Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Malay Version of the Short Sensory Profile

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Reliability of the Home Falls and Accidents Screening Tool (HOME FAST) in Assessing Fall-Risk Home Hazards for Stroke Using Technologies over a Conventional Home Visit

Objective

This study is aimed at translating the Home Falls and Accidents Screening Tool (HOME FAST) into the three main languages spoken in Malaysia and investigating its reliability through an alternative technology-based evaluation.

Methods

Translation into three languages and cross-cultural adaptation of the HOME FAST was conducted via the five steps adopted from the Mapi Institute. For interrater reliability, occupational therapists who attended a face-to-face home hazard workshop were recruited. Each therapist rated the HOME FAST by using the provided combination of videos and photographs of stroke survivors manoeuvring in their home. For test-retest reliability, the same occupational therapists were invited to rate the same combination of photographs and videos again. Reliability was analysed using Gwet's AC₁ and Bland and Altman's plot to describe agreement.

Results

The translation challenges were minimal and rectifiable. A Bahasa Melayu, Mandarin, and Tamil versions of the HOME FAST were developed. Overall interrater reliability for both video (AC₁ = 0.91) and photograph (AC₁ = 0.91) were good. The test-retest reliability yielded similar outcome (video: overall AC₁ = 0.92 and photograph: overall AC₁ = 0.93).

Conclusion

Using alternative technology (video and photograph) to do a home hazard assessment was feasible. However, the asynchronous nature of these methods has limitations in clarifying certain aspects in the home. Moving forward, potential investigation on other technologies such as telehealth for synchronous and real-time interaction is warranted.

Sensory processing and its relationship to participation among childhood occupations in children with autism spectrum disorder: exploring the profile of differences

Autism is a condition manifested by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, and, sensory processing difficulties may further affect childhood-occupation and hinders their overall development. This study examines the sensory-processing and childhood participation of children with autism (6 to 10 years), and 'age/gender-matched typical children as control. The Sensory Processing (SSP) and the Participation of childhood-occupation (PICO) measures were used to collect data from 93 parents of children with autism and 95 parents of typically-developing' children, recruited from hospitals, school and care centres. This study had 74 percent (n = 72) male participants (i.e. 4:1 male to female ratio) in the autism group, and found sensory processing difficulties were associated with specific childhood-participation limitation. Children with autism had lower participation (across level, frequency and enjoyment) than the typical children. Sensory-processing' difficulties for the children with autism (n = 93) were at 68.8 percent, compared to 21.5 percent in the typical group (n = 95), and were significantly different (p  < 0.001). The differences in sensory-processing difficulties were significant (p  < 0.05) between groups, across all domains, except for movement sensitivity (p  > 0.28). Auditory filtering was the sole sensory-processing difficulty with significant correlations with all three dimensions of participation [i.e. difficulty (r = 0.36, p  < 0.01), frequency (r = 0.22, p  < 0.05) and enjoyment (r = 0.27, p  < 0.01)]. Our finding highlighted that auditory-filtering difficulties is a key sensory processing difficulty, and it significantly lower the childhood-participation in the autism group. Adding to a growing body of literature on assessment in autism, there is a need for early screening, and to engage parents in early intervention to improve specific sensory processing deficits but also to focus on the child's strengths, for a comprehensive supportive care.

Psychometric Properties of the Sensory Processing and Self-Regulation Checklist: English Version

Background

Sensory processing supports children's development and abilities to participate in activities across contexts. Self-regulation skills may influence how children process various sensory experiences in daily life activities. The Sensory Processing and Self-Regulation Checklist (SPSRC) is a 130-item caregiver-reported checklist, covering children's essential sensory processing and self-regulation performance in daily activities.

Objectives

This study examines the psychometric properties of the SPSRC (English version) in measuring the sensory processing and self-regulation abilities of children.

Methods

A preliminary field testing of the SPSRC-English was conducted in a sample of n = 194 children (164 without disability and 30 with a disability) to evaluate its reliability and validity properties.

Results

The SPSRC-English was shown to have high internal consistency and test-retest reliability; and good discriminant, structural, and criterion validity in the sensory processing and self-regulation abilities of children with and without disability ages 4-12 years.

Conclusion

The current study provides initial evidence on the reliability and validity of SPSRC-English in measuring the sensory processing and self-regulation abilities in children with and without a disability. The SPSRC-English may provide salient information supporting the understanding of sensory processing difficulties among children.

Cultural Adaptation of the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile for Spain

IMPORTANCE

In Spain, culturally adapted tools are needed to assess sensory processing in adolescents and adults.

OBJECTIVE

To adapt the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) so that it is culturally appropriate for use in Spain.

DESIGN

Following standard procedures for cultural adaptation, we completed direct and back translation, conducted cognitive interviews, and examined test-retest reliability.

PARTICIPANTS

Cognitive interviews were conducted with 18 participants ages 11-13 yr. Test-retest reliability was calculated with different samples of 30 participants who were Spanish speaking only and 30 who were Spanish and English speaking.

RESULTS

The cognitive interviews revealed no serious difficulties in comprehension. The linguistic expert made necessary adjustments, and test-retest reliability of items showed low intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs; i.e., <.50) for two items in the monolingual group and five items in the bilingual group. These items were reviewed and revised by the linguistic expert, and subsequent test-retest reliability showed only one item with an ICC of <.50.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

The cultural adaptation of the AASP for Spain is conceptually and semantically equivalent to the original version and provides a culturally sensitive measure of sensory processing for adolescent and adult Spanish populations.

WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS

The cultural adaptation of assessment tools is an essential part of occupational therapy clinical intervention. We describe the cultural adaptation to Spain of the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile.

Adaptation and psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Short Sensory Profile 2

The article presents findings from the validation of the Polish version of the Short Sensory Profile, 2nd edition (SSP-2-PL).A total of 1230 participants were recruited: 310 diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 264 with nonspectrum neurodevelopmental disorders, and 656 typically developing (TD). The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were estimated using several methods, including internal consistency, test-retest, and factor analysis.Exploratory factor analysis identified a unidimensional solution in both the TD and ASD groups. The structure of SSP-2 seems to be homogeneous; therefore, the findings support the validity of calculating the SSP-2 overall score. Cronbach alphas and intraclass correlation coefficients exceeded 0.90 for overall total in all study groups. The Social Communication Questionnaire total score correlated moderately with SSP-2 scores. A 1-way analysis of variance yielded statistically significant differences at P < .001 between groups on all scales/quadrants and the overall score. Our results indicate greater severity of sensory processing problems among children with ASD and non-ASD disorders than among TD peers. Among children with ASD, 85% experienced problems with sensory processing. Scores in SSP-2-PL were not affected by the children's age, gender, informant, and informant's level of education.To the best of our knowledge, this is the 1st study on non-English participants using a revised version of the SSP-2. The results confirm the prevalence of sensory processing problems among children with neurodevelopmental disorders, especially with ASD. SSP-2-PL has high reliability in terms of both internal consistency and stability of scores. The results suggest that SSP-2 overall score could be used for screening purposes, namely to identify sensory processing and behavioral problems combined into one factor. Further analyzes of the SSP-2 factor structure are needed to confirm the findings of the present study.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Short Sensory Profile in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Short Sensory Profile (SSP) is one of the most commonly used measures of sensory features in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but psychometric studies in this population are limited. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we evaluated the structural validity of the SSP subscales in ASD children. Confirmatory factor models exhibited poor fit, and a follow-up exploratory factor analysis suggested a 9-factor structure that only replicated three of the seven original subscales. Secondary analyses suggest that while reliable, the SSP total score is substantially biased by individual differences on dimensions other than the general factor. Overall, our findings discourage the use of the SSP total score and most subscale scores in children with ASD. Implications for future research are discussed.