Formulation and optimization of alkaline extracted ispaghula husk microparticles of isoniazid –in vitroandin vivoassessment

Recent developments in natural biopolymer based drug delivery systems

Targeted delivery of drug molecules to diseased sites is a great challenge in pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences. Fabrication of drug delivery systems (DDS) to target and/or diagnose sick cells is an effective means to achieve good therapeutic results along with a minimal toxicological impact on healthy cells. Biopolymers are becoming an important class of materials owing to their biodegradability, good compatibility, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, and long blood circulation time and high drug loading ratio for both macros as well as micro-sized drug molecules. This review summarizes the recent trends in biopolymer-based DDS, forecasting their broad future clinical applications. Cellulose chitosan, starch, silk fibroins, collagen, albumin, gelatin, alginate, agar, proteins and peptides have shown potential applications in DDS. A range of synthetic techniques have been reported to design the DDS and are discussed in the current study which is being successfully employed in ocular, dental, transdermal and intranasal delivery systems. Different formulations of DDS are also overviewed in this review article along with synthesis techniques employed for designing the DDS. The possibility of these biopolymer applications points to a new route for creating unique DDS with enhanced therapeutic qualities for scaling up creative formulations up to the clinical level.

Mucoadhesive microspheres of glutaraldehyde crosslinked mucilage of Isabgol husk for sustained release of gliclazide

Mucoadhesive microspheres have their own significant amongst the various sustained release drug delivery systems. The prolonged residence time of these delivery devices at drug absorption site results in steep concentration gradient and enhanced bioavailability. In this study, the mucilage of Isabgol husk was applied as polymeric backbone to develop gliclazide loaded microspheres by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. The formulations were studied for surface morphology, swelling behavior, particle size, in vitro release, release kinetics, in vitro mucoadhesion and gamma scintigraphy in rabbits. The release of gliclazide from microspheres was controlled by swelling of crosslinked microspheres followed by diffusion. Gamma scintigraphic images acquired for microspheres retention in gastrointestinal track of rabbits indicated the residence of formulation upto 24 h after oral administration. Gliclazide retained its integrity in polymeric matrix of microspheres as observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry. The sustained release of gliclazide and prolonged retention of microspheres in gastrointestinal track disclosed the rationality of mucoadhesive Isabgol husk microspheres in controlling the hyperglycemia in diabetes.

Influence of Ispaghula and Zein Coating on Ibuprofen-Loaded Alginate Beads Prepared by Vibration Technology: Physicochemical Characterization and Release Studies

The purpose behind the work was to fabricate alginate beads with better drug loading and extended drug release. Ispaghula was used to enhance the drug loading while zein was employed to extend the drug release. Ibuprofen was employed as a model drug in this study. Ibuprofen-loaded alginate beads with and without ispaghula were prepared using vibration technology and coated with zein. The beads prepared with alginate alone were shown to have loading and entrapment efficiencies of 35% and 70% w/w, respectively. Addition of ispaghula in alginate showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the drug loading (42% w/w) and entrapment efficiency (84% w/w). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of ispaghula and zein coating in the alginate beads as well as the ibuprofen loading. Scanning electron microscopy revealed better spherical geometry in the beads with ispaghula. The surface morphology of the uncoated beads was rough due to crystalline and surface drug. The zein coating has produced a smoother surface and particle adhesion. Differential scanning calorimetry has shown a reduction in drug crystallinity. Alginate beads extended the drug release for 4 h and the presence of zein extended the release for 6 h.

Plantago ovata F. Mucilage-Alginate Mucoadhesive Beads for Controlled Release of Glibenclamide: Development, Optimization, and In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation

The current study deals with the development and optimization of ispaghula (Plantago ovata F.) husk mucilage- (IHM-) alginate mucoadhesive beads containing glibenclamide by ionotropic gelation technique. The effects of sodium alginate (SA) to IHM and cross-linker (CaCl₂) concentration on the drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, %), as well as cumulative drug release after 10 hours (R_10 h, %), were optimized using 3² factorial design based on response surface methodology. The observed responses were coincided well with the predicted values by the experimental design. The optimized mucoadhesive beads exhibited 94.43 ± 4.80% w/w of DEE and good mucoadhesivity with the biological membrane in wash-off test and sustained drug release profile over 10 hours. The beads were also characterized by SEM and FTIR analyses. The in vitro drug release from these beads was followed by controlled release (zero-order) pattern with super case-II transport mechanism. The optimized glibenclamide-loaded IHM-alginate mucoadhesive beads showed significant antidiabetic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats over prolonged period after oral administration.

Fenugreek seed mucilage-alginate mucoadhesive beads of metformin HCl: Design, optimization and evaluation

The work investigates the development and optimization of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed mucilage (FSM)-alginate mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl through ionotropic gelation using 3(2) factorial design. The effect of polymer-blend ratio (sodium alginate to FSM) and cross-linker (CaCl(2)) concentration on the drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, %), and cumulative drug release after 10h (R(10h), %) was optimized. The DEE (%) of all these beads was within the range of 71.63 ± 2.32 to 95.08 ± 3.73% with sustained in vitro drug release of 69.78 ± 2.43% to 95.70 ± 4.26% over 10h. The in vitro drug release from these beads was followed controlled-release (zero-order) pattern (R(2)=0.9910 to 0.9953) with super case-II transport mechanism. The average size of these beads was within the range of 0.92 ± 0.05 to 1.30 ± 0.14 mm. The beads were also characterized by SEM, FTIR and (1)H NMR. The swelling and degradation of FSM-alginate beads containing metformin HCl were influenced by pH of the test medium. These beads also exhibited good mucoadhesivity in wash-off test. The optimized FSM-alginate mucoadhesive beads containing metformin HCl showed significant hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats over prolonged period after oral administration.