatogonial cells from these mice proliferate and differentiate to meiotic/post-meiotic cells under in vitro culture conditions.
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Delessard M, Saulnier J, Dumont L, Rives-Feraille A, Rives N, Rondanino C. Paradoxical risk of reduced fertility after exposure of prepubertal mice to vincristine or cyclophosphamide at low gonadotoxic doses in humans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17859. [PMID: 33082498 PMCID: PMC7576200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment can have long-term side effects in cured patients and infertility is one of them. Given the urgency of diagnosis in children with cancer, the toxicity of treatments on the gonad was overshadowed for a long time. In the present study, prepubertal mice were treated by vincristine or cyclophosphamide commonly used in acute leukaemia treatment. The prepubertal exposure to cyclophosphamide, at a low gonadotoxic dose in humans (< 3.5 g/m2), led to morphological alterations of prepubertal testicular tissue. An increased proportion of spermatozoa with hypocondensed chromatin and oxidized DNA associated with decreased fertility were uncovered at adulthood. Short- and long-term morphological alterations of the testicular tissue, disturbed progression of spermatogenesis along with increased proportions of isolated flagella and spermatozoa with fragmented DNA were evidenced in vincristine-treated mice. Moreover, the fertility of mice exposed to vincristine was severely affected despite being considered low-risk for fertility in humans. Paternal exposure to vincristine or cyclophosphamide before puberty had no impact on offspring development. Contrary to the current gonadotoxic risk classification, our results using a mouse model show that vincristine and cyclophosphamide (< 3.5 g/m2) present a high gonadotoxic risk when administered before the initiation of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Delessard
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Justine Saulnier
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Ludovic Dumont
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Aurélie Rives-Feraille
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Nathalie Rives
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Christine Rondanino
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France.
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Allen CM, Lopes F, Mitchell RT, Spears N. How does chemotherapy treatment damage the prepubertal testis? Reproduction 2018; 156:R209-R233. [PMID: 30394705 PMCID: PMC6347281 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy treatment is a mainstay of anticancer regimens, significantly contributing to the recent increase in childhood cancer survival rates. Conventional cancer therapy targets not only malignant but also healthy cells resulting in side effects including infertility. For prepubertal boys, there are currently no fertility preservation strategies in use, although several potential methods are under investigation. Most of the current knowledge in relation to prepubertal gonadotoxicity has been deduced from adult studies; however, the prepubertal testis is relatively quiescent in comparison to the adult. This review provides an overview of research to date in humans and animals describing chemotherapy-induced prepubertal gonadotoxicity, focusing on direct gonadal damage. Testicular damage is dependent upon the agent, dosage, administration schedule and age/pubertal status at time of treatment. The chemotherapy agents investigated so far target the germ cell population activating apoptotic pathways and may also impair Sertoli cell function. Due to use of combined chemotherapy agents for patients, the impact of individual drugs is hard to define, however, use of in vivo and in vitro animal models can overcome this problem. Furthering our understanding of how chemotherapy agents target the prepubertal testis will provide clarity to patients on the gonadotoxicity of different drugs and aid in the development of cytoprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Lopes
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Norah Spears
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Smart E, Lopes F, Rice S, Nagy B, Anderson RA, Mitchell RT, Spears N. Chemotherapy drugs cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and doxorubicin induce germ cell loss in an in vitro model of the prepubertal testis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1773. [PMID: 29379115 PMCID: PMC5788858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long term survival rates for childhood cancers is steadily increasing, however cancer survivors can experience fertility problems as a consequence of chemotherapy treatment. This is particularly problematic for young boys, for whom no fertility preservation treatment is yet established. Here, we have determined the effects on prepubertal mouse testis of three commonly used chemotherapy drugs; cyclophosphamide (using its active metabolite phosphoramide mustard), cisplatin and doxorubicin, exposing testicular fragments to a clinically relevant range of concentrations in vitro. All three drugs induced a specific and highly significant loss of germ cells, including spermatogonial stem cells. In contrast, there was no significant effect on somatic cells, for either Sertoli or interstitial cells. Time course analysis of cleaved Caspase-3 expression showed a significant increase in apoptosis eight hours prior to a detectable decrease in germ cell numbers following exposure to phosphoramide mustard or cisplatin, although this pattern was not seen following doxorubicin-exposure. Moreover, analysis of DNA damage at 16 h showed increased γH2AX expression in response to all three drugs. Overall, results show that cisplatin, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide all specifically induce loss of germ cells, including of spermatogonial stem cells, in the prepubertal mouse testis at concentrations relevant to human therapeutic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Smart
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Center for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Lopes
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan Rice
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS,, United Kingdom
| | - Boglarka Nagy
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Norah Spears
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The 1CH (International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) Guideline for Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products, adopted at the Second ICH Conference in Orlando, FL, U.S.A., emphasized the need for research into the suitability of various methods for the detection of effects on fertility in males. The current project was undertaken to compare the efficiency of methods by evaluating reports in the open literature. The results of the examination of 117 substances or substance classes support the view that histopathology and organ weight analysis provide the best general-purpose means of detecting substances with the potential to affect male fertility. Examinations at up to 4 weeks of treatment appear to be as effective as examinations conducted at later times. Mating with females for detection of effects unrelated to interference with sperm production appears to provide an optimal combination because adding other methodologies does not materially improve the detection rate. As to the timing of the mating trial, a 2-week premating period is as efficient as mating at 4 weeks and apparently more efficient than mating after prolonged premating treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Ulbrich
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Berlin, Germany; Huntingdon Research Centre, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England
| | - Anthony K. Palmer
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Berlin, Germany; Huntingdon Research Centre, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England
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Drumond AL, Weng CC, Wang G, Chiarini-Garcia H, Eras-Garcia L, Meistrich ML. Effects of multiple doses of cyclophosphamide on mouse testes: accessing the germ cells lost, and the functional damage of stem cells. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:395-406. [PMID: 22001253 PMCID: PMC3236636 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is sensitive to the chemotherapeutic drug cyclophosphamide, which decreases the patients' sperm count. Since the recovery of fertility is dependent on regeneration from stem cells, in the present study we evaluated the ability of cyclophosphamide-exposed stem spermatogonia from mice to regenerate spermatogenesis in situ and after transplantation. When seven doses of cyclophosphamide were given at 4-day intervals, the differentiating germ cells were largely eliminated but ~50% of the undifferentiated type A spermatogonia remained. We monitored the recovery and found that sperm production recovered to 64% of control within the time expected. When the cyclophosphamide-surviving spermatogonia were transplanted into recipient mice, recovery of spermatogenesis from the cyclophosphamide-exposed donor cells was observed, but was reduced when compared to cells from cryptorchid donors. Thus, multidose regimens of cyclophosphamide did not eliminate the stem spermatogonia, but resulted in cell loss and residual damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Drumond
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, 77030, Houston/TX, USA
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil
| | - Connie C. Weng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, 77030, Houston/TX, USA
| | - Gensheng Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, 77030, Houston/TX, USA
| | - Helio Chiarini-Garcia
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil
| | - Leticia Eras-Garcia
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil
| | - Marvin L. Meistrich
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, 77030, Houston/TX, USA
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Santos FV, Mesquita SF, Faria MJS, Poersh A, Maciel MAM, Pinto AC, Morimoto HK, Cólus IMS. Absence of mutagenicity in somatic and germ cells of mice submitted to subchronic treatment with an extract of Croton cajucara Benth. (Euphorbiaceae). Genet Mol Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572006000100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kenney LB, Nicholson HS, Brasseux C, Mills JL, Robison LL, Zeltzer LK, Meadows AT, Reaman GH, Byrne J. Birth defects in offspring of adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A Childrens Cancer Group/National Institutes of Health Report. Cancer 1996; 78:169-76. [PMID: 8646713 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960701)78:1<169::aid-cncr23>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known if therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during childhood increases the risk of birth defects in the offspring of adult survivors. The Childrens Cancer Group (CCG), in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health (NIH), conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults successfully treated for childhood ALL to determine if their offspring had an increased incidence of birth defects compared with the offspring of their sibling controls. METHODS Study subjects were patients who had been enrolled on CCG ALL protocols, who were treated for ALL prior to age 20, who survived at least 2 years, and who were at least age 18. Survivors (N=593) and sibling controls (N=409) were interviewed by telephone. RESULTS The mean age of survivors was 22.6 years; the mean age of controls was 25.2 years. Among survivors, 93 (15.7%) had given birth to or fathered a total of 140 live-born offspring, (mean age, 3.4 years), and 122 (29.8%) sibling controls had given birth to or fathered a total of 228 live-born offspring (mean age, 5.9 years). There was no difference in the rate of birth defects between offspring of survivors and offspring of controls (3.6% [5 of 140] vs. 3.5% [8 of 228]; relative risk, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.34, 3.05). No specific ALL therapy was associated with an increased rate of birth defects. Only female survivors reported offspring with birth defects (P=0.0735). CONCLUSIONS Adult survivors of childhood ALL in our study were not at greater risk for having offspring with birth defects compared with sibling controls. Although this is the largest group of ALL survivors studied to date, the number of offspring is still not large enough to detect small but significant differences in rare events such as birth defects. Studies following this cohort into later adulthood and studies of additional ALL survivors are necessary to adequately quantify the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Kenney
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Hales BF, Crosman K, Robaire B. Increased postimplantation loss and malformations among the F2 progeny of male rats chronically treated with cyclophosphamide. TERATOLOGY 1992; 45:671-8. [PMID: 1412060 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420450612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide, administered to the male rat, produces increased pre- and postimplantation loss in the progeny as well as an increase in the numbers of malformed and growth retarded fetuses. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the adverse effects of chronic paternal cyclophosphamide exposure are transmissible to the next generation, the F2 progeny. Adult male rats were treated by gavage daily with saline or with cyclophosphamide (3.4 or 5.1 mg/kg) for 4 or 18 weeks and mated. The male and female offspring in each treatment group (F1 generation) were randomly mated. The resulting pregnant females were killed on day 20 of gestation to evaluate progeny outcome in the F2 generation. There was a significant increase in postimplantation loss among the offspring of the group whose fathers had been treated with cyclophosphamide at a dose of 5.1 mg/kg/day. Exposure to a dose of 5.1 mg/kg/day of cyclophosphamide also resulted in an F2 generation with a significantly decreased mean fetal weight per litter and a significant increase in the number of malformed fetuses. The malformations observed among the F2 progeny included open eyes, omphalocele, generalized edema, syndactyly, gigantism, and dwarfism. Thus, exposure of the father to cyclophosphamide does result in a specific and heritable alteration in the fertility of the surviving "apparently normal" F1 progeny. Interestingly, the adverse consequences of exposure of male rats to cyclophosphamide are similar in the F2 generation to those previously reported for the F1 progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kelly SM, Robaire B, Hales BF. Paternal cyclophosphamide treatment causes postimplantation loss via inner cell mass-specific cell death. TERATOLOGY 1992; 45:313-8. [PMID: 1631784 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420450310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of the father with the anticancer alkylating agent cyclophosphamide has negative effects on embryonic development in the rat. Four-week treatment of male rats with a low dose of cyclophosphamide causes a dramatic, dose-dependent increase in postimplantation death of the progeny. Several recent studies have indicated that the paternal genome is required for the development of the extraembryonic tissues. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine which tissues of the implanting embryo were affected by paternal exposure to cyclophosphamide. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given cyclophosphamide (6 mg/kg/day) or saline by gavage and bred to untreated female rats after 4 weeks of treatment. Pregnant female rats were killed on day 7 of gestation, and implantation sites were dissected from the uterus, fixed, embedded in Epon for semithin serial sectioning, and stained for subsequent light microscopy. Strikingly, many of the implantation sites of affected embryos sired by treated males displayed an apparently normal trophectoderm enclosing a region of dying cells, containing dark-stained pyknotic nuclei. Very few or no inner cell mass-derived embryonic cells were present in these implantation sites. Therefore, there is a selective death of inner cell mass-derived cells in day 7 implantation sites obtained from the progeny of cyclophosphamide-treated males. The results of this study suggest that treatment of the male with cyclophosphamide can affect paternal genes specifically required for development of the inner cell mass cells of the embryo, without an apparent effect on those genes required for normal trophectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Eugui EM, Mirkovich A, Allison AC. Lymphocyte-selective antiproliferative and immunosuppressive effects of mycophenolic acid in mice. Scand J Immunol 1991; 33:175-83. [PMID: 2017655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb03747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA), administered orally to mice, inhibits the formation of antibodies to sheep erythrocytes. MPA also suppresses, in a dose-related manner, the generation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against allogeneic cells in mice and prevents the elimination of allogeneic cells. However, short-term of T lymphocytes with therapeutically attainable doses of MPA does not inhibit the effector phase of cytotoxicity. Doses of MPA sufficient to prevent allograft rejection in mice inhibit the incorporation of labelled thymidine into DNA in the lymph nodes and spleen of mice but not in the germinal cells of the testis or in the basal epithelial cells of the jejunum; they do not produce neutropenia, anaemia or thrombocytopenia. These observations show that MPA has lymphocyte-selective anti-proliferative effects in vivo and can inhibit both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses without major side effects. Reasons why MPA has advantages over currently used and recently identified immunosuppressive drugs are discussed. The experimental system described provides a convenient in vivo assay for the capacity of drugs to inhibit allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Eugui
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Syntex Research, Palo Alto, California 94304
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Abstract
Anguidine (diacetoxyscirpenol, DAS) and other trichothecene mycotoxins are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis and injure organs with rapidly dividing cell populations, including the testis. Testicular structure and function were studied in male Lewis rats 1, 3, 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after exposure at age 12 weeks to anguidine at 1.7 mg/kg body weight given by ip injection. The dose was equivalent to 75% of the ip LD50. Anguidine caused a gradual decline in testicular weight beginning 30 days after treatment. Sperm production was also reduced by 30 days, and the frequency of hypocellular seminiferous tubules increased by day 60. There was no evidence of recovery by 90 days. These changes are consistent with injury to proliferating cells early in the maturation sequence. Epididymal sperm reserves were reduced by 3 days after anguidine administration, prior to the reduction in sperm production, suggesting premature release of spermatozoa from the epididymis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Conner
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
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