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Jiang MQ, Yu SP, Estaba T, Choi E, Berglund K, Gu X, Wei L. Reprogramming Glioblastoma Cells into Non-Cancerous Neuronal Cells as a Novel Anti-Cancer Strategy. Cells 2024; 13:897. [PMID: 38891029 PMCID: PMC11171681 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor with a high mortality rate. Direct reprogramming of glial cells to different cell lineages, such as induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) and induced neurons (iNeurons), provides genetic tools to manipulate a cell's fate as a potential therapy for neurological diseases. NeuroD1 (ND1) is a master transcriptional factor for neurogenesis and it promotes neuronal differentiation. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the expression of ND1 in GBM cells can force them to differentiate toward post-mitotic neurons and halt GBM tumor progression. In cultured human GBM cell lines, including LN229, U87, and U373 as temozolomide (TMZ)-sensitive and T98G as TMZ-resistant cells, the neuronal lineage conversion was induced by an adeno-associated virus (AAV) package carrying ND1. Twenty-one days after AAV-ND1 transduction, ND1-expressing cells displayed neuronal markers MAP2, TUJ1, and NeuN. The ND1-induced transdifferentiation was regulated by Wnt signaling and markedly enhanced under a hypoxic condition (2% O2 vs. 21% O2). ND1-expressing GBM cultures had fewer BrdU-positive proliferating cells compared to vector control cultures. Increased cell death was visualized by TUNEL staining, and reduced migrative activity was demonstrated in the wound-healing test after ND1 reprogramming in both TMZ-sensitive and -resistant GBM cells. In a striking contrast to cancer cells, converted cells expressed the anti-tumor gene p53. In an orthotopical GBM mouse model, AAV-ND1-reprogrammed U373 cells were transplanted into the fornix of the cyclosporine-immunocompromised C57BL/6 mouse brain. Compared to control GBM cell-formed tumors, cells from ND1-reprogrammed cultures formed smaller tumors and expressed neuronal markers such as TUJ1 in the brain. Thus, reprogramming using a single-factor ND1 overcame drug resistance, converting malignant cells of heterogeneous GBM cells to normal neuron-like cells in vitro and in vivo. These novel observations warrant further research using patient-derived GBM cells and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models as a potentially effective treatment for a deadly brain cancer and likely other astrocytoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Q. Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA; (M.Q.J.); (T.E.); (E.C.); (X.G.)
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA; (M.Q.J.); (T.E.); (E.C.); (X.G.)
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Takira Estaba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA; (M.Q.J.); (T.E.); (E.C.); (X.G.)
| | - Emily Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA; (M.Q.J.); (T.E.); (E.C.); (X.G.)
| | - Ken Berglund
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA; (M.Q.J.); (T.E.); (E.C.); (X.G.)
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA; (M.Q.J.); (T.E.); (E.C.); (X.G.)
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2
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Cole BL. Neuropathology of Pediatric Brain Tumors: A Concise Review. Neurosurgery 2022; 90:7-15. [PMID: 34114043 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors are an incredibly diverse group of neoplasms and neuropathological tumor classification is an essential part of patient care. Classification of pediatric brain tumors has changed considerably in recent years as molecular diagnostics have become incorporated with routine histopathology in the diagnostic process. This article will focus on the fundamental major histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features that neuropathologists use to make an integrated diagnosis of pediatric brain tumors. This concise review will focus on tumors that are integral to the central nervous system in pediatric patients including: embryonal tumors, low and high grade gliomas, glioneuronal tumors, ependymomas, and choroid plexus tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L Cole
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital , Seattle , Washington , USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , Washington , USA
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3
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Robinson KR, Kent M, Barber RM, Platt SR. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:685-688. [PMID: 30835170 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.6.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Hwang JW, Loisel-Duwattez J, Desterke C, Latsis T, Pagliaro S, Griscelli F, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Turhan AG. A novel neuronal organoid model mimicking glioblastoma (GBM) features from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129540. [PMID: 31978452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current experimental models using either human or mouse cell lines, are not representative of the complex features of GBM. In particular, there is no model to study patient-derived iPSCs to generate a GBM model. Overexpression of c-met gene is one of the molecular features of GBM leading to increased signaling via STAT3 phosphorylation. We generated an iPSC line from a patient with c-met mutation and we asked whether we could use it to generate neuronal-like organoids mimicking features of GBM. METHODS We have generated iPSC-aggregates differentiating towards organoids. We analyzed them by gene expression profiling, immunostaining and transmission electronic microscopy analyses (TEM). RESULTS Herein we describe that c-met-mutated iPSC aggregates spontaneously differentiate into dopaminergic neurons more rapidly than control iPSC aggregates in culture. Gene expression profiling of c-met-mutated iPSC aggregates at day +90 showed neuronal- and GBM-related genes, reproducing a genomic network described in primary human GBM. Comparative TEM analyses confirmed the enrichment of these structures in intermediate filaments and abnormal cilia, a feature described in human GBM. The c-met-mutated iPSC-derived organoids, as compared to controls expressed high levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is a typical marker of human GBM, as well as high levels of phospho-MET and phospho-STAT3. The use of temozolomide (TMZ) showed a preferential cytotoxicity of this drug in c-met-mutated neuronal-like organoids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study shows the feasibility of generating "off-the shelf" neuronal-like organoid model mimicking GBM using c-met-mutated iPSC aggregates and its potential future use in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wook Hwang
- INSERM UMR-S 935, Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France; ESTeam Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Loisel-Duwattez
- INSERM U1195, Université Paris Sud, Faculté de Médecine, APHP, Service de Neurologie, Bicêtre Hospital, 94276 le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Christophe Desterke
- INSERM UMR-S 935, Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France; ESTeam Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Theodoros Latsis
- INSERM UMR-S 935, Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France; ESTeam Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Sarah Pagliaro
- INSERM UMR-S 935, Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France; ESTeam Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Frank Griscelli
- INSERM UMR-S 935, Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France; ESTeam Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | | | - Ali G Turhan
- INSERM UMR-S 935, Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France; INGESTEM National IPSC Infrastructure, 94800 Villejuif, France; Division of Hematology, Paris Sud University Hospitals, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 75006, Villejuif 94800, France; ESTeam Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, 94800 Villejuif, France.
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Characterization of brain tumours with spin–spin relaxation: pilot case study reveals unique T 2 distribution profiles of glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma and meningioma. J Neurol 2017; 264:2205-2214. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Arismendi-Morillo G, Castellano-Ramírez A, Seyfried TN. Ultrastructural characterization of the Mitochondria-associated membranes abnormalities in human astrocytomas: Functional and therapeutics implications. Ultrastruct Pathol 2017; 41:234-244. [PMID: 28375672 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2017.1300618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) are currently considered an intracellular organelle "hot spot" for the intracellular signaling. MAMs are thought to function in cellular energy homeostasis, apoptosis, and calcium signaling. MAM ultrastructure in surgical specimens from human astrocytic neoplasms was studied. Abnormalities in respect to density, length, and width were found. Poorly differentiated glioma like-stem cells deficient in MAM and well-differentiated glioma cells abundant in MAM were observed. This finding could be the structural basis of functional role of MAM linked to some metabolic abnormalities in astrocytic tumors associated to mitochondrial dysfunction and the Warburg effect and their therapeutics implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Arismendi-Morillo
- a Biological Researches Institute, Faculty of Medicine , University of Zulia , Maracaibo , Venezuela
| | - Alan Castellano-Ramírez
- a Biological Researches Institute, Faculty of Medicine , University of Zulia , Maracaibo , Venezuela
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7
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Quick Q, Paul M, Skalli O. Roles and potential clinical applications of intermediate filament proteins in brain tumors. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2015; 22:40-8. [PMID: 25976260 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins are cytoplasmic and nuclear cytoskeletal proteins. Of the ~70 IF proteins, nearly 12 are found in the nervous system, where their expression is largely cell-type specific. Astrocytes express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), whereas different neuron types contain neurofilament proteins, α-internexin, or peripherin. These proteins are often downregulated in brain cancer. In addition, brain cancer cells may also contain vimentin, nestin, and synemin, which are the IF proteins found in neural progenitor cells. In different brain tumor types, the expression of nestin, vimentin, and α-internexin appears to correlate with the clinical outcome. Experimental investigations have also demonstrated that IF proteins have distinct roles in specific brain tumor cell behaviors: nestin, for instance, is important for the proliferation of glioma cells, whereas synemin also affect their mobility. The mechanisms responsible for these effects involve the interaction of IF proteins with specific signaling pathways. Synemin, for instance, positively regulates glioma cell proliferation by antagonizing protein phosphatase 2A. Further evidence for the potential of IF proteins as therapeutic targets derives from animal models showing the influence of IF proteins on tumor growth. Nestin downregulation, for instance, dramatically reduced intracerebral glioma growth. Selective targeted therapies of IFs to date primarily include gene therapy approaches using nestin or GFAP gene promoters to drive transgene expression into glioma cells. Although attempts to identify small molecules specifically antagonizing IF proteins have been unsuccessful to date, it is anticipated that the identification of such compounds will be instrumental in expanding therapeutic approaches for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy Quick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN
| | - Madhumita Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
| | - Omar Skalli
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
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8
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Clear Cell Ependymoma in a Dog. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:53-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Outcome of Patients With Pilocytic Astrocytoma and Leptomeningeal Dissemination. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 84:350-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Tanaka Y, Nobusawa S, Yagi S, Ikota H, Yokoo H, Nakazato Y. Anaplastic oligodendroglioma with ganglioglioma-like maturation. Brain Tumor Pathol 2012; 29:221-8. [PMID: 22231405 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-011-0078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation of oligodendroglioma has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examinations in recent studies. However, oligodendrogliomas displaying a complete neurocytic morphology or even gangliocytic differentiation are rare. We describe a case of anaplastic oligodendroglioma that was characterized by the presence of ganglion cells in a 40-year-old-male. Histologically, the tumor was mainly composed of classical oligodendroglioma cells. The most exceptional finding of this tumor was the presence of ganglion cells and intermediate-sized ganglioid cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that these cells were positive for Olig2 and negative for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). Synaptophysin and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) were mainly detected in the ganglion cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) revealed the deletion of the 1p and 19q chromosome arms in both the oligodendroglioma cells and ganglion cells. The R132H mutated isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) protein was detected by immunohistochemistry and direct DNA sequencing. The morphological, immunohistochemical, and genetic features of the tumor suggested a diagnosis of anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and this tumor was considered to be a rare form of oligodendroglioma displaying ganglioglioma-like maturation. FISH and mutant IDH1 examinations are useful diagnostic tools for the differential diagnosis of this tumor, i.e., ganglioglioma with anaplastic oligodendroglial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tanaka
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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11
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Vajtai I, Stibal A, von Gunten M, Kappeler A, Vassella E, Frank S. Glycogen-rich pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with clear-cell features: confirmatory report of a rare variant with implications for differential diagnosis. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207:256-61. [PMID: 21282017 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system space-occupying lesions with clear-cell features encompass a nosologically heterogeneous array, ranging from reactive histiocytic proliferations to neuroepithelial or meningothelial neoplasms of various grades and to metastases. In the face of such differential diagnostic breadth, recognizing cytoplasmic lucency as part of the morphological spectrum of some low grade gliomas will directly have an impact on patient care. We describe a prevailing clear-cell change in an epileptogenic left temporal pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma surgically resected from a 36-year-old man. Mostly subarachnoid and focally calcified, the tumor was composed of fascicles of moderately atypical spindle cells with optically lucent cytoplasm that tended to intermingle with a desmoplastic mesh of reticulin fibers. Immunohistochemically, coexpression of S100 protein, vimentin, GFAP, and CD34 was noted. Conversely, neither punctate staining for EMA nor positivity for CD68 was seen. Mitotic activity was absent, and the MIB1 labeling index was 2-3% on average. Diastase-sensitive PAS-positive granula indicated clear-cell change to proceed from glycogen storage. Electron microscopy showed tumor cell cytoplasm to be largely obliterated by non-lysosomal-bound pools of glycogen, while hardly any fat vacuole was encountered. Neither ependymal-derived organelles nor annular lamellae suggesting oligodendroglial differentiation were detected. The latter differential diagnosis was further invalidated by lack of codeletion of chromosomal regions 1p36 and 19q13 on molecular genetic testing. By significantly interfering with pattern recognition as an implicit approach in histopathology, clear-cell change in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is likely to suspend its status as a "classic", and to prompt more deductive differential diagnostic strategies to exclude look-alikes, especially clear-cell ependymoma and oligodendroglioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Vajtai
- Neuropathology Service, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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12
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Kim KY, Ju WK, Hegedus B, Gutmann DH, Ellisman MH. Ultrastructural characterization of the optic pathway in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis-1 optic glioma. Neuroscience 2010; 170:178-88. [PMID: 20600672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the progression of changes in retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve glia in neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1) genetically-engineered mice with optic glioma. Optic glioma tumors were generated in Nf1+/- mice lacking Nf1 expression in GFAP+ cells (astrocytes). Standard immunohistochemistry methods were employed to identify astrocytes (GFAP, S100beta), proliferating progenitor cells (sox2, nestin), microglia (Iba1), endothelial cells (CD31) and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons (Neurofilament 68k) in Nf1+/-, Nf1(GFAP)CKO (wild-type mice with Nf1 loss in glial cells), and Nf1+/-(GFAP)CKO (Nf1+/- mice with Nf1 loss in glial cells) mice. Ultrastructural changes in the optic chiasm and nerve were assessed by electron microscopy (EM). RGC were counted in whole retina preparations using high-resolution, mosaic confocal microscopy following their delineation by retrograde FluoroGold labeling. We found that only Nf1+/-(GFAP)CKO mice exhibited gross pre-chiasmatic optic nerve and chiasm enlargements containing aggregated GFAP+/nestin+ and S100beta+/sox2+ cells (neoplastic glia) as well as increased numbers of blood vessels and microglia. Optic gliomas in Nf1+/-(GFAP)CKO mice contained axon fiber irregularities and multilamellar bodies of degenerated myelin. EM and EM tomographic analyses showed increased glial disorganization, disoriented axonal projections, profiles of degenerating myelin and structural alterations at nodes of Ranvier. Lastly, we found reduced RGC numbers in Nf1+/-(GFAP)CKO mice, supporting a model in which the combination of optic nerve Nf1 heterozygosity and glial cell Nf1 loss results in disrupted axonal-glial relationships, subsequently culminating in the degeneration of optic nerve axons and loss of their parent RGC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Kim
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research and Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Machado CML, Zorzeto TQ, Bianco JER, Rosa RG, Genari SC, Joazeiro PP, Verinaud L. Ultrastructural characterization of the new NG97ht human-derived glioma cell line using two different electron microscopy technical procedures. Microsc Res Tech 2009; 72:310-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Oishi T, Sasaki A, Hamada N, Ishiuchi S, Funayama T, Sakashita T, Kobayashi Y, Nakano T, Nakazato Y. Proliferation and cell death of human glioblastoma cells after carbon-ion beam exposure: morphologic and morphometric analyses. Neuropathology 2008; 28:408-16. [PMID: 18282165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Histological analyses of glioblastoma cells after carbon-ion exposure are still limited and ultrastructural characteristics have not been investigated in detail. Here we report the results of morphological and morphometric analyses of a human glioblastoma cell line, CGNH-89, after ionizing radiation to characterize the effect of a carbon-beam on glioblastoma cells. Using CGNH-89 cells exposed to 0-10 Gy of X-ray (140 kVp) or carbon-ions (18.3 MeV/nucleon, LET=108 keV/microm), we performed conventional histology and immunocytochemistry with MIB-1 antibody, transmission electron microscopy, and computer-assisted, nuclear size measurements. CGNH-89 cells with a G to A transition in codon 280 in exon 8 of the TP53 gene had nuclei with pleomorphism, marked nuclear atypia and brisk mitotic activity. After carbon-ion and X-ray exposure, living cells showed decreased cell number, nuclear condensation, increased atypical mitotic figures, and a tendency of cytoplasmic enlargement at the level of light microscopy. The deviation of the nuclear area size increased during 48 h after irradiation, while the small cell fraction increased in 336 h. In glioblastoma cells of the control, 5 Gy carbon-beam, and 10 Gy carbon-beam, and MIB-1 labeling index decreased in 24 h (12%, 11%, 7%, respectively) but increased in 48 h (10%, 20%, 21%, respectively). Ultrastructurally, cellular enlargement seemed to depend on vacuolation, swelling of mitochondria, and increase of cellular organelles, such as the cytoskeleton and secondary lysosome. We could not observe apoptotic bodies in the CGNH-89 cells under any conditions. We conclude that carbon-ion irradiation induced cell death and senescence in a glioblastoma cell line with mutant TP53. Our results indicated that the increase of large cells with enlarged and bizarre nuclei, swollen mitochondria, and secondary lysosome occurred in glioblastoma cells after carbon-beam exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Oishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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15
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Kinjo S, Yokoo H, Hirato J, Nakazato Y. Anaplastic astrocytoma with eosinophilic granular cells. Neuropathology 2008; 27:457-62. [PMID: 18018480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2007.00795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 68-year-old man, who had no remarkable past medical history, was referred to a hospital because of disorientation and right-sided hemiparesis. On magnetic resonance imaging, a contrast-enhanced tumor in the left frontal lobe with perifocal edema was noted. He underwent left frontal lobectomy. Microscopic examination revealed infiltrative atypical astrocytes showing increased cellularity, distinct nuclear atypia, and many mitotic figures, while microvascular proliferation and necrosis were absent. Thus, the tumor was histologically diagnosed as anaplastic astrocytoma. It was of note that cytoplasmic eosinophilic granules were observed in approximately 25% of neoplastic cells. The granules were positively immunostained with anti-alphaB-crystallin antibody, and the other histochemical and immunohistochemical results also corresponded to Rosenthal fibers. The MIB-1 labeling index of the highest area of the tumor was 22%, while that of granular cells was 2.1%. An ultrastructural study revealed amorphous electron-dense structures attached to intermediate filament bundles, compatible with Rosenthal fibers. Such structures are relatively common in oligodendroglial tumors; however, they are extremely rare in astrocytic tumors. Fluorescence in situ hybridization targeted against chromosome 1 failed to demonstrate allelic loss of the short arm. The present case should also be discriminated from granular cell astrocytoma. We review related literature and discuss the significance of granules in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Kinjo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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16
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Vyberg M, Ulhøi BP, Teglbjaerg PS. Neuronal features of oligodendrogliomas--an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Histopathology 2007; 50:887-96. [PMID: 17543079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess neuronal differentiation in oligodendrogliomas (ODGs). METHODS AND RESULTS An electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study of 41 consecutive cases was performed. In all cases, tumour cells with neuritic structures were identified ultrastructurally, including synapses and neurosecretory granules. For the immunohistochemical identification of synaptophysin, monoclonal antibody clones 27G12, Snp88 and SY38 and a polyclonal antibody were compared in optimized protocols on slides from a spectrum of tissues and 16 ODGs. 27G12 gave the best signal-to-noise ratio, while SY38 gave the poorest. When 27G12 was applied on all 41 ODGs, widespread immunoreactivity was obtained in 100%. Among three antibodies to chromogranin compared similarly, clone LK2H10 and a polyclonal antibody gave identical patterns of immunoreactivity, whereas clone DAK-A3 gave weaker reactions. When LK2H10 was applied on all tumours, staining was found in 12 (29%). All tumours but one stained strongly for glial fibrillary acidic protein and all for synapsin I. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed a concomitant 1p/19q deletion in 12/16 ODGs. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for widespread neuronal differentiation in ODGs, suggesting that these tumours may be derived from progenitor cells with limited commitment. Antibody selection and protocol optimization are mandatory for reliable immunohistochemistry results.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemistry
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/ultrastructure
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/chemistry
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/genetics
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/pathology
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Middle Aged
- Neurons/chemistry
- Neurons/pathology
- Neurons/ultrastructure
- Oligodendroglioma/chemistry
- Oligodendroglioma/genetics
- Oligodendroglioma/pathology
- Oligodendroglioma/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vyberg
- Institute of Pathology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Shin E, Ki Chung C, Park SH. Granular cell astrocytoma. Pathol Res Pract 2007; 203:57-62. [PMID: 17197117 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Granular cell astrocytoma (GCA) is a rare morphologic variant of astrocytomas, characterized by a prominent component of plump granular tumor cells. It has an aggressive clinical course as compared with conventional astrocytoma of the same grade. As its cytologic feature resembles that of a foamy histiocyte and, histologically, the tumor is rich in arborizing capillaries, it can be difficult to distinguish GCA from non-neoplastic diseases such as infarct or demyelinating disease. In this paper, a case of a GCA in a 28-year-old full-term pregnant woman suffering from a sudden episode of seizure during delivery is described, focusing on histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features. Histopathology and immunohistochemical phenotype of this tumor were identical to the previous reports. Ultrastructurally, secondary lysosome (so-called lipofuscin bodies) granules were present but not numerous; instead, many mitochondria and unusual paracrystalline inclusions were found in each tumor cell. In our case, the light microscopic granular appearance might be produced not only by phagolysomes but also by numerous mitochondria and paracrystalline inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Shin
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Rodriguez FJ, Scheithauer BW, Port JD. Unusual malignant glioneuronal tumors of the cerebrum of adults: a clinicopathologic study of three cases. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 112:727-37. [PMID: 16957928 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-006-0129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Malignant glioneuronal tumors of the brain are rare and poorly characterized. Herein, we report the clinicopathologic features of three examples with unusual morphologies including both glial and neuronal differentiation. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were reviewed in all cases. Immunohistochemical stains were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. Transmission electron microscopy (EM) was performed on both formalin-fixed (n=1) and paraffin embedded tissue (n=2). The immunogold technique for localization of GFAP was also performed. Two patients were male and one was female, age 66, 84, and 34 years, respectively. Radiologic studies demonstrated hyperdensity on CT (n=3), multicentricity (n=2), and a cortical based solid component with a cystic extension into underlying white matter (n=2). At surgery, all three tumors were superficial and relatively circumscribed. Histologically, they were composed of large epithelioid cells (n=3), spindle cells (n=1), and poorly differentiated smaller cells with high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios (n=1). Brisk mitotic activity and coagulative non-palisading necrosis were present in all cases. The tumors were immunopositive for GFAP (n=3), S-100 (n=3), synaptophysin (n=3), chromogranin (n=3), Neu-N (n=2), and neurofilament protein (n=2). Stains for EMA were negative. EM demonstrated convincing neurosecretory granules in one case, some in filament-containing cells immunogold labeled for GFAP. Two patients expired 3-5 weeks after surgery. True malignant neoplasms with glial and neuronal differentiation do occur in the central nervous system of adults and may pursue a highly aggressive course. The use of minimal diagnostic criteria, e.g., immunoreactivity for a single antigen like neurofilament protein, may not be sufficient and should be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto J Rodriguez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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19
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Vlodavsky E, Soustiel JF. Immunohistochemical expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in human astrocytomas and its correlation with grade of malignancy, proliferation, apoptosis and survival. J Neurooncol 2006; 81:1-7. [PMID: 16868661 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-006-9199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBR) are widely distributed in peripheral tissues, astrocytes, and microglia of the brain. They are involved in apoptosis, proliferation, and many other processes, such as steroidogenesis in adrenal glands, male and female gonads, biological adaptation to stress, etc. It has been established that the expression of PBR in astrocytomas is higher than in the normal brain. The goal of this study was to explore the correlation of the immunohistochemical expression of PBR in astrocytomas with the grade of malignancy and rates of apoptosis, proliferation and survival. In 130 cases of astrocytomas (25 grade I, 25 grade II, 20 grade III, 60 grade IV), paraffin sections were stained immunohistochemically for PBR and MIB-1(Ki-67). TUNEL assay was used for evaluation of apoptosis. It was found that the intensity and extent of staining for PBR had a strong direct correlation with the grade of malignancy of the tumor, along with proliferative and apoptotic indices. The highest expression of PBR was in glioblastomas grade IV, especially around areas of necrosis. There was a strong negative correlation between PBR expression and survival. The results of this study may be applied in the pathological diagnosis of astrocytomas as an additional clue in establishing tumor grade; they may be used in the imaging of astrocytomas, both for diagnosis and follow-up, by the application of positron emission tomography scanning with PBR specific ligands. Targeting of PBR in high-grade gliomas may be a promising approach, achieving more specific anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Vlodavsky
- Pathology Institute, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, POB 9602, Haifa, Israel.
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20
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Garlov PE. Plasticity of nonapeptidergic neurosecretory cells in fish hypothalamus and neurohypophysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 245:123-70. [PMID: 16125547 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)45005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The structure and function of nonapeptidergic neurosecretory cells (NP-NSC) are considered in terms of comparative morphology. Among NSC of different ergicity for NP-NSC the most characteristic involve massive accumulation and storage of neurohormonal products. Only in NP-NSC are the secretory cycles of functioning clearly expressed. Their highest reactivity is established during experimental and physiological stresses. In contrast, liberinergic, statinergic, and monoaminergic NSC, unlike NP-NSC, are characterized even in the "norm" by a constantly high level of extrusion processes. As signs of maximum NP-NSC plasticity, we consider the largest size of elementary neurosecretory granules, the diversity of secretion forms, and the maximum development of Herring bodies-clear manifestations of secretory cycles of functioning. In particular, phases of massive storage of neurosecretory granules in the extrusion cycle of NP-NSC neurosecretory terminals express accumulation of neurosecretory products. It is concluded that a particularly high degree of plasticity of NP-NSC is provided by their capability for functional reversion. This reversion is manifested first in the form of the restoration of the initial moderate level of functioning and especially in the accumulation of neurosecretory products. The reversion is considered an important mechanism providing a high degree of NSC plasticity. This degree turns out to be sufficient for participation of NP-NSC in the integration of fish reproduction. It is shown that NP-NSC are organized by the principle of a triad of the balanced system. This system consists of two alternative states: accumulation and release of neurosecretory products and the center of control of dynamics of their interrelations, the self-regulating center. In the latter, the key role is probably played by the Golgi complex.
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21
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Krajcí D, Mares V, Lisá V, Bottone MG, Pellicciari C. Intranuclear microtubules are hallmarks of an unusual form of cell death in cisplatin-treated C6 glioma cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 125:183-91. [PMID: 16283354 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe an unusual form of non-accidental cell death marked by ectopic microtubules in the nucleus of a subpopulation of cisplatin-treated C6 glioma astrocytes in culture. At electron microscopy, the perinuclear condensed chromatin did not completely adhere to the nuclear envelope of these cells being separated by single or loosely bundled 20-nm-thick microtubules located in an electron-lucid slit-like zone; the presence of alpha-tubulin lining the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope was confirmed by immunolabeling at confocal microscopy. Since tufts of microfilaments-like fibers also occurred in their central nuclear areas, these cells are referred to as CIMMs (Cells with Intranuclear Microtubules and Microfilaments). The nuclear reorganization of CIMMs also involved nucleolar segregation and formation of heterogeneous ectopic ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-derived structures, indicating disruption of the RNP-based transcription machinery. The cytoplasmic organelles of CIMMs were structurally intact, and propidium iodide did not accumulate intracellularly under vital conditions while the plasma membrane was often Annexin V-positive. All these findings suggest that CIMMs were lethally damaged and committed to an atypical programmed cell death resembling early apoptosis (this is also supported by the presence of a limited number of TUNEL-positive CIMMs). CIMMs appeared well before the main cisplatin-induced cycling arrest of the cell population (G2/M block at 72 h) and had mostly G1 DNA content: this suggests that they may represent the cohort of cells which passed cisplatin-altered mitoses with intranuclear retention of microtubules from an incompletely disassembled mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Krajcí
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat, 13110, Kuwait.
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22
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Shiras A, Bhosale A, Shepal V, Shukla R, Baburao VS, Prabhakara K, Shastry P. A unique model system for tumor progression in GBM comprising two developed human neuro-epithelial cell lines with differential transforming potential and coexpressing neuronal and glial markers. Neoplasia 2004; 5:520-32. [PMID: 14965445 PMCID: PMC1502577 DOI: 10.1016/s1476-5586(03)80036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression from a low-grade astrocytoma to the most malignant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have been hampered due to lack of suitable experimental models. We have established a model of tumor progression comprising of two cell lines derived from the same astrocytoma tumor with a set of features corresponding to low-grade glioma (as in HNGC-1) and high-grade GBM (as in HNGC-2). The HNGC-1 cell line is slow-growing, contact-inhibited, nontumorigenic, and noninvasive, whereas HNGC-2 is a rapidly proliferating, anchorage-independent, highly tumorigenic, and invasive cell line. The proliferation of cell lines is independent of the addition of exogenous growth factors. Interestingly, the HNGC-2 cell line displays a near-haploid karyotype except for a disomy of chromosome 2. The two cell lines express the neuronal precursor and progenitor markers vimentin, nestin, MAP-2, and NFP160, as well as glial differentiation protein S100beta. The HNGC-1 cell line also expresses markers of mature neurons like Tuj1 and GFAP, an astrocytic differentiation marker, hence contributing toward a more morphologically differentiated phenotype with a propensity for neural differentiation in vitro. Additionally, overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB2, and loss of fibronectin were observed only in the HNGC-2 cell line, implicating the significance of these pathways in tumor progression. This in vitro model system assumes importance in unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms in differentiation, transformation, and gliomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Shiras
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India.
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Cenacchi G, Roncaroli F, Cerasoli S, Ficarra G, Merli GA, Giangaspero F. Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle: an ultrastructural study of three cases with a histogenetic hypothesis. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25:401-5. [PMID: 11224612 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200103000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chordoid glioma is a rare neoplasm occurring in the third ventricle and, as the name implies, having a chordoid appearance. It is currently considered a glial neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis with distinct clinicopathologic features. We report three cases of chordoid glioma with a focus on the ultrastructural appearance. The patients were two men and one woman aged, respectively, 34, 40, and 43 years. Immunohistochemically, all tumors showed strong and diffuse reactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin, whereas immunoreactivity for epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin was focal. Ultrastructurally, they showed features of ependymal differentiation for the presence of an apical pole with microvilli and a basal pole characterized, as in normal ependyma, by many hemidesmosomelike structures connecting cell membranes to the underlying basal lamina. Constant features were a submicroscopic cell body zonation (i.e., perinuclear, intermediate, subapical, and apical regions) and the presence of secretory granules. These findings were similar to those described for the secretory ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ, a small structure located in a dorsocaudal region of the third ventricle that undergoes regression after birth in humans. Our observations suggest that chordoid glioma may represent a subtype of ependymoma whose cells resemble the highly specialized ependyma of the subcommissural organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cenacchi
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Cenacchi G, Morra I, Forni M, Giangaspero F. Mucin-secreting cellular ependymoma: a light and electron microscopy study. Ultrastruct Pathol 1999; 23:319-23. [PMID: 10582269 DOI: 10.1080/019131299281464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mucin accumulation in ependymomas is thought to be limited to the myxopapillary variant and represents an important diagnostic feature. Similarly, signet-ring cells in ependymomas have been shown by electron microscopy to represent microrosette instead of mucin secretion. This study describes an infratentorial ependymoma largely composed of mucinous areas and signet-ring cells. The ependymal nature of mucin-secreting cells was confirmed by ultrastructural analysis. This case widens the variable spectrum of ependymal morphology. The value of electron microscopy in differentiating central nervous system neoplasms showing mucous secretion is stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cenacchi
- Dipartimento Clinico di Scienze Radiologiche e Istocitopatologiche, Universitá di Bologna, Italy.
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25
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Debiec-Rychter M, Jesionek-Kupnicka D, Zakrzewski K, Liberski PP. Cytogenetic changes in two cases of subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1999; 109:29-33. [PMID: 9973956 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(98)00140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis of subependymal giant-cell astrocytomas (SEGAs) from two patients presenting the clinical symptoms of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) revealed clonal chromosomal changes, resulting in the partial loss of chromosome 22q in both tumors. Immunohistochemically, tumors exhibited features of glial differentiation, while ultrastructural studies identified the characteristic paracrystalline inclusions within the tumor cells. To our knowledge, it is the first cytogenetic description of SEGAs associated with TSC.
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Abstract
The electron microscope reveals much more information on tumor cell structure than can be obtained with the light microscope, and some of the data are useful in diagnostic studies. In this review, major contributions of electron microscopy in the main tumor categories are discussed. To select between immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, the probable contributions of each in the context of the particular case must be assessed. Usually, electron microscopy will only be requested after a battery of immunostaining procedures has been performed and found to be insufficient, but there are occasions when ulstrastructural study is logically the first choice after routine light microscopy. It is worth taking tissue for possible electron microscopy from any tumor that is known or anticipated to be a diagnostic problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Ordóñez
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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27
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Kawano H, Ikeda T, Yokogami K, Moriyama T, Goya T, Wakisaka S, Nabeshima K. A pilocytic astrocytoma from the roof of the third ventricle: An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Neuropathology 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.1998.tb00097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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