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Sołtys A, Bidzan M, Tyburski E. The Moderating Effects of Personal Resources on Caregiver Burden in Carers of Alzheimer's Patients. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:772050. [PMID: 34916974 PMCID: PMC8669799 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.772050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caring for persons with Alzheimer's disease can be an extremely difficult experience. To date, there has been a lack of research into the role of intermediary variables in the relationship between caregiver personality and psychosocial functioning. The growing numbers of dementia patients worldwide mean that more people are involved in their care, making research into this area a pressing concern. Both a caregiver's personality and personal resources play a key role in their capacity to cope with stressful situations. In order to determine how personal resources moderate the relationship between personality and burden of care, a total of 100 caregivers of Alzheimer's patients (78 women and 22 men) were asked to complete a set of questionnaires to assess personality, personal resources (sense of coherence, generalized self-efficacy, and perceived social support), as well as their levels of stress, depression, and commitment to care. Structural equation modeling and latent growth analysis suggest that personal resources explain the mechanisms underlying burden of care and moderate its relationship with personality. Our findings indicate that personal resources are a critical predictor of burden of care. Therefore, caregivers must be provided with appropriate support, taking into account their resources and personality profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sołtys
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariola Bidzan
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ernest Tyburski
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Sołtys A, Tyburski E. Predictors of mental health problems in formal and informal caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:435. [PMID: 32887576 PMCID: PMC7487573 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring for a person with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with significant mental burden e.g., depression and anxiety, and difficulties with social, familial, and professional functioning. To date, few studies have examined variables which would allow for a comprehensive and detailed study of the relationship between personal resources and caregiver health status, with a majority of studies focusing on factors that contribute to increased caregiver's burden. Moreover, the available evidence fails to address differences in the functioning of formal and informal carers. Paying proper attention to the problems of nursing home staff can help identify important risk factors. Therefore, this study compared mental health problems in informal and formal caregivers and examined the relationship between mental resources and mental health problems in both groups of caregivers. METHODS This cross-sectional study examined 100 formal (n = 50) and informal (n = 50) caregivers of AD patients. Personal resources were measured with the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ), the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and the Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (SCQ), while mental health was assessed with the Depression Assessment Questionnaire (DAQ) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Multivariate stepwise regression was performed separately for both investigated groups. RESULTS There were no significant differences between informal and formal caregivers in terms of psychological variables, i.e., sense of coherence, social support, self-efficacy, or mental health problems. In contrast, there were different significant predictors of mental health problems in both groups. Comprehensibility (SCQ) was a significant predictor of mental health problems measured by DAQ and self-efficacy (GSES) was a significant predictor of mental health problems measured by GHQ in informal caregivers. For formal caregivers, emotional support (SSQ) and comprehensibility (SCQ) were significant predictors of mental health problems measured by DAQ, while tangible support (SSQ) and meaningfulness (SCQ) were significant predictors of mental health problems measured by GHQ. CONCLUSIONS Personal resources are significant predictors of mental health outcomes in caregivers of AD patients. Preventive actions should therefore include assessment of factors affecting caregivers' mental health in order to provide them with necessary care and create appropriate support groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sołtys
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, 69 Krakowska str, 71-017 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ernest Tyburski
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 10 Kutrzeby str, 61-719 Poznan, Poland
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Spitznagel MB, Jacobson DM, Cox MD, Carlson MD. Predicting caregiver burden in general veterinary clients: Contribution of companion animal clinical signs and problem behaviors. Vet J 2018; 236:23-30. [PMID: 29871745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Caregiver burden, found in many clients with a chronically or terminally ill companion animal, has been linked to poorer psychosocial function in the client and greater utilization of non-billable veterinary services. To reduce client caregiver burden, its determinants must first be identified. This study examined if companion animal clinical signs and problem behaviors predict veterinary client burden within broader client- and patient-based risk factor models. Data were collected in two phases. Phase 1 included 238 companion animal owners, including those with a sick companion animal (n=119) and matched healthy controls (n=119) recruited online. Phase 2 was comprised of 602 small animal general veterinary hospital clients (n=95 with a sick dog or cat). Participants completed cross-sectional online assessments of caregiver burden, psychosocial resources (social support, active coping, self-mastery), and an item pool of companion animal clinical signs and problem behaviors. Several signs/behaviors correlated with burden, most prominently: weakness, appearing sad/depressed or anxious, appearing to have pain/discomfort, change in personality, frequent urination, and excessive sleeping/lethargy. Within patient-based risk factors, caregiver burden was predicted by frequency of the companion animal's signs/behaviors (P<.01). Within client-based factors, potentially modifiable factors of client reaction to the animal's signs/behaviors (P=.01), and client sense of control (P<.04) predicted burden. Understanding burden may enhance veterinarian-client communication, and is important due to potential downstream effects of client burden, such as higher workload for the veterinarian. Supporting the client's sense of control may help alleviate burden when amelioration of the companion animal's presentation is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Spitznagel
- Kent State University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent Hall, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - D M Jacobson
- Metropolitan Veterinary Hospital, 1053 S Cleveland Massillon Road, Akron, OH 44321, USA
| | - M D Cox
- Stow Kent Animal Hospital, 4559 Kent Road, Kent, OH 44240, USA
| | - M D Carlson
- Stow Kent Animal Hospital, 4559 Kent Road, Kent, OH 44240, USA
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Potvin N, Bradt J, Ghetti C. A Theoretical Model of Resource-Oriented Music Therapy with Informal Hospice Caregivers during Pre-Bereavement. J Music Ther 2018; 55:27-61. [DOI: 10.1093/jmt/thx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Potvin
- Mary Pappert School of Music & School of Nursing, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joke Bradt
- Department of Creative Arts Therapies, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Claire Ghetti
- GAMUT–Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre, Grieg Academy, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Javed A, Herrman H. Involving patients, carers and families: an international perspective on emerging priorities. BJPsych Int 2017; 14:1-4. [PMID: 29093923 PMCID: PMC5618820 DOI: 10.1192/s2056474000001550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on the importance of involving patients, families and other carers when offering and deciding on treatment and care options. It highlights the activities of international and national organisations in facilitating collaboration with patients and families in treatment, research, teaching and training related to mental healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Javed
- The Medical Centre, Manor Court Avenue, Nuneaton. UK, email
| | - Helen Herrman
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia; President Elect, World Psychiatric Association, email
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Woolmore-Goodwin S, Kloseck M, Zecevic A, Fogarty J, Gutmanis I. Caring for a Person With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2016; 31:124-31. [PMID: 26286393 PMCID: PMC10852912 DOI: 10.1177/1533317515594507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
While much of the literature on caregiver burden has focused on caregiving for people living with Alzheimer's disease (AD) there is little information on the experience of caring for a loved one living with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), the group most likely to convert to AD. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to understand the organizing principles that give experiences of being form and meaning in the lifeworld. Study findings highlight the precarious nature of caregiver role acquisition and the heterogeneity that is present among informal care providers. Specifically, the findings suggest that the wearing of multiple situational masks is required by the carer to cope with accumulated progressive losses suffered as they continually adjust to their new and evolving carer identity. Support groups specific to the carers of those living with aMCI are needed in an effort to remove these masks and to validate this unique caregiving experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marita Kloseck
- The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Gonzalez EW, Polansky M, Lippa CF, Gitlin LN, Zauszniewski JA. Enhancing resourcefulness to improve outcomes in family caregivers and persons with Alzheimer's disease: a pilot randomized trial. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 2014:323478. [PMID: 25328754 PMCID: PMC4195254 DOI: 10.1155/2014/323478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot randomized trial tested an intervention aimed at enhancing resourcefulness in family caregivers of persons with dementia, postulating that caregivers' emotional outcomes (anxiety and depression) and role outcomes (reward, strain, mutuality, and preparedness) would be improved, and problem behaviors in the care recipients (persons with dementia) would be reduced as a result of the intervention. Subjects were stratified by race (white or African American) and by baseline resourcefulness (high or low). Family caregivers were randomly assigned to an intervention group in which subjects attended six resourcefulness training sessions, meeting for 2 hours weekly over 6 weeks, or to a control group that received no treatment. Small to medium effects were shown for the intervention program on resourcefulness, anxiety, and preparedness of the caregivers and on frequency of behavior problems in the care recipients. Caregivers in the intervention group reported significantly more resourcefulness skills, with a medium effect at week 6 and a small effect 12 weeks later, compared with the control group. Persons with dementia had fewer behavior problems in the intervention group compared with control, although the difference was not significant. Caregivers' anxiety was reduced in the intervention group at 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W. Gonzalez
- Doctoral Nursing Program, Division of Graduate Nursing, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, 245 N. 15th Street, MS 1030, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
| | - Marcia Polansky
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carol F. Lippa
- Memory Disorder Clinic, Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
| | - Laura N. Gitlin
- Center for Innovative Care in Aging, Department of Community-Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jaclene A. Zauszniewski
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7123, USA
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Armstrong N, Schupf N, Grafman J, Huey ED. Caregiver burden in frontotemporal degeneration and corticobasal syndrome. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2014; 36:310-8. [PMID: 24022248 PMCID: PMC4484601 DOI: 10.1159/000351670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Caregiver stress is often a serious problem when caring for a patient with frontal lobe dysfunction. METHODS A total of 102 caregivers of both patients with frontotemporal degeneration and corticobasal syndrome completed the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) and the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). To analyze the association between apathy or disinhibition (or both) and caregiver burden, the effects of the total FrSBe and the apathy and disinhibition subscales of the FrSBE on the total ZBI score were assessed with logistic regressions and t tests. RESULTS Total FrSBE score and the apathy FrSBE subscore predicted caregiver burden. Apathy occurred without disinhibition, and the two occurred together, but disinhibition without apathy was very rare. CONCLUSIONS Disinhibition without apathy occurred very rarely. Apathy was more associated with caregiver burden than disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, N.Y., USA
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Williams AM, Wang L, Kitchen P. Differential impacts of care-giving across three caregiver groups in Canada: end-of-life care, long-term care and short-term care. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2014; 22:187-196. [PMID: 24172162 PMCID: PMC4255295 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using data from Statistic Canada's General Social Survey Cycle 21 (GSS 2007), this study explores whether differences exist in the impacts of care-giving among three groups of caregivers providing informal care either in the caregiver's or recipient's home, or in other locations within the community: (i) those providing end-of-life (EOL) care (n = 471); (ii) those providing long-term care (more than 2 years) for someone with a chronic condition or long-term illness (n = 2722); and (iii) those providing short-term care (less than 2 years) for someone with a chronic condition or long-term illness (n = 2381). This study lays out the variation in sociodemographic characteristics across the three caregiver groups while also building on our understanding of the differential impacts of care-giving through an analysis of determinants. All three groups of caregivers shared a number of sociodemographic characteristics, including being female, married, employed and living in a Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). With respect to health, EOL caregivers were found to have significantly higher levels of 'fair or poor' self-assessed health than the other two groups. Overall, the findings suggest that EOL caregivers are negatively impacted by the often additional role of care-giving, more so than both short-term and long-term caregivers. EOL caregivers experienced a higher proportion of negative impacts on their social and activity patterns. Furthermore, EOL caregivers incurred greater financial costs than the other two types of informal caregivers. The impacts of EOL care-giving also negatively influence employment for caregivers when compared with the other caregiver groups. Consequently, EOL caregivers, overall, experienced greater negative impacts, including negative health outcomes, than did long-term or short-term caregivers. This provides the evidence for the assertion that EOL care-giving is the most intense type of care-giving, potentially causing the greatest caregiver burden; this is shown through the greater negative impacts experienced by the EOL caregivers when compared with the short-term and long-term caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Williams
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Tarragon E, Lopez D, Estrada C, Ana GC, Schenker E, Pifferi F, Bordet R, Richardson JC, Herrero MT. Octodon degus: a model for the cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:643-8. [PMID: 23710760 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Octodon degus (O. degus) is a diurnal rodent that spontaneously develops several physiopathological conditions, analogous in many cases to those experienced by humans. In light of this, O. degus has recently been identified as a very valuable animal model for research in several medical fields, especially those concerned with neurodegenerative diseases in which risk is associated with aging. Octodon degus spontaneously develops β-amyloid deposits analogous to those observed in some cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, these deposits are thought to be the key feature for AD diagnosis, and one of the suggested causes of cell loss and cognitive deficit. This review aims to bring together information to support O. degus as a valuable model for the study of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Tarragon
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), School of Health Sciences (Medicine), University Jaume I of Castellon, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
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Ennis E, Bunting BP. Family burden, family health and personal mental health. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:255. [PMID: 23517472 PMCID: PMC3607844 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The economic and moral implications of family burden are well recognised. What is less understood is whether or how family health and family burden relate to personal mental health. This study examines family health and perceived family burden as predictors of personal mental health, taking personal and sociodemographic factors into consideration. Methods Data used was from the National Comorbidity Study Replication (NCS-R), namely the random 30% of participants (N = 3192) to whom the family burden interview was administered. Measures of family burden and mental health were considered for analysis. Results Binary logistic regressions were used as means of analyses. Perception of family burden was associated with an increased vulnerability to personal mental health problems, as was the presence of mental health difficulties within the family health profile. Which member of the family (kinship) was ill bore no relation to prediction of personal mental health. Personal and socio-demographic factors of sex, age, marital status, education and household income were all predictive of increased vulnerability to mental health problems over the last 12 months. Conclusions Certain elements of family health profile and its perceived burden on the individuals themselves appears related to risk of personal incidence of mental health problems within the individuals themselves. For moral and economic reasons, further research to understand the dynamics of these relationships is essential to aid developing initiatives to protect and support the mental health and wellbeing of relatives of ill individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Ennis
- School of Psychology, University of Ulster, L'Derry, Northern Ireland BT48 7JL, UK.
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Ho L, Ferruzzi MG, Janle EM, Wang J, Gong B, Chen TY, Lobo J, Cooper B, Wu QL, Talcott ST, Percival SS, Simon JE, Pasinetti GM. Identification of brain-targeted bioactive dietary quercetin-3-O-glucuronide as a novel intervention for Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2013; 27:769-81. [PMID: 23097297 PMCID: PMC3545533 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-212118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and preclinical studies indicate that polyphenol intake from moderate consumption of red wines may lower the relative risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. There is limited information regarding the specific biological activities and cellular and molecular mechanisms by which wine polyphenolic components might modulate AD. We assessed accumulations of polyphenols in the rat brain following oral dosage with a Cabernet Sauvignon red wine and tested brain-targeted polyphenols for potential beneficial AD disease-modifying activities. We identified accumulations of select polyphenolic metabolites in the brain. We demonstrated that, in comparison to vehicle-control treatment, one of the brain-targeted polyphenol metabolites, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, significantly reduced the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides by primary neuron cultures generated from the Tg2576 AD mouse model. Another brain-targeted metabolite, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, had no detectable effect on Aβ generation. Moreover, in an in vitro analysis using the photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins (PICUP) technique, we found that quercetin-3-O-glucuronide is also capable of interfering with the initial protein-protein interaction of Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) that is necessary for the formation of neurotoxic oligomeric Aβ species. Lastly, we found that quercetin-3-O-glucuronide treatment, compared to vehicle-control treatment, significantly improved AD-type deficits in hippocampal formation basal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation, possibly through mechanisms involving the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Brain-targeted quercetin-3-O-glucuronide may simultaneously modulate multiple independent AD disease-modifying mechanisms and, as such, may contribute to the benefits of dietary supplementation with red wines as an effective intervention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Ho
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bing Gong
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Qing Li Wu
- Department of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stephen T. Talcott
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texa, USA; and
| | - Susan S. Percival
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, USA
| | - James E. Simon
- Department of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Giulio Maria Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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