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Guo L, Zauszniewski JA, Zhang G, Lei X, Zhang M, Wei M, Ma K, Yang C, Liu Y, Guo Y. Resourcefulness Among Initial Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Longitudinal Study of 12 Months. Patient Prefer Adherence 2024; 18:565-577. [PMID: 38476594 PMCID: PMC10929218 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s448647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore distinct longitudinal trajectories of resourcefulness among initial ischemic stroke patients from diagnosis to 12 months, and to identify whether sociodemographic factors, disease-related factors, self-efficacy, family function, and social support can predict patterns in the trajectories of resourcefulness. Methods A prospective longitudinal study was conducted. Initial ischemic stroke patients who met inclusion and exclusion criteria were followed up when still in hospital (Preparing for discharge, Baseline, T1), at 1 month (T2), at 3 months (T3), at 6 months (T4), at 9 months (T5) and 12 months (T6) (±1 week) after discharge. General information, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), General Family Functioning Subscale (FAD-GF), and Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS) were used in T1. The Resourcefulness Scale© was evaluated at 6 time points. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify trajectory patterns of resourcefulness. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of resourcefulness trajectories. Results Three longitudinal trajectories of resourcefulness were identified and named as the high-stable class (38.9%, n=71), fluctuation class (41.2%, n=75), and low-stable class (19.9%, n=36), respectively. Dwelling areas (x2=6.805, P=0.009), education (x2=44.865, P=0.000), monthly income (x2=13.063, P=0.001), NIHSS scores (x2=44.730, P=0.000), mRS scores (x2=51.788, P=0.000), Hcy (x2=9.345, P=0.002), GSES (x2=56.933, P=0.000), FAD-GF (x2=41.305, P=0.000) and SSRS (x2=52.373, P=0.000) were found to be statistically significant for distinguishing between different resourcefulness trajectory patterns. Lower education (OR=0.404), higher NIHSS(OR=6.672) scores, and higher mRS(OR=21.418) scores were found to be risk factors for lower resourcefulness, whereas higher education(OR=0.404), GSES(OR=0.276), FAD-GF(OR=0.344), and SSRS(OR=0.358) scores were identified as protective factors enhancing resourcefulness. Conclusion This study obtained three patterns of trajectories and identified their predictive factors in initial ischemic stroke. The findings will assist health care professionals in identifying subgroups of patients and when they may be at risk of low resourcefulness and provide timely targeted intervention to promote resourcefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Guo
- Department of Neurology, National Advanced Stroke Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jaclene A Zauszniewski
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gege Zhang
- Department of Neurology, National Advanced Stroke Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Lei
- Department of Neurology, National Advanced Stroke Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, National Advanced Stroke Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Wei
- Department of Neurology, National Advanced Stroke Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keke Ma
- Department of Neurology, National Advanced Stroke Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yang
- Department of Neurology, National Advanced Stroke Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjin Liu
- Department of Nursing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanli Guo
- Department of Neurology, National Advanced Stroke Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
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Chan ACY, Piehler TF. Evaluation of Prevention Programs for Grandparent Caregivers: a Systematic Review. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2024; 25:137-154. [PMID: 37837520 PMCID: PMC10830810 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review critically evaluates 21 grandparent-focused prevention programs designed to benefit grandparent caregivers or target grandparent caregivers as agents of change for grandchild development. These grandparent programs were published in 35 peer-reviewed articles in the last 31 years. For each program, we described the phase of development of program (i.e., feasibility, pilot, and efficacy), delivery characteristics, and adaptations of existing evidence-based programs to meet the needs of grandparent caregivers in diverse sociocultural backgrounds. For programs tested under a controlled trial design, we evaluated core components and preliminary effects on targeted outcomes. Most studies targeted grandparents who served as primary or custodial caregivers in the USA, while limited studies targeted supplementary grandparent caregivers. Thirteen programs which were evaluated using pretest-posttest designs demonstrated feasibility and acceptability of the grandparent programs. Moreover, eight programs which were evaluated using randomized-controlled trials (RCTs; 5 pilot and 3 full-scale efficacy trials) demonstrated promising outcomes. Additionally, we identified six core components and 17 specific elements in eight programs evaluated using RCT designs. Overall, we provide a comprehensive critique of this body of literature as well as directions for future studies, including the need to develop programing tailored to grandparent caregivers with unique needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Chung Yin Chan
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41230, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Timothy F Piehler
- Deparment of Family Social Science, University of Minnesota, 290 McNeal Hall, 1985 Buford Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Tang F, Li K, Rauktis ME, Farmer EMZ, McDaniel S. Stress, Coping, and Quality of Life Among Custodial Grandparents. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2023; 66:354-367. [PMID: 35860992 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2022.2103764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of custodial grandparents are raising grandchildren, and intensive childcare is stressful with many negative personal, interpersonal, economic, and health implications. Grandparents' strengths, including resilience, positive caregiving appraisal, and social support should be considered in the face of parenting stress and adversity. Guided by the stress and resilience model, the current study investigated the associations of parenting stress and coping resources with life satisfaction and mental wellness among custodial grandparents (N = 76). Data were collected between December 2020 and April 2021, through collaborations with community-based agencies located in two metropolitan areas, which provide supportive services to custodial grandparents and their families. Findings showed that more parenting stress was associated with less life satisfaction and worse mental health, and that stress management boosted life satisfaction and mental wellness. Grandparents with more informal social support and social service utilization fared better than their counterparts with less social support and no experience of service use. The results of this study suggest that social work interventions should focus on improving stress management to cope with daily and caregiving stressors. Social workers can help with informal social support and formal social services utilization to address caregiving needs among custodial grandparents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Tang
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ke Li
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Guo H, Ngai SSY, Sun T. Grandparental stress, social support, and affective well-being of migrant grandparent caregivers in urban China: an integrated model. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Zauszniewski JA, Sweetko JS, She HY, Schreiner N. Documenting the need for teaching resourcefulness skills to family caregivers. Appl Nurs Res 2022; 67:151627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2022.151627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Irani E, Niyomyart A, Zauszniewski JA. Caregiving Stress and Self-Rated Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Resourcefulness. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2021; 42:982-988. [PMID: 34080954 PMCID: PMC8714403 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2021.1924324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Family caregivers faced unprecedented circumstances and experienced increased levels of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Resourcefulness can minimize the effect of stress on health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between caregiving stress during the pandemic, resourcefulness, and self-rated health and assess the mediating effect of resourcefulness. A convenience sample of 70 family caregivers of adults with chronic and/or disabling conditions was recruited using social media groups and professional networking platforms. Data were collected using an online survey and analyzed using linear regression. Mediation analysis was conducted using the PROCESS macro. Higher levels of caregiving stress during the pandemic and lower levels of resourcefulness were associated with worse self-rated health, while controlling for age, employment status, and weekly caregiving hours. Resourcefulness mediated the relationship between caregiving stress and self-rated health. Our findings highlight the importance of assessing the psychological impact of the pandemic on family caregivers' outcomes. Resourcefulness skills can be targeted to improve the health and well-being of family caregivers during and beyond the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliane Irani
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Atsadaporn Niyomyart
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jaclene A Zauszniewski
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Herbell K. Identifying psychophysiological stress targets for the promotion of mental health in pregnant women. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2019; 33:46-50. [PMID: 30663624 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Herbell
- Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Missouri Sinclair School of Nursing S235 School of Nursing, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America.
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Chen MC, Palmer MH, Lin SY. Creating a conceptual model for family caregivers of older adults intervention research: A narrative review of learned resourcefulness, resourcefulness, and the transtheoretical model. Geriatr Nurs 2018; 39:521-527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bekhet AK. Online Positive Thinking Training Intervention for Caregivers of Individuals with ASD: Necessity, Acceptability and Feasibility. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2017; 38:443-448. [PMID: 28448225 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2017.1279247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 3.5 million people in the United States are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Caring for children with ASD can be stressful and can be detrimental to the well-being of the caregivers (CGs). However, the adverse effects of caregiving on the well-being of CGs may be avoided with appropriate interventions. CGs of persons with ASD might benefit from a positive thinking training (PTT) intervention to help them cope with the stress of caregiving. However, the necessity, acceptability and feasibility for PTT in ASD CGs have not been studied. OBJECTIVE To examine the necessity, acceptability and feasibility of a six-week online PTT intervention designed to improve the well-being of the CGs. DESIGN Random assignment of ASD CGs to one of two conditions: (1) PTT online intervention or (2) Control group. RESULTS The mean score on the depressive cognition scale (DCS) was 20, indicating a high need of PTT to all enrolled CGs. High depressive cognitions in ASD CGs were associated with lower positive thinking (r = -.39; p <.001). Regarding acceptability, CGs indicated that the different strategies and references to real life were the most interesting parts of the intervention. Regarding feasibility, CGs mentioned that listening to the voice-over PowerPoint and visualization was the easiest part of the PTT. CONCLUSIONS Examination of the fidelity and effectiveness of the PTT are the next steps in the refinement of this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir K Bekhet
- a Mental Health Nursing, Marquette University College of Nursing , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
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Musil CM, Zauszniewski JA, Burant CJ, Toly VB, Warner CB. Evaluating an Online Resourcefulness Training Intervention Pilot Test Using Six Critical Parameters. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2016; 82:117-35. [DOI: 10.1177/0091415015623552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Few resources are available to help grandmother caregivers to grandchildren manage their complex family situations that may have immediate and long-term consequences for themselves and their families. Resourcefulness training is an intervention designed to help grandmothers improve their ability to deal with these problems. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the necessity, feasibility, acceptability, fidelity, safety, and effectiveness (i.e., effect sizes) of an online, computer-based resourcefulness training intervention that was adapted from a face-to-face intervention. Twelve grandmothers raising or living with grandchildren participated in the pilot intervention that included (a) watching an instructional video on resourcefulness, (b) completing two online questionnaires over a 6-week time period, and (c) writing in an online journal every day for 4 weeks. Data are evaluated within the context of the six parameters important to intervention development. Qualitative and quantitative results provide initial support for all six parameters. Recommendations to improve aspects of the intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M. Musil
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Christopher J. Burant
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Educational, Clinical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Valerie B. Toly
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Camille B. Warner
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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11
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Bekhet AK, Zauszniewski JA. The Effect of a Resourcefulness Training Intervention on Relocation Adjustment and Adaptive Functioning among Older Adults in Retirement Communities. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2016; 37:182-9. [PMID: 26979665 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2015.1087606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The population of older adults is increasing rapidly and is expected to reach 83.7 million by the year 2050. Previous research demonstrates that greater resourcefulness is associated with better quality of life and life satisfaction. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of a resourcefulness training intervention on positive cognitions, resourcefulness, relocation adjustment, and adaptive functioning among older adults who have relocated to retirement communities. Resourcefulness theory provided the theoretical framework for this study. Forty older adults who relocated to three retirement communities in Milwaukee, WI were randomly assigned to either a diversional activity group or to a resourcefulness training (RT) intervention group. Two older adults dropped out of the study (one from the diversional activity group and one from the RT group), leaving 38 elders. The results of the study indicated that there were slight increases (a trend) in the mean of positive cognitions, relocation adjustment, adaptive functioning, and personal resourcefulness in the expected direction for the RT intervention group as compared to the diversional group. Recommendations for future research include the use of larger and more diverse samples over a longer periods of time (6 weeks and 12 weeks post-intervention) as well as the use of cut scores on the resourcefulness scale so that the RT training intervention is taught to those who need it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir K Bekhet
- a Marquette University, College of Nursing , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
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12
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Zauszniewski JA, Lekhak N, Yolpant W, Morris DL. Need for Resourcefulness Training for Women Caregivers of Elders with Dementia. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2015; 36:1007-12. [PMID: 26735507 PMCID: PMC4982763 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2015.1075236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nearly ten million American women are caregivers of elders with dementia and may experience overwhelming stress that adversely affects their mental health. Interventions to teach them resourcefulness skills for managing stress can promote optimal mental health and facilitate continued caregiving. However, effectiveness of resourcefulness training (RT) cannot be examined until its need is established. This pilot trial with 138 women caregivers of someone with dementia examined the need for RT using subjective and objective data. Data were collected before and after RT. Data analysis focused on baseline resourcefulness scores (higher scores = lower need); scores in relation to attrition; correlations among resourcefulness, stress, and depressive symptoms; and post-RT evaluation of the need for RT. Baseline resourcefulness scores were normally distributed and showed that 74% of the caregivers had a moderate to high need for RT. Reasons for attrition were unrelated to the need for RT; however, caregivers who dropped out had resourcefulness scores that averaged two points higher than those who remained in the study. Lower resourcefulness was associated greater stress (r = -.37, p < .001) and depressive symptoms (r = -.52, p < .001). Of the 63 caregivers who received RT, 82% (n = 52) reported a felt need for RT and 94% (n = 59) believed that other caregivers need RT. The results suggest a substantial need for resourcefulness training in women dementia caregivers and support moving forward to test RT's effectiveness for reducing caregiver stress and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirmala Lekhak
- a Case Western Reserve University , Bolton School of Nursing , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
| | - Wichiya Yolpant
- a Case Western Reserve University , Bolton School of Nursing , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
| | - Diana L Morris
- a Case Western Reserve University , Bolton School of Nursing , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
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Zauszniewski JA, Musil CM. Interventions for Grandmothers: Comparative Effectiveness of Resourcefulness Training, HRV Biofeedback, and Journaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5298/1081-5937-42.3.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, more than one million grandmothers are raising their grandchildren, and this can be stressful, produce depressive symptoms, and adversely affect their quality of life. The pilot trial of 60 grandmothers reported here examined the effects of a cognitive behavioral intervention (resourcefulness training), biofeedback control training (focused on heart rate variability), and journaling on measures of perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and quality of life. Comparative analysis revealed a decrease in stress with all three conditions; a decrease in depressive symptoms in the resourcefulness training group; and improved quality of life in the resourcefulness training and biofeedback groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol M. Musil
- Marvin E. Denekas and Ruth Durr Denekas Professor of Nursing, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Chen MC, Chen KM, Chu TP. Caregiver Burden, Health Status, and Learned Resourcefulness of Older Caregivers. West J Nurs Res 2014; 37:767-80. [DOI: 10.1177/0193945914525280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As caregivers undertake caregiving responsibilities over a long period of time, the burdens placed on them could lead to undue stress and affect their health. This correlation study examined the current situations and relationships among caregiver burden, health status, and learned resourcefulness (LR) of older caregivers who care for disabled older adults, and predicted the important factors that affect their caregiver burden. In all, 108 older caregivers were recruited from home care services of two hospitals. Structured questionnaire interviews were applied to collect data: the Caregiver Burden Scale, the SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36), and the Rosenbaum’s Self-Control Schedule. Results indicated that the caregiver burden was negatively correlated with physical health, mental health, and LR. Physical and mental health were positively correlated with LR. The predictors of caregiver burden included LR, health status, economic status, and activities of daily living, which accounted for 58.60% of the total caregiver burden variance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tsui-Ping Chu
- Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Putz City, Taiwan
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15
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Zauszniewski JA, Musil CM, Burant CJ, Standing TS, Au TY. Resourcefulness training for grandmothers raising grandchildren: establishing fidelity. West J Nurs Res 2014; 36:228-44. [PMID: 23982519 PMCID: PMC3947390 DOI: 10.1177/0193945913500725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over one million American grandmothers raise grandchildren, and many experience stress that adversely affects their mental health. Teaching resourcefulness skills can minimize this stress. However, before testing effectiveness of resourcefulness training (RT), its fidelity must be established. This pilot intervention trial examined the fidelity of two methods of RT: expressive writing (journaling) and verbal disclosure (voice recording) using a quasi-experimental design with random assignment of 80 grandmothers to RT-expressive writing, RT-verbal disclosure, or expressive writing or verbal disclosure alone. Quantitative data (Resourcefulness Scale) and qualitative data (journals, recordings) were collected. Grandmothers with RT showed greater resourcefulness over time than those without RT, with similar effects for RT-expressive writing and RT-verbal disclosure. Evidence for the use of RT skills was found in journals and recordings. The findings provide support for RT intervention fidelity and support moving forward to test RT effectiveness in reducing grandmothers' stress and promoting their mental health.
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Zauszniewski JA, Musil CM, Burant CJ, Au TY. Resourcefulness training for grandmothers: preliminary evidence of effectiveness. Res Nurs Health 2013; 37:42-52. [PMID: 24277351 DOI: 10.1002/nur.21574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this pilot study of 102 grandmothers raising grandchildren, we used a quasi-experimental, repeated measures design to examine effects of resourcefulness training reinforced by expressive writing (journaling) or verbal disclosure (digital voice recording) in reducing stress and depressive symptoms and enhancing quality of life. Resourcefulness training was compared with expressive writing, verbal disclosure, and attention control conditions. Both the expressive writing and verbal disclosure methods for reinforcing resourcefulness training were more effective than the other three conditions in reducing stress and depressive symptoms and improving quality of life. No difference was found between the two reinforcement methods. Grandmothers may benefit from learning resourcefulness skills and from practicing them in ways that best fit their needs and lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclene A Zauszniewski
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4904
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17
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Bekhet AK, Zauszniewski JA. Psychometric properties of the resourcefulness scale among caregivers of persons with autism spectrum disorder. West J Nurs Res 2013; 36:685-702. [PMID: 24151172 DOI: 10.1177/0193945913509141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Caregiving for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be very costly to caregivers' well-being. Resourcefulness interventions have shown increases in positive health outcomes. However, before delivering the intervention, there should be a reliable and a valid measure to test resourcefulness. The psychometric properties of the Resourcefulness Scale (RS) have not been examined among ASD caregivers. This study examined the psychometrics of the 28-item RS in a convenience sample of 204 ASD caregivers. A Cronbach's alpha of .91 showed the internal consistency of the RS. Construct validity was supported by the emergence of two dimensions of resourcefulness (personal and social) in a confirmatory factor analysis and by substantial intercorrelations between the two subscales (r = .48, p < .001). Findings suggested the reliability and validity of RS among ASD caregivers, which is a necessary step toward implementing resourcefulness interventions to help ASD caregivers to deal with their stress and improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir K Bekhet
- 1Marquette University College of Nursing, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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18
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Musil CM, Jeanblanc AB, Burant CJ, Zauszniewski JA, Warner CB. Longitudinal analysis of resourcefulness, family strain, and depressive symptoms in grandmother caregivers. Nurs Outlook 2013; 61:225-234.e2. [PMID: 23756496 PMCID: PMC3786552 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grandmothers living with grandchildren face stressors that may increase depressive symptoms, but cognitive-behavioral strategies, such as resourcefulness, may reduce the effects of stressors on mental health. PURPOSE This analysis examined the contemporaneous and longitudinal relationships among intra-family strain, resourcefulness, and depressive symptoms in 240 grandmothers, classified by caregiving status to grandchildren. METHODS Grandmothers raising grandchildren, grandmothers living in multigenerational homes, and non-caregivers to grandchildren reported on intra-family strain, resourcefulness, and depressive symptoms using mailed questionnaires at three time points over 5 years. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the mediating effects of resourcefulness and the relationships between variables. DISCUSSION Grandmother caregiver status had significant effects on depressive symptoms and intra-family strain but not on resourcefulness. At all waves, higher resourcefulness was associated with fewer depressive symptoms, which reduced appraisals of intra-family strain. CONCLUSIONS Interventions focused on strengthening resourcefulness could reduce depressive symptoms over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Musil
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Zauszniewski JA, Musil CM, Au TYA. Resourcefulness training for grandmothers: feasibility and acceptability of two methods. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2013; 34:435-41. [PMID: 23805928 PMCID: PMC3796288 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2012.758208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Grandmothers raising grandchildren may benefit from interventions to minimize stress and promote mental health. This pilot intervention trial with 40 grandmothers examined the acceptability and feasibility of resourcefulness training (RT) using expressive writing (EW) or verbal disclosure (VD). Grandmothers in RT-EW reported challenges with the daily journaling, facing reality, and not using names; those in RT-VD listed daily recording, sharing feelings, and device failures as challenges. Word counts were greater with VD than EW, but EW was used more frequently than VD. However, both EW and VD were found acceptable and feasible for practicing RT skills in grandmothers raising grandchildren and warrant further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclene A Zauszniewski
- Case Western Reserve University, Bolton School of Nursing, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4904, USA.
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