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Kaur B, Miglioranza Scavuzzi B, F Abcouwer S, N Zacks D. A simplified protocol to induce hypoxia in a standard incubator: A focus on retinal cells. Exp Eye Res 2023; 236:109653. [PMID: 37793495 PMCID: PMC10732591 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia chambers have traditionally been used to induce hypoxia in cell cultures. Cellular responses to hypoxia can also be mimicked with the use of chemicals such as cobalt chloride (CoCl2), which stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor alpha-subunit proteins. In studies of ocular cells using primary cells and cell lines, such as Müller glial cell (MGC) lines, photoreceptor cell lines, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell lines and retinoblastoma cell lines oxygen levels employed in hypoxia chambers range typically between 0.2% and 5% oxygen. For chemical induction of hypoxic response in these cells, the CoCl2 concentrations used typically range from 100 to 600 μM. Here, we describe simplified protocols for stabilizing cellular hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in cell culture using either a hypoxia chamber or CoCl2. In addition, we also provide a detailed methodology to confirm hypoxia induction by the assessment of protein levels of HIF-1α, which accumulates in response to hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, we provide a summary of conditions applied in previous studies of ocular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavneet Kaur
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Bruna Miglioranza Scavuzzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Steven F Abcouwer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Choroidal Neovascular Membranes in Retinal and Choroidal Tumors: Origins, Mechanisms, and Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021064. [PMID: 36674579 PMCID: PMC9865148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularizations are historically associated with exudative macular degeneration, nonetheless, they have been observed in nevus, melanoma, osteoma, and hemangioma involving the choroid and retina. This review aimed to elucidate the possible origins of neovascular membranes by examining in vivo and in vitro models compared to real clinical cases. Among the several potential mechanisms examined, particular attention was paid to histologic alterations and molecular cascades. Physical or biochemical resistance to vascular invasion from the choroid offered by Bruch's membrane, the role of fibroblast growth factor 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor, resident or recruited stem-like/progenitor cells, and other angiogenic promoters were taken into account. Even if the exact mechanisms are still partially obscure, experimental models are progressively enhancing our understanding of neovascularization etiology. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) over melanoma, osteoma, and other tumors is not rare and is not contraindicative of malignancy as previously believed. In addition, CNV may represent a late complication of either benign or malignant choroidal tumors, stressing the importance of a long follow-up.
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MicroRNA-539-5p-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Grafted with iRGD as a Targeting Treatment for Choroidal Neovascularization. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020243. [PMID: 35213977 PMCID: PMC8877575 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a major cause of visual impairment that results from excessive growth of blood vessels in the eye’s choroid. The limited clinical efficacy of the current therapy for this condition requires the emergence of new treatment modalities such as microRNA (miRNAs). A recent study identified microRNA-539-5p (miR-539) as an angiogenic suppressor in a CNV animal model; however, its therapeutic delivery is limited. Therefore, this study aims to formulate miR-539 in targeted nanoparticles (NPs) prepared from polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). The NPs were decorated with internalizing arginylglycylaspartic (RGD) peptide (iRGD), which specifically targets the alpha-v-beta-3 (αvβ3) integrin receptor that is overexpressed in blood vessels of ocular tissue in CNV patients. The 1H NMR spectra results revealed successful conjugation of iRGD peptide into PLGA NPs. The miR-539-PLGA.NPs and miR-539-iRGD-PLGA.NPs were prepared and showed a particle size of 300 ± 3 and 306.40 ± 4 nm, respectively. A reduction in human retinal microvascular endothelial cell (HRMEC) viability was shown 48 and 72 h post transfection with miR-539 incorporated in PLGA NPs and iRGD-PLGA.NPs. iRGD-functionalized PLGA NPs caused further significant reduction in cell viability when compared with plain ones, revealing an enhancement in the NP uptake with iRGD-grafted NPs. The current study showed that miR-539-PLGA.NPs and miR-539-iRGD-PLGA.NPs are promising approaches that reduced the viability of HRMECs, suggesting their therapeutic potential in the treatment of CNV.
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Inoda S, Takahashi H, Inoue Y, Tan X, Tampo H, Arai Y, Yanagi Y, Kawashima H. Cytokine profiles of macular neovascularization in the elderly based on a classification from a pachychoroid/drusen perspective. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:747-758. [PMID: 34714383 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To classify macular neovascularization (MNV) based on pachychoroid and drusen features and to examine the aqueous humor cytokine signatures of each group. METHODS In total, 106 consecutive eyes with treatment-naïve MNV and 104 control eyes were examined. The aqueous humor concentrations of 15 cytokines were compared among the MNV groups classified based on the presence of drusen and/or pachychoroid features. Multidimensional scaling analysis was used to visualize the similarity level of the MNV subtypes according to their cytokine profiles. RESULTS Thirty-one, 18, 43, and 10 eyes were classified into the pachychoroid-associated, drusen-associated, pachychoroid/drusen-associated, and non-drusen/non-pachychoroid MNV groups, respectively. Compared with the control group, cytokines were differently upregulated among the MNV groups. CRP and CXCL12 were significantly upregulated in all MNV groups, whereas CXCL13 and IL-8 were significantly upregulated in three MNV groups, excluding the non-pachychoroid/non-drusen-associated MNV group. Ang-2 was significantly upregulated in three MNV groups except the drusen-associated MNV group. PlGF was significantly upregulated in the pachychoroid-associated and drusen-associated MNV groups. CCL-2 was significantly upregulated in the pachychoroid-associated and pachychoroid/drusen-associated MNV groups. VEGF was downregulated in the pachychoroid-associated and drusen-associated MNV groups, respectively. Multidimensional scaling analysis showed a distinct cytokine profile for each MNV group. CONCLUSION All MNV groups showed distinct cytokine profiles. Eyes with "neovascular age-related macular degeneration with drusen and concomitant pachychoroid" may share a similar etiology to those with "pachychoroid neovasculopathy" and "choroidal neovascularization with drusen," but have a distinct etiology to those without these. These findings suggest the importance of evaluating drusen and the choroid during the diagnosis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Inoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0431, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0431, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuji Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0431, Japan
| | - Xue Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Tampo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0431, Japan
| | - Yusuke Arai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0431, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yanagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0431, Japan
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hidetoshi Kawashima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0431, Japan
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Desjarlais M, Ruknudin P, Wirth M, Lahaie I, Dabouz R, Rivera JC, Habelrih T, Omri S, Hardy P, Rivard A, Chemtob S. Tyrosine-Protein Phosphatase Non-receptor Type 9 (PTPN9) Negatively Regulates the Paracrine Vasoprotective Activity of Bone-Marrow Derived Pro-angiogenic Cells: Impact on Vascular Degeneration in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:679906. [PMID: 34124069 PMCID: PMC8194284 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.679906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Insufficient post-ischemic neovascularization is an initial key step in the pathogenesis of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy (OIR). During neovascularization, pro-angiogenic cells (PACs) are mobilized from the bone marrow and integrate into ischemic tissues to promote angiogenesis. However, the modulation of PAC paracrine activity during OIR and the specific mechanisms involved remain to be explored. Because Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 9 (PTPN9) is reported to be a negative regulator of stem cell differentiation and angiogenesis signaling, we investigated its effect on PAC activity in the context of OIR. Methods and Results In a rat model of OIR, higher levels of PTPN9 in the retina and in bone marrow derived PACs are associated with retinal avascular areas, lower levels of the mobilization factor SDF-1 and decreased number of CD34+/CD117+/CD133+ PACs. PACs exposed ex vivo to hyperoxia display increased PTPN9 expression, which is associated with impaired ability of PAC secretome to promote angiogenesis ex vivo (choroidal vascular sprouting) and in vitro (endothelial cell tubule formation) compared to the secretome of PACs maintained in normoxia. Suppression of PTPN9 (using siRNA) increases VEGF and SDF-1 expression to normalize PAC secretome during hyperoxia, leading to restored angiogenic ability of PAC secretome. Moreover, endothelial cells exposed to the secretome of siPTPN9-treated PACs expressed increased levels of activated form of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). In the rat model of OIR, intravitreal injection of secretome from siPTPN9-treated PACs significantly reduced retinal vaso-obliteration; this was associated with higher retinal levels of VEGF/SDF-1, and increased recruitment of PACs (CD34+ cells) to the retinal and choroidal vessels. Conclusion Our results suggest that hyperoxia alters the paracrine proangiogenic activity of BM-PACs by inducing PTPN9, which can contribute to impair post-ischemic revascularization in the context of OIR. Targeting PTPN9 restores PAC angiogenic properties, and provide a new target for vessel integrity in ischemic retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Desjarlais
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pakiza Ruknudin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maëlle Wirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lahaie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rabah Dabouz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tiffany Habelrih
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Samy Omri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Hardy
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Rivard
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Mingjing granule, a traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:69. [PMID: 33468208 PMCID: PMC7814434 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss and blindness among the older people aged 50 and over. Although anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies have resulted in improving patient outcomes, there are limitations associated with these treatments. In China, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat eye diseases for more than 2000 years. Previous studies have shown that TCM may be beneficial for nAMD patients. However, explicit evidence has not been obtained. The purpose of the present trial is to examine the efficacy and safety of the Mingjing granule, a compound Chinese herbal medicine, for nAMD patients. Methods/design This is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Mingjing granule as an add-on to intravitreous ranibizumab for nAMD. One hundred eighty nAMD patients from six hospitals in China will be enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly allocated into two groups, 90 in each. All participants will receive a 24-week treatment and then be followed up for another 24 weeks. The primary outcome is the mean change of best-corrected visual acuity at week 24 and 48 as compared to the baseline. The secondary outcomes include mean change in central retinal thickness, area of retinal hemorrhage and exudation, and TCM syndrome score, mean number of intravitreal ranibizumab injection, and total cost of the treatment. Indexes of safety include blood regular test, urine regular test, liver function test, renal function test, and electrocardiogram from baseline to weeks 24 and 48. Qualitative control and some standard operating processes will be formed throughout the trial. Any ocular or systemic adverse events will be treated suitably, and related data will be recorded accurately and completely in the case report form. Discussion Based on previous empirical and animal laboratory studies, this study will address the question of whether Mingjing granule could contribute to improving efficacy, safety, and efficiency with need for fewer intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF, improving compliance and visual outcomes in the management of persons with nAMD. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn), ChiCTR2000035990. Registered on 21 August 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05025-x.
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Locri F, Pesce NA, Aronsson M, Cammalleri M, De Rosa M, Pavone V, Bagnoli P, Kvanta A, Dal Monte M, André H. Gaining insight on mitigation of rubeosis iridis by UPARANT in a mouse model associated with proliferative retinopathy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1629-1638. [PMID: 32940719 PMCID: PMC7591405 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01979-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative retinopathies (PR) lead to an increase in neovascularization and inflammation factors, at times culminating in pathologic rubeosis iridis (RI). In mice, uveal puncture combined with injection of hypoxia-conditioned media mimics RI associated with proliferative retinopathies. Here, we investigated the effects of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) antagonist-UPARANT-on the angiogenic and inflammatory processes that are dysregulated in this model. In addition, the effects of UPARANT were compared with those of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies. Administration of UPARANT promptly decreased iris vasculature, while anti-VEGF effects were slower and less pronounced. Immunoblot and qPCR analysis suggested that UPARANT acts predominantly by reducing the upregulated inflammatory and extracellular matrix degradation responses. UPARANT appears to be more effective in comparison to anti-VEGF in the treatment of RI associated with PR in the murine model, by modulating multiple uPAR-associated signaling pathways. Furthermore, UPARANT effectiveness was maintained when systemically administered, which could open to novel improved therapies for proliferative ocular diseases, particularly those associated with PR. KEY MESSAGES: • Further evidence of UPARANT effectiveness in normalizing pathological iris neovascularization. • Both systemic and local administration of UPARANT reduce iris neovascularization in a model associated with proliferative retinopathies. • In the mouse models of rubeosis iridis associated with proliferative retinopathy, UPARANT displays stronger effects when compared with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Locri
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Polhemsgatan 50, 112 82, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noemi A Pesce
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Polhemsgatan 50, 112 82, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Aronsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Polhemsgatan 50, 112 82, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mario De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pavone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Bagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anders Kvanta
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Polhemsgatan 50, 112 82, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Helder André
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Polhemsgatan 50, 112 82, Stockholm, Sweden.
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M2 macrophages promote vasculogenesis during retinal neovascularization by regulating bone marrow-derived cells via SDF-1/VEGF. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:469-486. [PMID: 31989253 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages promote vasculogenesis during retinal neovascularization (RNV) by increasing the recruitment and differentiation of bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs). Different subtypes of macrophages (M1 and M2 macrophages) are associated with RNV. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of BMCs by different macrophage subtypes during RNV remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role and mechanism of action of different macrophage subtypes that regulate BMCs during the development of RNV. The retinal avascular area and neovascularization (NV) tuft area in M2 macrophage group in vivo were the largest compared to those in the control phosphate buffer saline (PBS), unpolarized-M0, and M1 macrophage groups. The number of recruited green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive BMCs and the degree of differentiation of BMCs into CD31-positive endothelial cells (ECs) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were higher in the M2 macrophage group than in the other groups. M2-conditional medium (M2-CM) affected the in vitro migration and activation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs, a subset of BMCs) more than M1-CM. The expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in M2 macrophages and BMSCs cultured with M2-CM was also higher than that in M1 macrophages and BMSCs cultured with M1-CM. Migration of BMSCs was reduced after inhibiting the SDF-1 signaling pathway. Our results indicate that M2 macrophages may express significantly higher levels of SDF-1 and VEGF than M1 macrophages, thus regulating the recruitment and differentiation of BMCs and further aggravating vasculogenesis during RNV.
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Yeo NJY, Chan EJJ, Cheung C. Choroidal Neovascularization: Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1363. [PMID: 31849644 PMCID: PMC6895252 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many conditions affecting the heart, brain, and even the eyes have their origins in blood vessel pathology, underscoring the role of vascular regulation. In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), there is excessive growth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye (choroidal neovascularization), eventually leading to vision loss due to detachment of retinal pigmented epithelium. As the advanced stage of this disease involves loss of retinal pigmented epithelium, much less attention has been given to early vascular events such as endothelial dysfunction. Although current gold standard therapy using inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have achieved initial successes, some drawbacks include the lack of long-term restoration of visual acuity, as well as a subset of the patients being refractory to existing treatment, alluding us and others to hypothesize upon VEGF-independent mechanisms. Against this backdrop, we present here a nonexhaustive review on the vascular underpinnings of AMD, implications with genetic and systemic factors, experimental models for studying choroidal neovascularization, and interestingly, on both endothelial-centric pathways and noncell autonomous mechanisms. We hope to shed light on future research directions in improving vascular function in ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Jia Ying Yeo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ebenezer Jia Jun Chan
- Division of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Cheung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) ameliorates corneal neovascularization via regulating cell infiltration into cornea after alkali burn. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1041-1051. [PMID: 30551354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP)-medicated inhibition of corneal neovascularization (CNV). Our data showed that TMP could effectively downregulate the expression levels of CXCR4 mRNA and protein, as well as inhibit HUVECs, endothelial cells, tubule formation in vitro. In vivo, alkali burn (1 M NaOH) could remarkably upregulate CXCR4 expression and increase the migration of TNF-α-positive cells to corneal stroma. TMP drops could significantly downregulate CXCR4 expression in cornea, compared to the control. However, there was no difference in the downregulation of CXCR4 between TMP and FK506, an immunosuppressive drug. Moreover, the immunofluorescent staining of CD45 showed TMP and FK506 could significantly restrain the bone marrow (BM)-derived infiltration while the F4/80 staining reflects the suppression of macrophage aggregation. Meanwhile TMP could regulate the Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and FK506 could restrain the Interleukin 2 (IL-2). Furthermore, TMP and FK506 significantly ameliorate corneal opacity and neovascularization. Clinical assessment detected an obvious improvement in TMP and FK506 treatment groups, compared to controls in vivo. Thus, TMP had similar effects in inhibition of immune response and CNV by suppressing BM-infiltrating cells into cornea as FK506. TMP could be a potential agent in eye-drop therapy for cornea damaged by Alkali Burn.
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Lyu Y, Xu WQ, Sun LJ, Pan XY, Zhang J, Wang YS. Effect of integrin α5β1 inhibition on SDF-l/CXCR4-mediated choroidal neovascularization. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:726-735. [PMID: 29862169 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.05.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the roles of integrins in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and their associations with the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 axis. METHODS CNV lesions were induced in mice using laser photocoagulation. After CNV induction, all animals were randomly assigned to: control, SDF-1, SDF-1+age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 3100 (CXCR4 inhibitor), and SDF-1+ATN161 (integrin α5β1 inhibitor) groups; their effects on CNV progression were observed using hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) grading and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and their effects on CXCR4/integrin α5 expression were evaluated using Western blot and double immunofluorescence staining. Hypoxia-exposed endothelial cells (ECs) were used to simulate CNV in vitro, they were treated with SDF-1, combined with CXCR4 siRNA/AMD3100 or ATN161, and expression of integrin α5, cell migration and tube formation were analyzed. RESULTS Integrin subunit α5 increased at 3rd and 7th day and decreased at 14th day in CNV mice, with no significant change of β1-integrin. CXCR4 expression in CNV mice had persistent increase within 14d after induction. SDF-1 treatment significantly promoted the CNV progression during 3-14d. The mean CNV length in AMD3100 and ATN161 group at day 7 was 270.13 and 264.23 µm in HE images, significantly lower than the mean length in SDF-1 (345.70 µm) group. AMD3100 and ATN161 also significantly reduced thickness and leakage of CNV induced by SDF-1. Mean integrin α5 positive area in SDF-1 group reached 2.31×104 µm2, significantly higher than control (1.25×104 µm2), which decreased to 1.78×104 µm2 after AMD3100 treatment. About 61.36% of ECs in CNV lesions expressed α5 in SDF-1 group, which significantly decreased to 43.12% after AMD3100 treatment. In vitro, integrin α5 peaked by 6 folds after 6h of hypoxia exposure and CXCR4 gradually increased by up to 2.3 folds after 24h of hypoxia. Approximately 25.12% of ECs expressed integrin α5 after SDF-1 stimulation, which decreased to 7.2%-9.5% after si-CXCR4 or AMD3100 treatment. ATN161 exerted an inhibitory effect comparable to that of si-CXCR4 on EC migration and tube formation in the presence of SDF-1. CONCLUSION SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling induces integrin α5β1 expression in ECs to promote CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wen-Qin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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Transduction Patterns of Adeno-associated Viral Vectors in a Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization Mouse Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 9:90-98. [PMID: 29766021 PMCID: PMC5948198 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector is a promising platform technology for ocular gene therapy. Recently clinical successes to treat choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in wet type age-related macular degeneration have been reported. However, because pathologic conditions of the retina may alter the tropism of viral vectors, it is necessary to evaluate the transduction efficiency of different serotypes of AAV vectors in the retinas with CNVs. Here, we show the patterns and efficacy of transduction of AAV2, -5, and -8 vectors in a laser-induced CNV mouse model. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to unilateral laser photocoagulation on the right eye to induce CNV 5 days prior to intravitreal injection of AAV2, -5, and -8 capsids expressing EGFP. Transduction was increased around CNV lesions for all AAV capsid types, and AAV2 resulted in the highest transduction efficiency. In the absence of CNV, the AAV2 vector transduced ganglion and inner nuclear layer (INL) cells, and AAV5 and AAV8 transduced only a small proportion of cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer. CNV increased AAV2 vector expression throughout the retina and in and around CNVs; the transduced cells included retinal ganglion cells, Müller cells, cells from the INL and outer nuclear layer (ONL), photoreceptors, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Inflammatory cells and endothelial cells in CNVs were also transduced by AAV2. AAV5 and AAV8 were transduced in retinal ganglion, Müller, INL, ONL, and RPE cells in a localized pattern, and only endothelial cells at the surface of CNV lesions showed EGFP expression. Taken together, CNV formation resulted in enhanced transduction of AAV2, -5, and -8, and AAV2 exhibited the highest transduction efficiency in cells in CNV lesions.
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Feng Y, Wang J, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Shen M, Yuan F. miR-539-5p inhibits experimental choroidal neovascularization by targeting CXCR7. FASEB J 2018; 32:1626-1639. [PMID: 29146732 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700640r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) has been previously confirmed to participate in the formation of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) via its receptor, CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4; CXCR7 is a recently identified receptor for SDF-1. The molecular mechanisms and therapeutic value of CXCR7 in CNV remain undefined. In this study, experimental CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation in Brown-Norway pigmented rats, and aberrant CXCR7 overexpression was detected in the retinal pigment epithelial/choroid/sclera tissues of laser-injured eyes. Blockade of CXCR7 activation via CXCR7 knockdown or neutralizing Ab administration inhibited SDF-1-induced cell survival and the tubular formation of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) in vitro and reduced CNV leakage and lesion size in vivo. By using microRNA array screening and bioinformatic analyses, we identified miR-539-5p as a regulator of CXCR7. Transfection of HRMECs and choroid-retinal endothelial (RF/6A) cells with the miR-539-5p mimic inhibited their survival and tube formation, whereas CXCR7 overexpression rescued the suppressive effect of miR-539-5p. The antiangiogenic activities of the miR-539-5p mimic were additionally demonstrated in vivo by intravitreal injection. ERK1/2 and AKT signaling downstream of CXCR7 is involved in the miR-539-5p regulation of endothelial cell behaviors. These findings suggest that the manipulation of miR-539-5p/CXCR7 levels may have important therapeutic implications in CNV-associated diseases.-Feng, Y., Wang, J., Yuan, Y., Zhang, X., Shen, M., Yuan, F. miR-539-5p inhibits experimental choroidal neovascularization by targeting CXCR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanzhi Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minqian Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Friend or Foe? Resident Microglia vs Bone Marrow-Derived Microglia and Their Roles in the Retinal Degeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4094-4112. [PMID: 27318678 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that originate from the yolk sac in an embryo. The renewal of the microglia pool in the adult eye consists of two components. In addition to the self-proliferation of resident cells, microglia in the CNS also derive from the bone marrow (BM). BM-derived cells pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or blood-retina barrier (BRB) and differentiate into microglia under specific conditions which involves a complex mechanism. Recent studies have widely investigated the role of resident microglia and BM-derived microglia in the retinal degenerative disease. Both two cell types play dual roles and share many similar functions. However, resident microglia tend to polarize to the M1 phenotype which is pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic, whereas BM-derived microglia mainly polarize to the neuroprotective M2 phenotype in retinal degeneration. The molecular mechanism that underlines the invasion of peripheral cells has led to extensive discussions. In addition to the BBB and BRB disruption, many signaling pathways are involved in this process. Based on these studies, we discuss the roles of these two types of microglia in retinal degeneration disease and the potential clinical application of BM-derived microglia, which may benefit future therapies.
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Gao X, Wang Y, Hou HY, Lyu Y, Wang HY, Yao LB, Zhang J, Cao F, Wang YS. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of hyperglycemia exacerbating stem cells on choroidal neovascularization in mice. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:519-27. [PMID: 27162722 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.04.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of hyperglycemia on the severity of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), especially the involvement of bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) and underlying mechanisms. METHODS BMCs from firefly luciferase (Fluc)/green fluorescent protein (GFP) double transgenic mice were transplanted into C57BL/6J wide-type mice. The recipient mice were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (STZ) daily for 5 consecutive days to induce diabetes mellitus (DM), followed by CNV laser photocoagulation. The BMCs recruitment in CNV exposed to hyperglycemia was firstly examined in Fluc/GFP chimeric mice by in vivo optical bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and in vitro Fluc assays. The CNV severity was evaluated by H&E staining and choroidal flatmount. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) was detected by Western Blot. RESULTS BLI showed that the BMCs exerted dynamic effects in CNV model in Fluc/GFP chimeric mice exposed to hyperglycemia. The signal intensity of transplanted Fluc(+)GFP(+) BMCs in the DM chimeric mice was significantly higher than that in the control chimeric mice with CNV induction at days 5, 7, 14 and 21 (121861.67±9948.81 vs 144998.33±13787.13 photons/second/cm(2)/sr for control and DM mice, P 5d<0.05; 178791.67±30350.8 vs 240166.67±22605.3, P 7d<0.05; 124176.67±16253.52 vs 196376.67±18556.79, P 14d<0.05; 97951.60±10343.09 vs 119510.00±14383.76, P 21d<0.05), which was consistent with in vitro Fluc assay at day 7 [relative light units of Fluc (RLU1)], 215.00±52.05 vs 707.33±88.65, P<0.05; RLU1/ relative light units of renilla luciferase (RLU2), 0.90±0.17 vs 1.83±0.17, P<0.05]. The CNVs in the DM mice were wider than those in the control group at days 5, 7, 14 and 21 (147.83±17.36 vs 220.33±20.17 µm, P 5d<0.05; 212.17±24.63 vs 326.83±19.49, P 7d<0.05; 163.17±18.24 vs 265.17±20.55, P 14d<0.05; 132.00±10.88 vs 205.33±12.98, P 21d<0.05). The average area of CNV in the DM group was larger at 7d (20688.67±3644.96 vs 32218.00±4132.69 µm(2), P<0.05). The expression of VEGF and SDF-1 was enhanced in the DM mice. CONCLUSION Hyperglycemia promots the vasculogenesis of CNV, especially the contribution of BMCs, which might be triggered by VEGF and SDF-1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yang Lyu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Bo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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Gao F, Sun M, Gong Y, Wang H, Wang Y, Hou H. MicroRNA-195a-3p inhibits angiogenesis by targeting Mmp2 in murine mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:413-23. [PMID: 26989874 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) modulate complex physiological and pathological processes, including the regulation of angiogenesis. Our previous study reported that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are recruited into choroidal neovascularization lesions. miRNA-195 is highly expressed in MSCs, but its function remains unknown. In the present study, miR-195a-3p abundance was significantly decreased in hypoxia-treated murine MSCs; on the other hand, its overexpression reduced MSC proliferation and migration while increasing the activation of anti-angiogenic factor pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). We further discovered that matrix metalloproteinase 2 (Mmp2) transcript is a target of miR-195a-3p, and that silencing Mmp2 phenocopied the reduced proliferation and migration of MSCs. The therapeutic potential of miR-195a-3p as an angiogenesis inhibitor was also demonstrated in a laser-induced choroidal neovascularization mouse model. These findings collectively indicate that miR-195a-3p is a negative modulator of angiogenesis, and could be used as an angiogenesis inhibitor. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 413-423, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yumei Gong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yusheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiyuan Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Bone marrow-derived cells in ocular neovascularization: contribution and mechanisms. Angiogenesis 2016; 19:107-18. [PMID: 26880135 PMCID: PMC4819501 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-016-9497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ocular neovascularization often leads to severe vision loss. The role of bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) in the development of ocular neovascularization, and its significance, is increasingly being recognized. In this review, we discuss their contribution and the potential mechanisms that mediate the effect of BMCs on the progression of ocular neovascularization. The sequence of events by which BMCs participate in ocular neovascularization can be roughly divided into four phases, i.e., mobilization, migration, adhesion and differentiation. This process is delicately regulated and liable to be affected by multiple factors. Cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin are involved in the mobilization of BMCs. Studies have also demonstrated a key role of cytokines such as stromal cell-derived factor-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor, in regulating the migration of BMCs. The adhesion of BMCs is mainly regulated by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular endothelial cadherin. However, the mechanisms regulating the differentiation of BMCs are largely unknown at present. In addition, BMCs secrete cytokines that interact with the microenvironment of ocular neovascularization; their contribution to ocular neovascularization, especially choroidal neovascularization, can be aggravated by several risk factors. An extensive regulatory network is thought to modulate the role of BMCs in the development of ocular neovascularization. A comprehensive understanding of the involved mechanisms will help in the development of novel therapeutic strategies related to BMCs. In this review, we have limited the discussion to the recent progress in this field, especially the research conducted at our laboratory.
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Feng YF, Guo H, Yuan F, Shen MQ. Lipopolysaccharide Promotes Choroidal Neovascularization by Up-Regulation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 Expression in Choroid Endothelial Cell. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136175. [PMID: 26288180 PMCID: PMC4545586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) has been confirmed to participate in the formation of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) via its two receptors: CXC chemokine receptors 4 (CXCR4) and CXCR7. Previous studies have indicated that the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) might elevate CXCR4 and/or CXCR7 expression in tumor cells, enhancing the response to SDF-1 to promote invasion and cell dissemination. However, the impact of LPS on the CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression in endothelial cells and subsequent pathological angiogenesis formation remains to be elucidated. The present study shows that LPS enhanced the CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression via activation of the TLR4 pathway in choroid-retinal endothelial (RF/6A) cells. In addition, the transcriptional regulation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 by LPS was found to be mediated by phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2 and activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, which were blocked by ERK- or NF-κB-specific inhibitors. Furthermore, the increased CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression resulted in increased SDF-1-induced RF/6A cells proliferation, migration and tube formation. In vivo, LPS-treated rat had significantly higher mRNA levels of CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression and lager laser-induced CNV area than vehicle-treated rat. SDF-1 blockade with a neutralizing antibody attenuated the progression of CNV in LPS-treated rat after a single intravitreal injection. Altogether, these results demonstrated that LPS might influence CNV formation by enhancing CXCR7 and CXCR7 expression in endothelial cells, possibly providing a new perspective for the treatment of CNV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-fan Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Min-qian Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Seong H, Ryu J, Jeong JY, Chung IY, Han YS, Hwang SH, Park JM, Kang SS, Seo SW. Resveratrol suppresses vascular endothelial growth factor secretion via inhibition of CXC-chemokine receptor 4 expression in ARPE-19 cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1479-84. [PMID: 25815440 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study characterizes the effects of resveratrol (Res) on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. ARPE-19 cells were treated with CoCl2, a hypoxia mimetic agent. CoCl2 treatment increased protein levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and CXC-chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), and secretion of VEGF. To confirm the effects of Res on VEGF secretion, the human umbilical vein endothelial cell tube formation assay was performed with conditioned medium from Res-treated ARPE-19 cells. The well-known antioxidant Res effectively blocked these effects and reduced phosphorylation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, an upstream activator of CXCR4. Furthermore, Res also suppressed VEGF secretion induced by SDF-1, a ligand of CXCR4. Conditioned medium from Res-treated ARPE-19 cells clearly suppressed tube formation compared with hypoxia-treated conditioned medium. The results demonstrated that Res inhibited the hypoxia mimetic CoCl2-induced expression of VEGF in ARPE-19 cells. Res suppressed CXCR4 expression through decreased phosphorylation of NF-κB, resulting in downregulation of VEGF secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Seong
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660‑751, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyun Ryu
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660‑751, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660‑751, Republic of Korea
| | - In Young Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660‑751, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seop Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660‑751, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660‑751, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Moon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660‑751, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660‑751, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Wook Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660‑751, Republic of Korea
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ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS AND RESPONSE TO RANIBIZUMAB IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina 2014; 34:1802-10. [DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Feng YF, Yuan F, Guo H, Wu WZ. TGF-β1 enhances SDF-1-induced migration and tube formation of choroid-retinal endothelial cells by up-regulating CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 397:131-8. [PMID: 25138701 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stromal derived factor (SDF)-1 has been confirmed to regulate angiogenesis in choroidal neovascularization formation via its two receptors, CXC chemokine receptors 4 (CXCR4) and 7 (CXCR7). Previous studies found that there is cross-talk between the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and SDF-1 pathways in some types of immune or tumor cells, but much less is known about this interaction in endothelial cells. This study investigated the effects of TGF-β1 on CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression as well as SDF-1-induced migration and tube formation in choroid-retinal endothelial (RF/6A) cells. RF/6A cells were treated with recombinant TGF-β1 at various concentrations and time points. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to examine the mRNA and protein levels of CXCR4 and CXCR7. In addition, transwell migration and Matrigel tube formation analyses were performed to investigate the role of TGF-β1 pretreatment in SDF-1-induced RF/6A cell migration and tube formation. Our results showed that treatment with recombinant human TGF-β1 enhanced the CXCR4 and CXCR7 levels in time- and dose-dependent manners. The increased CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression resulted in increased SDF-1-induced RF/6A cell migration and tube formation. In addition, the transcriptional regulation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 by TGF-β1 was found to be mediated by phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-related kinase1/2 pathway. Altogether, these results demonstrate that a cross-talk exists between the TGF-β1 and SDF-1 pathways in choroid-retinal endothelial cells, reflecting a novel molecular mechanism that explains the pro-angiogenic effects of TGF-β1 and possibly provides new perspectives for the treatment of CNV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-fan Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180# Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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22
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Hyperglycemia promotes vasculogenesis in choroidal neovascularization in diabetic mice by stimulating VEGF and SDF-1 expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2014; 123:87-96. [PMID: 24780853 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of hyperglycemia on the severity of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in diabetic mice, especially the involvement of bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) and underlying molecular mechanisms. The mice were randomly divided into control group, diabetes group and diabetes treated with insulin group, which were laser treated to induce CNV. The CNV severity was evaluated by fundus fluorescein angiography, HE staining and choroidal flatmount. The BMCs recruitment and differentiation in CNV were examined in GFP chimeric mice by choroidal flatmount and immunofluorescence. The bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) recruitment and migration were tested in vivo and in vitro. VEGF and SDF-1 production in vivo and in vitro were tested by realtime PCR and ELISA. The CNV severity and expression of VEGF and SDF-1 were enhanced in DM mice compared with control mice and that insulin treatment decreased CNV severity in DM mice. The DM mice demonstrated more BMCs and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) recruited and incorporated into CNV, increased ratio of BMCs expressing endothelial cell marker or macrophage marker, and up-regulated expression of VEGF and SDF-1 in CNV. Human BMSCs migration and expression of VEGF and SDF-1 in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells increased when cultured under high glucose. This study suggested that hyperglycemia enhanced the expression of VEGF and SDF-1 in RPE cells, and promoted recruitment and incorporation of BMCs and affected differentiation of BMCs in CNV, which led to more severe CNV in diabetic mice.
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Xu W, Wang XT, Xu GX, Guo J, Huang LB. Stromal cell-derived factor 1α-stimulated mesenchymal stem cells confer enhanced protection against light-induced retinal degeneration in rats. Curr Eye Res 2013; 39:69-78. [PMID: 24074164 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.824988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently considered to be modulators of repair in various tissues. After MSC transplant, photoreceptor rescue has been demonstrated in models of retinal degeneration. Herein, we evaluate the roles of MSCs in modulating the host reaction and photoreceptor preservation in rats suffering from light-induced retinal degeneration. METHODS Unstimulated and stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α)-stimulated MSCs were intravenously transplanted into light-injured rats. Their photoreceptor rescue effect was compared with untreated light-injured rats and light-injured rats received only medium injection. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was identified to assess host reaction post-transplantation. Retinal localization and integration of MSCs were determined by green fluorescence protein labeling. RESULTS MSCs were able to migrate and integrate into the host retina, and significantly inhibited retinal cell death. CNTF and GFAP were induced upregluation after MSC injection. SDF-1α stimulation elicited superior effects in both MSC migration and the inhibition of apoptosis. CNTF and GFAP expression in host retinas that received stimulated MSCs were stronger than in retinas that received unstimulated MSCs. CONCLUSIONS Systemic administration of MSCs exerts a protective effect against light-induced retinal degeneration, and upregulates neurotrophin expression in the host retina. MSCs can be stimulated to enhance the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou , China , and
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Liu T, Hui L, Wang YS, Guo JQ, Li R, Su JB, Chen JK, Xin XM, Li WH. In-vivo investigation of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in rat using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 251:1293-301. [PMID: 23114625 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the in-vivo formation process of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in rat using high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and compared the results to histological methods. METHODS Brown Norway rats (n = 60, 6-8 weeks of age) received 532-nm diode laser photocoagulation. SD-OCT and fluorescein angiography (FA) were performed in vivo 2, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days post-laser application. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry for CD31, phosphorylated vascular endothelial factor receptor 2 (pVEGFR2) were conducted at each time point to observe the CNV in vitro. Choroidal flatmount preparations were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS SD-OCT monitored the longitudinal morphological changes of laser-induced CNV. CNV reached its maximal size on day 7, and began a gradual reduction on day 14. FA revealed similar dynamic changes in leakage. CNV thickness, as assessed by SD-OCT, was consistent with H&E-stained sections at each time point. CLSM and SEM revealed the details of the fibrovascular membrane. CD31 and pVEGFR2 expression supported the results of SD-OCT and histology. CONCLUSIONS SD-OCT was a convenient and reliable tool for the imaging of the CNV formation process and quantification of the lesion size in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Pennesi ME, Neuringer M, Courtney RJ. Animal models of age related macular degeneration. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:487-509. [PMID: 22705444 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss of those over the age of 65 in the industrialized world. The prevalence and need to develop effective treatments for AMD has lead to the development of multiple animal models. AMD is a complex and heterogeneous disease that involves the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors with the unique anatomy of the human macula. Models in mice, rats, rabbits, pigs and non-human primates have recreated many of the histological features of AMD and provided much insight into the underlying pathological mechanisms of this disease. In spite of the large number of models developed, no one model yet recapitulates all of the features of human AMD. However, these models have helped reveal the roles of chronic oxidative damage, inflammation and immune dysregulation, and lipid metabolism in the development of AMD. Models for induced choroidal neovascularization have served as the backbone for testing new therapies. This article will review the diversity of animal models that exist for AMD as well as their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Pennesi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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