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In Silico, Combined Plasmonic Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy in Mice. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic photothermal and photodynamic therapy (PPTT and PDT, respectively) are two cancer treatments that have the potential to be combined in a synergistic scheme. The aim of this study is to optimize the PPTT treatment part, in order to account for the PDT lack of coverage in the hypoxic tumor volume and in cancer areas laying in deep sites. For the needs of this study, a mouse was modeled, subjected to PDT and its necrotic area was estimated by using the MATLAB software. The same procedure was repeated for PPTT, using COMSOL Multiphysics. PPTT treatment parameters, namely laser power and irradiation time, were optimized in order to achieve the optimum therapeutic effect of the combined scheme. The PDT alone resulted in 54.8% tumor necrosis, covering the upper cancer layers. When the PPTT was also applied, the total necrosis percentage raised up to 99.3%, while all of the surrounding studied organs (skin, heart, lungs and trachea, ribs, liver and spleen) were spared. The optimized values of the PPTT parameters were 550 mW of laser power and 70 s of irradiation time. Hence, the PPTT–PDT combination shows great potential in achieving high levels of tumor necrosis while sparing the healthy tissues.
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Iglesias CAM, de Araújo JCR, Xavier J, Anders RL, de Araújo JM, da Silva RB, Soares JM, Brito EL, Streck L, Fonseca JLC, Plá Cid CC, Gamino M, Silva EF, Chesman C, Correa MA, de Medeiros SN, Bohn F. Magnetic nanoparticles hyperthermia in a non-adiabatic and radiating process. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11867. [PMID: 34088933 PMCID: PMC8178398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the magnetic nanoparticles hyperthermia in a non-adiabatic and radiating process through the calorimetric method. Specifically, we propose a theoretical approach to magnetic hyperthermia from a thermodynamic point of view. To test the robustness of the approach, we perform hyperthermia experiments and analyse the thermal behavior of magnetite and magnesium ferrite magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in water submitted to an alternating magnetic field. From our findings, besides estimating the specific loss power value from a non-adiabatic and radiating process, thus enhancing the accuracy in the determination of this quantity, we provide physical meaning to a parameter found in literature that still remained not fully understood, the effective thermal conductance, and bring to light how it can be obtained from experiment. In addition, we show our approach brings a correction to the estimated experimental results for specific loss power and effective thermal conductance, thus demonstrating the importance of the heat loss rate due to the thermal radiation in magnetic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A M Iglesias
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J C R de Araújo
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J Xavier
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - R L Anders
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J M de Araújo
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - R B da Silva
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J M Soares
- Departamento de Física, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, 59610-090, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - E L Brito
- POLYMAT, Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - L Streck
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Curso de Farmácia, Faculdade Maurício de Nassau, 59080-400, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J L C Fonseca
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - C C Plá Cid
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - M Gamino
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - E F Silva
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - C Chesman
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M A Correa
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - S N de Medeiros
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - F Bohn
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Kandala SK, Sharma A, Mirpour S, Liapi E, Ivkov R, Attaluri A. Validation of a coupled electromagnetic and thermal model for estimating temperatures during magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 38:611-622. [PMID: 33853493 PMCID: PMC8363028 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.1913244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Alternating magnetic field (AMF) tissue interaction models are generally not validated. Our aim was to develop and validate a coupled electromagnetic and thermal model for estimating temperatures in large organs during magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (MNH). MATERIALS AND METHODS Coupled finite element electromagnetic and thermal model validation was performed by comparing the results to experimental data obtained from temperatures measured in homogeneous agar gel phantoms exposed to an AMF at fixed frequency (155 ± 10 kHz). The validated model was applied to a three-dimensional (3D) rabbit liver built from computed tomography (CT) images to investigate the contribution of nanoparticle heating and nonspecific eddy current heating as a function of AMF amplitude. RESULTS Computed temperatures from the model were in excellent agreement with temperatures calculated using the analytical method (error < 1%) and temperatures measured in phantoms (maximum absolute error <2% at each probe location). The 3D rabbit liver model for a fixed concentration of 5 mg Fe/cm3 of tumor revealed a maximum temperature ∼44 °C in tumor and ∼40 °C in liver at AMF amplitude of ∼12 kA/m (peak). CONCLUSION A validated coupled electromagnetic and thermal model was developed to estimate temperatures due to eddy current heating in homogeneous tissue phantoms. The validated model was successfully used to analyze temperature distribution in complex rabbit liver tumor geometry during MNH. In future, model validation should be extended to heterogeneous tissue phantoms, and include heat sink effects from major blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Kamal Kandala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sahar Mirpour
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eleni Liapi
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anilchandra Attaluri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, USA
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Francis F, Anandhi JS, Jacob GA, Sastikumar D, Joseyphus RJ. Temperature Sensitivity of Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia Using IR Thermography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x21500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles are extensively studied for their applications in magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia. However, existing methods involve invasive methods for monitoring the thermal profile while the heat generated by the magnetite nanoparticles is utilized for cancer therapy. Tumor diagnosis utilizing thermography for monitoring the thermal profile is in the early stage of development since the temperature sensitivity is influenced by various experimental factors. Magnetite nanoparticles embedded in agar matrix which mimics the human tissues and their heating characteristics were investigated using infrared thermography. The magnetite nanoparticles with an average particle size of 10[Formula: see text]nm were subjected to heating in an applied frequency of 500[Formula: see text]kHz. The influence of concentration, area and depth on the heating characteristics of the tumor phantoms were deduced from the thermography images. The parameters that influence the therapeutical sensitivity while using infrared thermography for magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia, have been studied for potential applications in theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femy Francis
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - J. Shebha Anandhi
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - G. Antilen Jacob
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - D. Sastikumar
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - R. Justin Joseyphus
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
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Numerical treatment of radiative Nickel-Zinc ferrite-Ethylene glycol nanofluid flow past a curved surface with thermal stratification and slip conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16832. [PMID: 33033287 PMCID: PMC7545102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inadequate cooling capacity of the customary fluids forced the scientists to look for some alternatives that could fulfill the industry requirements. The inception of nanofluids has revolutionized the modern industry-oriented finished products. Nanofluids are the amalgamation of metallic nanoparticles and the usual fluids that possess a high heat transfer rate. Thus, meeting the cooling requirements of the engineering and industrial processes. Having such amazing traits of nanofluids in mind our aim here is to discuss the flow of nanofluid comprising Nickel–Zinc Ferrite and Ethylene glycol over a curved surface with heat transfer analysis. The heat equation contains nonlinear thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption effects. The envisioned mathematical model is supported by the slip and the thermal stratification boundary conditions. Apposite transformations are betrothed to obtain the system of ordinary differential equations from the governing system in curvilinear coordinates. A numerical solution is found by applying MATLAB build-in function bvp4c. The authentication of the proposed model is substantiated by comparing the results with published articles in limiting case. An excellent concurrence is seen in this case. The impacts of numerous physical parameters on Skin friction and Nusselt number and, on velocity and temperature are shown graphically. It is observed that heat generation/absorption has a significant impact on the heat transfer rate. It is also comprehended that velocity and temperature distributions have varied behaviors near and far away from the curve when the curvature is enhanced.
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Abstract
The current therapies against cancer showed limited success. Nanotechnology is a promising strategy for cancer tracking, diagnosis, and therapy. The hybrid nanotechnology assembled several materials in a multimodal system to develop multifunctional approaches to cancer treatment. The quantum dot and polymer are some of these hybrid nanoparticle platforms. The quantum dot hybrid system possesses photonic and magnetic properties, allowing photothermal therapy and live multimodal imaging of cancer. These quantum dots were used to convey medicines to cancer cells. Hybrid polymer nanoparticles were utilized for the systemic delivery of small interfering RNA to malignant tumors and metastasis. They allowed non-invasive imaging to track in real-time the biodistribution of small interfering RNA in the whole body. They offer an opportunity to treat cancers by specifically silencing target genes. This review highlights the major nanotechnology approaches to effectively treat cancer and metastasis.
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Sanchez LM, Alvarez VA. Advances in Magnetic Noble Metal/Iron-Based Oxide Hybrid Nanoparticles as Biomedical Devices. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6030075. [PMID: 31466238 PMCID: PMC6784020 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the noble metal magnetic hybrid nanoparticles is a really promising topic from both the scientific and the technological points of views, with applications in several fields. Iron oxide materials which are hybridized with noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted increasing interest among researchers because of their cooperative effects on combined magnetic, electronic, photonic, and catalytic activities. This review article contains a summary of magnetic noble metal/iron oxide nanoparticle systems potentially useful in practical biomedical applications. Among the applications, engineered devices for both medical diagnosis and treatments were considered. The preparation to produce different structures, as blends or core-shell structures, of several nanometric systems was also considered. Several characterization techniques available to describe the structure, morphology and different kinds of properties of hybrid nanoparticles are also included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Sanchez
- Materiales Compuestos Termoplásticos (CoMP), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP). Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina.
| | - Vera A Alvarez
- Materiales Compuestos Termoplásticos (CoMP), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP). Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
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Muhammad N, Nadeem S, Mustafa MT. Analysis of ferrite nanoparticles in the flow of ferromagnetic nanofluid. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0188460. [PMID: 29320488 PMCID: PMC5761848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical analysis has been carried out to establish the heat transport phenomenon of six different ferromagnetic MnZnFe2O4—C2H6O2 (manganese zinc ferrite-ethylene glycol), NiZnFe2O4—C2H6O2 (Nickel zinc ferrite-ethylene glycol), Fe2O4—C2H6O2 (magnetite ferrite-ethylene glycol), NiZnFe2O4—H2O (Nickel zinc ferrite-water), MnZnFe2O4—H2O (manganese zinc ferrite-water), and Fe2O4—H2O (magnetite ferrite-water) nanofluids containing manganese zinc ferrite, Nickel zinc ferrite, and magnetite ferrite nanoparticles dispersed in a base fluid of ethylene glycol and water mixture. The performance of convective heat transfer is elevated in boundary layer flow region via nanoparticles. Magnetic dipole in presence of ferrites nanoparticles plays a vital role in controlling the thermal and momentum boundary layers. In perspective of this, the impacts of magnetic dipole on the nano boundary layer, steady, and laminar flow of incompressible ferromagnetic nanofluids are analyzed in the present study. Flow is caused by linear stretching of the surface. Fourier’s law of heat conduction is used in the evaluation of heat flux. Impacts of emerging parameters on the magneto—thermomechanical coupling are analyzed numerically. Further, it is evident that Newtonian heating has increasing behavior on the rate of heat transfer in the boundary layer. Comparison with available results for specific cases show an excellent agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Muhammad
- Department of Mathematics, Quaid-I-Azam University 45320, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Sohail Nadeem
- Department of Mathematics, Quaid-I-Azam University 45320, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - M. T. Mustafa
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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Synthesis and characterization of glycyrrhizic acid coated iron oxide nanoparticles for hyperthermia applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:1060-1067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Cancer treatment has been very challenging in recent decades. One of the most promising cancer treatment methods is hyperthermia, which increases the tumor temperature (41-45 °C). Magnetic nanoparticles have been widely used for selective targeting of cancer cells. In the present study, magnetic dextran-spermine nanoparticles, conjugated with Anti-HER2 antibody to target breast cancer cells were developed. The magnetic dextran-spermine nanoparticles (DMNPs) were prepared by ionic gelation, followed by conjugation of antibody to them using EDC-NHS method. Then the Prussian blue method was used to estimate the targeting ability and cellular uptake. Cytotoxicity assay by MTT showed that antibody-conjugated MNPs (ADMNPs) have no toxic effect on SKBR3 and human fibroblast cells. Finally, the hyperthermia was applied to show that synthesized ADMNPs, could increase the cancer cells temperature up to 45 °C and kill most of them without affecting normal cells. These observations proved that Anti-HER2 conjugated magnetic dextran-spermine nanoparticles can target and destroy cancer cells and are potentially suitable for cancer treatment.
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Talaat A, Alonso J, Zhukova V, Garaio E, García JA, Srikanth H, Phan MH, Zhukov A. Ferromagnetic glass-coated microwires with good heating properties for magnetic hyperthermia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39300. [PMID: 27991557 PMCID: PMC5172374 DOI: 10.1038/srep39300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The heating properties of Fe71.7Si11B13.4Nb3Ni0.9 amorphous glass-coated microwires are explored for prospective applications in magnetic hyperthermia. We show that a single 5 mm long wire is able to produce a sufficient amount of heat, with the specific loss power (SLP) reaching a value as high as 521 W/g for an AC field of 700 Oe and a frequency of 310 kHz. The large SLP is attributed to the rectangular hysteresis loop resulting from a peculiar domain structure of the microwire. For an array of parallel microwires, we have observed an SLP improvement by one order of magnitude; 950 W/g for an AC field of 700 Oe. The magnetostatic interaction strength essential in the array of wires can be manipulated by varying the distance between the wires, showing a decreasing trend in SLP with increasing wire separation. The largest SLP is obtained when the wires are aligned along the direction of the AC field. The origin of the large SLP and relevant heating mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Talaat
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.,Dpto. Física de Materiales, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Dpto. de Física Aplicada, EUPDS, UPV/EHU, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J Alonso
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.,BCMaterials Edificio N°. 500, Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya, 48160, Derio, Bilbao, Spain
| | - V Zhukova
- Dpto. Física de Materiales, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Dpto. de Física Aplicada, EUPDS, UPV/EHU, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - E Garaio
- Department of Electricity and Electronics, University of Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - J A García
- BCMaterials Edificio N°. 500, Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya, 48160, Derio, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Applied Physics II, University of Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - H Srikanth
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - M H Phan
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - A Zhukov
- Dpto. Física de Materiales, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Dpto. de Física Aplicada, EUPDS, UPV/EHU, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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Attar MM, Amanpour S, Haghpanahi M, Haddadi M, Rezaei G, Muhammadnejad S, HajiAkhoundzadeh M, Barati T, Sadeghi F, Javadi S. Thermal analysis of magnetic nanoparticle in alternating magnetic field on human HCT-116 colon cancer cell line. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 32:858-867. [DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2016.1204667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Attar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Saeid Amanpour
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Haghpanahi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran
| | - Mahnaz Haddadi
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Rezaei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Samad Muhammadnejad
- Research Centre for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Mehran HajiAkhoundzadeh
- Research Centre for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Tahereh Barati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Cancer Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Javadi
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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