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Singh R, Jain A, Palanichamy JK, Nag TC, Bakhshi S, Singh A. Ultrastructural changes in cristae of lymphoblasts in acute lymphoblastic leukemia parallel alterations in biogenesis markers. Appl Microsc 2021; 51:20. [PMID: 34964922 PMCID: PMC8716663 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-021-00069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the link between mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in lymphoblasts of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and compared these characteristics between tumors and control samples. Gene expression of mitochondrial biogenesis markers was analysed in 23 ALL patients and 18 controls and TEM for morphology analysis was done in 15 ALL patients and 9 healthy controls. The area occupied by mitochondria per cell and the cristae cross-sectional area was observed to be significantly higher in patients than in controls (p-value = 0.0468 and p-value< 0.0001, respectively). The mtDNA copy numbers, TFAM, POLG, and c-myc gene expression were significantly higher in ALL patients than controls (all p-values< 0.01). Gene Expression of PGC-1α was higher in tumor samples. The analysis of the correlation between PGC-1α expression and morphology parameters i.e., both M/C ratio and cristae cross-sectional area revealed a positive trend (r = 0.3, p = 0.1). The increased area occupied by mitochondria and increased cristae area support the occurrence of cristae remodelling in ALL. These changes might reflect alterations in cristae dynamics to support the metabolic state of the cells by forming a more condensed network. Ultrastructural imaging can be useful for affirming changes occurring at a subcellular organellar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Teaching Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room 3044, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ayushi Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Teaching Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room 3044, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Jayanth Kumar Palanichamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Convergence Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - T C Nag
- Department of Anatomy, Teaching Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archna Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Teaching Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room 3044, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Tan YQ, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhu T, Garg M, Lobie PE, Pandey V. Mitochondria: The metabolic switch of cellular oncogenic transformation. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188534. [PMID: 33794332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria, well recognized as the "powerhouse" of cells, are maternally inherited organelles with bacterial ancestry that play essential roles in a myriad of cellular functions. It has become profoundly evident that mitochondria regulate a wide array of cellular and metabolic functions, including biosynthetic metabolism, cell signaling, redox homeostasis, and cell survival. Correspondingly, defects in normal mitochondrial functioning have been implicated in various human malignancies. Cancer development involves the activation of oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and impairment of apoptotic programs in cells. Mitochondria have been recognized as the site of key metabolic switches for normal cells to acquire a malignant phenotype. This review outlines the role of mitochondria in human malignancies and highlights potential aspects of mitochondrial metabolism that could be targeted for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin Tan
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, Anhui, PR China; The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, Anhui, PR China
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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Abstract
ATP is required for mammalian cells to remain viable and to perform genetically programmed functions. Maintenance of the ΔG′ATP hydrolysis of −56 kJ/mole is the endpoint of both genetic and metabolic processes required for life. Various anomalies in mitochondrial structure and function prevent maximal ATP synthesis through OxPhos in cancer cells. Little ATP synthesis would occur through glycolysis in cancer cells that express the dimeric form of pyruvate kinase M2. Mitochondrial substrate level phosphorylation (mSLP) in the glutamine-driven glutaminolysis pathway, substantiated by the succinate-CoA ligase reaction in the TCA cycle, can partially compensate for reduced ATP synthesis through both OxPhos and glycolysis. A protracted insufficiency of OxPhos coupled with elevated glycolysis and an auxiliary, fully operational mSLP, would cause a cell to enter its default state of unbridled proliferation with consequent dedifferentiation and apoptotic resistance, i.e., cancer. The simultaneous restriction of glucose and glutamine offers a therapeutic strategy for managing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Seyfried
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Gabriel Arismendi-Morillo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Biological Researches Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Purna Mukherjee
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
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Riesterer JL, López CS, Stempinski ES, Williams M, Loftis K, Stoltz K, Thibault G, Lanicault C, Williams T, Gray JW. A workflow for visualizing human cancer biopsies using large-format electron microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 158:163-181. [PMID: 32423648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in large format electron microscopy have enabled generation of images that provide detailed ultrastructural information on normal and diseased cells and tissues. Analyses of these images increase our understanding of cellular organization and interactions and disease-related changes therein. In this manuscript, we describe a workflow for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) imaging, including both optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods, that allow pathologists and cancer biology researchers to identify areas of interest from human cancer biopsies. The protocols and mounting strategies described in this workflow are compatible with 2D large format EM mapping, 3D focused ion beam-SEM and serial block face-SEM. The flexibility to use diverse imaging technologies available at most academic institutions makes this workflow useful and applicable for most life science samples. Volumetric analysis of the biopsies studied here revealed morphological, organizational and ultrastructural aspects of the tumor cells and surrounding environment that cannot be revealed by conventional 2D EM imaging. Our results indicate that although 2D EM is still an important tool in many areas of diagnostic pathology, 3D images of ultrastructural relationships between both normal and cancerous cells, in combination with their extracellular matrix, enables cancer researchers and pathologists to better understand the progression of the disease and identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Riesterer
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States; Multiscale Microscopy Core, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - Claudia S López
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States; Multiscale Microscopy Core, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States; Pacific Northwest Center for CryoEM, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - Erin S Stempinski
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States; Multiscale Microscopy Core, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Melissa Williams
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States; Multiscale Microscopy Core, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kevin Loftis
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kevin Stoltz
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Guillaume Thibault
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Christian Lanicault
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Todd Williams
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joe W Gray
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States.
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Badrinath N, Yoo SY. Mitochondria in cancer: in the aspects of tumorigenesis and targeted therapy. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:1419-1430. [PMID: 30357389 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play pivotal roles in most eukaryotic cells, ranging from energy production to regulation of apoptosis. As sites of cellular respiration, mitochondria experience accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to damage in electron transport chain carriers. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as well as nuclear DNA are reported in various cancers. Mitochondria have a dual role in cancer: the development of tumors due to mutations in mitochondrial genome and the generation of ROS. Impairment in the mitochondria-regulated apoptosis pathway accelerates tumorigenesis. Numerous strategies targeting mitochondria have been developed to induce the mitochondrial (i.e. intrinsic) apoptosis pathway in cancer cells. This review elaborates the roles of mitochondria in cancer with respect to mutations and apoptosis and discusses mitochondria-targeting strategies as cancer therapies to enhance the killing of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanasamy Badrinath
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Yoo
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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