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Yang TH, Kang EYC, Lin PH, Yu BBC, Wang JHH, Chen V, Wang NK. Mitochondria in Retinal Ganglion Cells: Unraveling the Metabolic Nexus and Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8626. [PMID: 39201313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explored the role of mitochondria in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which are essential for visual processing. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key factor in the pathogenesis of various vision-related disorders, including glaucoma, hereditary optic neuropathy, and age-related macular degeneration. This review highlighted the critical role of mitochondria in RGCs, which provide metabolic support, regulate cellular health, and respond to cellular stress while also producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cellular components. Maintaining mitochondrial function is essential for meeting RGCs' high metabolic demands and ensuring redox homeostasis, which is crucial for their proper function and visual health. Oxidative stress, exacerbated by factors like elevated intraocular pressure and environmental factors, contributes to diseases such as glaucoma and age-related vision loss by triggering cellular damage pathways. Strategies targeting mitochondrial function or bolstering antioxidant defenses include mitochondrial-based therapies, gene therapies, and mitochondrial transplantation. These advances can offer potential strategies for addressing mitochondrial dysfunction in the retina, with implications that extend beyond ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hsuan Yang
- Department of Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pei-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin 640203, Taiwan
| | - Benjamin Ben-Chi Yu
- Fu Foundation School of Engineering & Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jason Hung-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Vincent Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N9, Canada
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Prajapati RK, Joshi J, Karthikeyan S, Inder MPS. Comparative evaluation of salivary, serum and urinary 8-OHdG in gutka-associated oral submucous fibrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2024; 28:37-41. [PMID: 38800434 PMCID: PMC11126255 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_442_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gutka chewing is the most common deleterious oral habit prevalent in the geographical distribution of the Indian subcontinent. Gutka leads to the production of numerous free radicals, which causes oxidative stress in regional oral tissues. Oxidative stress brings about the oxidation of guanine bases of DNA that generates 8-OHdG as its main byproduct. The presence of 8-OHdG can be evaluated not only in tissue but also in saliva, blood and urine. The availability of 8-OHdG in these samples is quite documented. In addition, a comparative assay of 8-ohdg DNA damage marker in multiple samples is yet to be done. Material and Methodology A sample size of 60 was divided into two groups, i.e., gutka consumers without any lesion and gutka consumers with OSMF. Ten samples each of saliva, serum and urine were collected from these two groups and healthy controls. Samples were centrifuged at 1000 RPM at 2-8°C for 15-20 minutes. A volume of 1.5 ml resultant supernatant was pipetted out in labelled Eppendorf tubes and stored at -80°C. The ELISA test was performed to measure the concentration of 8-OHdG protein in different samples at 450 nm after adding stop solution in 96-well microplate. Results 8-OHdG concentration was found to be highest in saliva followed by urine and serum. 8-OHdG concentration in serum was significantly less than that in saliva and urine (P-value <0.05). Intergroup difference in concentration of 8-OHdG of urine, saliva and serum was significant (P-value <0.05). Post hoc analysis revealed that concentration of 8-OHdG in saliva and urine was non-significantly different (P-value >0.05). Conclusion Saliva appears to be the most appropriate sample type as compared to serum and urine for the evaluation of 8-OHdG in OSMF subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K. Prajapati
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Jaya Joshi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - S Karthikeyan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Muzalda P. S. Inder
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Wu X, Konieczka K, Liu X, Chen M, Yao K, Wang K, Flammer J. Role of ocular blood flow in normal tension glaucoma. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2022; 2:100036. [PMID: 37846223 PMCID: PMC10577859 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2022.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is a multifactorial disease in the pathogenesis of which intraocular pressure (IOP)-independent factors play a key role. Main text There is considerable evidence that impairment of the ocular blood flow (OBF) is involved both in the onset and progression of this disease. With the development of the hypothesis of OBF in NTG, various imaging techniques have been developed to evaluate the OBF and blood vessels. Moreover, vascular dysregulation, which is a main factor in Flammer syndrome, was frequently observed in NTG patients. Disturbed OBF leads to increased oxidative stress, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. These results suggested that IOP-independent management may provide alternative treatment options for NTG patients. Conclusions In this review, we mainly focus on the mechanisms of the abnormal OBF in NTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdi Wu
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Katarzyna Konieczka
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
| | - Xin Liu
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Josef Flammer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
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Wu H, Shui YB, Liu Y, Liu X, Siegfried CJ. Trabecular Meshwork Mitochondrial Function and Oxidative Stress. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2022; 2:100107. [PMID: 36246185 PMCID: PMC9562365 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Ying-Bo Shui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Carla J. Siegfried
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Correspondence: Carla J. Siegfried, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8096, St. Louis, MO 63110.
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Cáceres-Vélez PR, Hui F, Hercus J, Bui B, Jusuf PR. Restoring the oxidative balance in age-related diseases - An approach in glaucoma. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101572. [PMID: 35065274 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As human life expectancy increases, age-related health issues including neurodegenerative diseases continue to rise. Regardless of genetic or environmental factors, many neurodegenerative conditions share common pathological mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, a hallmark of many age-related health burdens. In this review, we describe oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma, an age-related neurodegenerative eye disease affecting 80 million people worldwide. We consider therapeutic approaches used to counteract oxidative stress in glaucoma, including untapped treatment options such as novel plant-derived antioxidant compounds that can reduce oxidative stress and prevent neuronal loss. We summarize the current pre-clinical models and clinical work exploring the therapeutic potential of a range of candidate plant-derived antioxidant compounds. Finally, we explore advances in drug delivery systems, particular those employing nanotechnology-based carriers which hold significant promise as a carrier for antioxidants to treat age-related disease, thus reviewing the key current state of all of the aspects required towards translation.
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Bati B, Celik I, Vuran NE, Turan A, Alkan EE, Zirek AK. Effects of Gundelia tournefortii L. on biochemical parameters, antioxidant activities and DNA damage in a rat model of experimental obesity. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e251198. [PMID: 34550296 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.251198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Gundelia tournefortii L. plant extract on different tissues in terms of DNA damage, biochemical and antioxidant parameter values in rats with high-calorie diets. With this aim, Wistar albino male rats were divided into 4 groups containing 6 rats each and the study was completed over 12 weeks duration. At the end of the implementation process over the 12 weeks, rats were sacrificed and blood and tissue samples were obtained. Analyses were performed on blood and tissue samples. According to results for DNA damage (8-OHdG), in brain tissue the OG2 group was significantly reduced compared to the NC group. For MDA results in liver tissue, OG1 and OG2 groups were determined to increase by a significant degree compared to the control group, while the OG2 group was also increased significantly compared to the obese group. In terms of the other parameters, comparison between the groups linked to consumption of a high calorie diet (HCD) and administration of Gundelia tournefortii L. in terms of antioxidant activities and serum samples obtained statistically significant results. Gundelia tournefortii L. plant extracts had effects that may be counted as positive on antioxidant parameter activity and were especially identified to improve DNA damage and MDA levels in brain tissues. Additionally, consumption of Gundelia tournefortii L. plant extract in the diet may have antiobesity effects; thus, it should be evaluated for use as an effective weight-loss method and as a new therapeutic agent targeting obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bati
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Education, Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Van, Turkey
| | - I Celik
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Van, Turkey
| | - N Eray Vuran
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Van, Turkey
| | - A Turan
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Van, Turkey
| | - E E Alkan
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Education, Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Van, Turkey
| | - A K Zirek
- Hakkari University, Institute of Sciences, Medical Services and Techniques, Hakkari, Turkey
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Elevated Plasma Level of 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine Is Associated with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:6571413. [PMID: 32411433 PMCID: PMC7201519 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6571413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the association between plasma 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, a marker for oxidative DNA damage, and patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or its clinical phenotypes. Furthermore, we also examined the utility of plasma 8-OHdG as a potential biomarker in POAG. Materials and Methods In a retrospective case-control study, plasma samples were obtained from 50 POAG cases and 45 glaucoma-free controls matched for age, sex, and ethnicity. 8-OHdG levels were measured in duplicate using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on an automated ELISA analyzer. Results There was no significant difference in age, sex, and systemic disease distribution between POAG cases and controls. Both mean and median 8-OHdG levels were significantly elevated in POAG cases and male subjects. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve value for plasma 8-OHdG was 0.653 (95% confidence interval = 0.54–0.76, p = 0.010). The cutoff values based on quartile distribution and ROC curve analysis showed that elevated plasma 8-OHdG significantly increased the risk of POAG by more than 4-folds. Plasma 8-OHdG had a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 53%. In logistic regression analysis, 8-OHdG showed a significant effect on POAG outcome (p = 0.016) independent of age, sex, smoking, and systemic diseases. However, no significant correlation was observed between 8-OHdG and specific clinical markers of glaucoma such as intraocular pressure (p = 0.699), cup/disc ratio (p = 0.213), and the number of antiglaucoma medications (p = 0.603). Conclusion The study shows that there is a significant association between elevated plasma 8-OHdG and POAG, supporting the role of systemic oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in POAG pathogenesis. However, with a high rate of false-positivity, plasma 8-OHdG may lack the ability to serve as a potential biomarker in POAG. Further studies in a much larger cohort are needed to confirm these findings.
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Increased Plasma Levels of 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in Patients with Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:8319563. [PMID: 31341657 PMCID: PMC6636459 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8319563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate systemic oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG), we estimated plasma levels of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a marker for oxidative DNA damage in comparison to controls. In addition, we also examined a combined effect of lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) polymorphism status and 8-OHdG levels on PXG risk. Materials and Methods A retrospective case-control study was performed to estimate plasma levels of 8-OHdG in 41 PXG patients and 45 nonglaucomatous controls using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The assay was performed in duplicate on an automated ELISA analyzer. Two common polymorphisms (rs1048661 and rs3835942) in LOXL1 gene were genotyped by Sanger sequencing. Results The mean and median levels of 8-OHdG were significantly increased in the PXG cases (p=0.032) and male subjects (p=0.041). Subjects with levels greater than the third quartile (75% percentile) exhibited a significant increased risk of PXG (odds ratio = 4.06, 95% confidence interval (CI = 1.11–14.80, p=0.029)). Within- and between-group comparisons showed that the mean levels were higher in individuals carrying the LOXL1 risk variant (G/G), but not statistically significant. In logistic regression analysis, both 8-OHdG (p=0.044) and rs3835942 (p=0.012) showed a statistically significant effect on the PXG outcome. However, the effect was lost when age, sex, and rs1048661 were included. A significant positive correlation was observed between 8-OHdG levels and intraocular pressure (R=0.284, p=0.008) and cup/disc ratio (R=0.233, p=0.031). Furthermore, in receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve was statistically significant (p=0.032) with a value of 0.635 (95% CI = 0.518–0.751). Conclusion The study demonstrates an association of increased plasma levels of 8-OHdG in patients with PXG, supporting the role of oxidative stress, and increased oxidative DNA damage in PXG development.
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Evaluation of Pathological Association between Stroke-Related QTL and Salt-Induced Renal Injury in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5049746. [PMID: 30792992 PMCID: PMC6354164 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5049746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) suffers from severe hypertension and hypertensive organ damage such as cerebral stroke and kidney injury under salt-loading. By a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis between SHRSP and SHR (the stroke-resistant parental strain of SHRSP), two major QTLs for stroke susceptibility were identified on chromosomes 1 and 18 of SHRSP, which were confirmed in congenic strains constructed between SHRSP and SHR. As the progression of renal dysfunction was suggested to be one of the key factors inducing stroke in SHRSP, we examined effects of the stroke-related QTLs on kidney injury using two congenic strains harboring either of SHRSP-derived fragments of chromosomes 1 and 18 in the SHR genome. The congenic strains were challenged with 1% NaCl solution for 4 weeks; measurement of systolic blood pressure and urinary isoprostane level (a marker for oxidative stress) and evaluation of renal injury by quantification of genetic marker expression and histological examination were performed. We found that the congenic rats with SHRSP-derived fragment of chromosome 18 showed more severe renal damage with higher expression of Col1α-1 (a genetic marker for renal fibrosis) and higher urinary isoprostane level. In contrast, the fragment of chromosome 1 from SHRSP did not give such effects on SHR. Blood pressure was not greater in either of the congenic strains when compared with SHR. We concluded that the QTL region on chromosome 18 might deteriorate salt-induced renal injury in SHR through a blood pressure-independent mechanism.
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Lin YH, Wang NK, Yeung L, Lai CC, Chuang LH. Juvenile open-angle Glaucoma associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: a case report and literature review. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18:323. [PMID: 30558558 PMCID: PMC6296145 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited recessive disease rarely complicated with glaucoma. We conducted a clinical and genetic retrospective case series to describe three cases of juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) and an ND4 m11778G > A mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation, which is pathognomonic for LHON. CASE PRESENTATION Patient 1 was a 16-year-old boy diagnosed with bilateral JOAG and high myopia. His intraocular pressure (IOP) was poorly controlled with the use of full topical anti-glaucoma medications. His best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) decreased gradually over 5 years. Fundoscopic examination revealed bilateral enlarged disc cupping of the optic nerves with sectorial excavation and reduction of the neural rim in the left eye. His visual field (VF) was characterized by bilateral progressive central scotoma. Pattern visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and pattern electroretinograms (ERGs) showed extinguished responses in both eyes. Because of the non-specific visual field findings and the optic neuropathy disclosed by the pattern VEPs and pattern ERGs, we arranged a genetic test for the patient, which revealed an m11778G > A mtDNA mutation. Patient 2, the younger brother of Patient 1, was a 15-year-old boy who had been diagnosed with bilateral JOAG in 2010. The BCVA of both eyes remained at 1.0 during the follow-up period. Fundoscopic examination revealed bilateral mildly paled optic disc with enlarged cupping and reduction of the neural rim. The pattern ERG revealed a decreased N95 amplitude bilaterally. The genetic test revealed an m11778G > A mtDNA mutation. Patient 3 was a 35-year-old man with bilateral JOAG. His BCVA decreased gradually over 10 years. Fundoscopic examination revealed paled optic disc with enlarged disc cupping and reduction of the neural rim in both eyes. The pattern ERG revealed a decreased N95 amplitude bilaterally. The genetic test revealed an m11778G > A mtDNA mutation. CONCLUSIONS This case series describes three patients with concomitant occurrence of JOAG and LHON. These two diseases may have a cumulative effect on oxidative stress and retinal ganglion cell death with the rapid deterioration of vision, which may occur during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, 222 Mai-Chin Rd, Keelung, 204, Taiwan (Republic of China)
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ling Yeung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, 222 Mai-Chin Rd, Keelung, 204, Taiwan (Republic of China).,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hsin Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, 222 Mai-Chin Rd, Keelung, 204, Taiwan (Republic of China). .,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Ban N, Siegfried CJ, Apte RS. Monitoring Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma: Therapeutic Implications. Trends Mol Med 2017; 24:7-17. [PMID: 29233479 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness globally, and is characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Because vision loss in glaucoma is not reversible, therapeutic interventions early in disease are highly desirable. However, owing to the current limitations in evaluating glaucomatous neurodegeneration, it is challenging to monitor the disease severity and progression objectively, and to design rational therapeutic strategies accordingly. Therefore, there is a clear need to identify quantifiable molecular biomarkers of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. As such, in our opinion, molecular biomarker(s) that specifically reflect stress or death of RGCs, and which correlate with disease severity, progression, and response to therapy, are highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carla J Siegfried
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Mohanty K, Dada R, Dada T. Oxidative DNA damage and reduced expression of DNA repair genes: Role in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 38:446-450. [PMID: 28129013 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2016.1261904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy exists regarding the role of oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). We performed a case control study to test the hypothesis that oxidative DNA damage and base excision repair (BER) genes PARP1 and OGG1 are involved in POAG pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 116 POAG patients and 116 cataract patients as controls. The 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were measured by ELISA. RNA was extracted from blood by Trizol and converted to cDNA. The relative quantification of PARP1 and OGG1 genes normalized to β-actin was calculated by the 2-ΔCt method. Comparisons between groups were done by student's t-test and correlation between parameters was seen by Pearson correlation coefficient. All p values less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Mean levels of 8-OHdG were (patients v/s controls) 19.53 ± 1.40 vs. 15.0 ± 2.6 ng/ml in plasma and 8.55 ± 1.94 vs. 5.15 ± 1.09 ng/ml in aqueous humor (p < 0.0001). Expression levels of PARP1 (0.44 ± 0.05 vs. 0.88 ± 0.04) and OGG1 (0.46 ± 0.05 vs. 0.8 ± 0.01) were significantly (p < 0.0001) less in the patients than controls. There was a significant negative correlation between the expression levels of PARP1 and OGG1 with plasma and aqueous 8-OHdG. There was a strong positive correlation between plasma and aqueous 8-OHdG levels. CONCLUSION These results support our hypothesis that oxidative stress-induced DNA damage is associated with POAG. Increased oxidative DNA damage in POAG may be attributed to decreased expression of DNA repair enzymes of the BER pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Mohanty
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Rima Dada
- b Department of Anatomy , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Tanuj Dada
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
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Himori N, Kunikata H, Kawasaki R, Shiga Y, Omodaka K, Takahashi H, Miyata T, Nakazawa T. The association between skin autofluorescence and mean deviation in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 101:233-238. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mumcu UY, Kocer I, Ates O, Alp HH. Decreased paraoxonase1 activity and increased malondialdehyde and oxidative DNA damage levels in primary open angle glaucoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1518-1520. [PMID: 27803873 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.10.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, paraoxonase1 (PON1) activity and 8-hydroxy 2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in the primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patient. Blood samples from 52 healthy individuals and 53 patients with POAG were analyzed for MDA and 8-OHdG by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) and PON1 by spectrophotometry. The data obtained were analyzed statistically. MDA levels were 10.46±8.4 and 4.70±1.79 µmol; PON1 levels were 121±39.55 and 161.62±60.22 U/mL; and 8-OHdG values were 1.32±0.53/106 dG and 0.47±0.27/106 dG in the POAG patients and the control group, respectively. The difference was significant in MDA levels, 8-OHdG levels and PON1 activity in POAG patients in comparison with controls (P<0.001). We concluded that the observed increase in MDA and 8-OHdG levels may be correlated with decreased PON1 activity. Oxidative stress plays an important role in glaucoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Yilmaz Mumcu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haydarpasa Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Kocer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25040, Turkey
| | - Orhan Ates
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25040, Turkey
| | - H Hakan Alp
- Department of Biochemistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25040, Turkey
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Association between systemic oxidative stress and visual field damage in open-angle glaucoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25792. [PMID: 27165400 PMCID: PMC4863173 DOI: 10.1038/srep25792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Local and systemic oxidative stress in intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and optic nerve damage may be involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. We reported previously that a lower level of systemic antioxidative capacity is associated with IOP elevation in open-angle glaucoma (OAG). We assessed the correlation between the visual field sensitivity value, i.e., mean deviation (MD), and systemic levels of prooxidants and antioxidants by analyzing the blood biochemistry in 202 patients with glaucoma. Serum levels of lipid peroxides, ferric-reducing activity, and thiol antioxidant activity were measured using the diacron reactive oxygen metabolite (dROM), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), and sulfhydryl (SH) tests, respectively, using a free-radical analyzer. Univariate and multivariate analyses suggested a positive correlation between MD and BAP (R = 0.005 and P = 0.0442 by a multiple regression model adjusted for seven demographic parameters), but no significant associations between the MD and the dROM (R = 0.002 and P = 0.8556) and SH tests (R = −0.001 and P = 0.8280). Use of more antiglaucoma medication and primary OAG rather than normal tension glaucoma also were associated significantly with worse visual field damage. This large and comprehensive assessment of the association between systemic redox status and visual field damage in OAG suggests that lower systemic antioxidant capacity measured by ferric-reducing activity is associated with more severe visual field damage in OAG that partly explained its roles in IOP elevation.
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Cui Y, Su T, Zhang SD, Huang P, He YG, Liu Y, Zhang C, Ritch R, He RQ. Elevated urine formaldehyde in elderly patients with primary open angle glaucoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:411-6. [PMID: 27158612 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.03.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the risk factor of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), which is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. An abnormally high level of endogenous formaldehyde (FA) has recently been found correlated with cell death and neurodegenerative disease, raising the possibility of a putative correlation of abnormal endogenous FA with POAG. METHODS Thirty-four elderly patients with POAG and sixteen healthy controls were enrolled. Glaucomatous visual defects were present at both the functional (visual field) and structural [retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness] levels. Morning urine samples were obtained and were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to detect the endogenous FA level in a double blind manner. RESULTS Patients with POAG (P<0.05) had significantly higher urine FA levels. The urine FA level of patients with severe visual field defects [mean deviation (MD)≥12 dB] was significantly (P<0.001) greater than that of patients with mild to moderate defects (MD<12 dB). By optical coherence tomography (OCT), the superior and inferior RNFL thickness of POAG group was significantly (P<0.001) thinner than in controls. Furthermore, the superior and inferior thinning of the RNFL was correlated with the elevation of urine FA concentration. CONCLUSION Endogenous FA level is positively correlated with the neuronal defects of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shao-Dan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying-Ge He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Robert Ritch
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Rong-Qiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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17
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Determination of the oxidative stress biomarker urinary 8-hydroxy-2⿲-deoxyguanosine by automated on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1019:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ergan E, Ozturk F, Beyazyildiz E, Elgin U, Sen E, Cankaya AB, Celik T. Oxidant/antioxidant balance in the aqueous humor of patients with glaucoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:249-52. [PMID: 26949644 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.02.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and the oxidative stress index (OSI) of the aqueous humor (AH) in patients with glaucoma. METHODS The prospective study was composed of a study group (n=31) and a control group (n=31). Fifteen patients in the study group were diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), and 16 patients were diagnosed with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEG). The control group was composed of non-glaucomatous patients with cataracts. AH samples were collected and analyzed for TAS, TOS, and OSI levels. RESULTS Mean AH TAS level was significantly higher in patients with glaucoma than that in the control group (P<0.01). Mean TOS and OSI levels tended to increase in patients with glaucoma. No significant differences in TAS, TOS, or OSI levels were observed between patients with POAG and PEG. CONCLUSION High levels of TAS were observed in patients with glaucoma, which was likely a response to the increased oxidative stress observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Ergan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amasya University, Sabuncuoglu Serefeddin Research and Training Hospital, Amasya 05200, Turkey
| | - Faruk Ozturk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Emrullah Beyazyildiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsun Research and Training Hospital, Samsun 55100, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Elgin
- Department of Opthalmology, Ulucanlar Eye Research Hospital, Ankara 06240, Turkey
| | - Emine Sen
- Department of Opthalmology, Ulucanlar Eye Research Hospital, Ankara 06240, Turkey
| | - Ali Bulent Cankaya
- Department of Opthalmology, Ulucanlar Eye Research Hospital, Ankara 06240, Turkey
| | - Tugrul Celik
- Department of Biochemistry, Turgut Ozal University, Ankara 06010, Turkey
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Abstract
Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is characterized by optic nerve fiber atrophy and deterioration of the visual field, corresponding to damage to the optic nerve head. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only evidence-based, treatable risk factor for OAG. However, normal-tension glaucoma, the most common type of OAG in Asia, is a type of glaucoma with an unclear pathogenesis. Glaucoma is suspected to be a multifactorial disease with IOP-dependent and IOP-independent risk factors, including decreased ocular blood flow (OBF), oxidative stress, decreased axoplasmic flow, and genetic background. A number of epidemiological studies have generated strong evidence that OBF may be an especially important risk factor for the progression of glaucoma. Recent innovations in laser speckle flowgraphy and optical coherence tomography-based angiography have allowed us to noninvasively monitor changes in the microcirculation of the optic nerve head with high reproducibility. Laser speckle flowgraphy-derived measurement parameters include mean blur rate and pulse wave form parameters, whereas the main optical coherence tomography angiography-derived parameter is the vessel index. Decreases in these parameters are associated with the severity of glaucomatous damage, and changes are detectible even in the earliest, preperimetric stage of glaucoma. In the future, OBF analysis may improve significantly because of continuing progress in the development of the relevant instruments. This review will summarize possible connections between systemic and OBF abnormalities and OAG, describe the scientific rationale for these connections, and discuss their potential implications. Thus, this review will summarize the role of OBF in glaucoma pathogenesis and discuss the wide range of IOP-independent risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nakazawa
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Retinal Disease Control, Ophthalmology, and Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Himori N, Kunikata H, Shiga Y, Omodaka K, Maruyama K, Takahashi H, Nakazawa T. The association between systemic oxidative stress and ocular blood flow in patients with normal-tension glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 254:333-41. [PMID: 26514963 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association between ocular blood flow and biomarkers of systemic oxidative stress, as well as the potential of these biomarkers to assess normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). METHODS This study included 73 eyes of 73 patients with NTG. We assessed ocular blood flow by measuring mean blur rate (MBR) in the optic nerve head using laser speckle flowgraphy, both overall and separately in the vessel and tissue areas. We also measured urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and skin autofluorescence (SAF), and lastly, determined correlations between these measurements and with other clinical parameters. RESULTS SAF was correlated with age, circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT), mean deviation (MD), and overall MBR (P = 0.003, P = 0.013, P = 0.015 and P = 0.006, respectively). SAF and 8-OHdG were both correlated with tissue-area MBR (P = 0.006 and P = 0.010, respectively). Visual acuity, cpRNFLT, mean deviation and tissue-area MBR had a significant tendency to change with NTG severity (P = 0.014, P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). Multiple regression analysis revealed that cpRNFLT and 8-OHdG were independent contributing factors to MD (P < 0.001 and P = 0.040, respectively), and that cpRNFLT and 8-OHdG were independent contributing factors to tissue-area MBR (P = 0.005 and P = 0.028, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We found a close relationship between cpRNFLT, MD, tissue MBR, SAF and 8-OHdG, suggesting that systemic oxidative stress is associated with decreased ocular blood flow and may be involved in the pathogenesis of NTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunikata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Maruyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan. .,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. .,Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Correlation between Systemic Oxidative Stress and Intraocular Pressure Level. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133582. [PMID: 26186651 PMCID: PMC4506090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of local and systemic oxidative stress in intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and optic nerve damage has been hypothesized in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. We reported previously that the level of systemic antioxidative capacity is lower in patients with open-angle glaucoma than controls without glaucoma. Here, we assessed the correlation between IOP and systemic levels of prooxidants and antioxidants by analyzing the blood biochemistry in patients with glaucoma. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected from Japanese patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (n = 206), exfoliation syndrome (n = 199), and controls (n = 126). Serum levels of lipid peroxides, ferric-reducing activity, and thiol antioxidant activity were measured by diacron reactive oxygen metabolite (dROM), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), and sulfhydryl (SH) tests, respectively, using a free radical analyzer. To test the possible effect of oxidative stress on IOP levels, the patients were classified into one of four groups (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, with Q1 having the lowest IOP) based on the quartile value of IOP. For this classification, the known highest IOP value in both the right and left eyes was regarded as each subject's IOP. For comparisons among the IOP groups, the differences were calculated using one-way analysis of variance followed by post-hoc unpaired t-tests. To adjust for differences in demographic characteristic distributions, the dROM, BAP, and SH test values were compared among the IOP groups using multiple logistic regression analysis; the odds ratio (OR) of each variable was calculated with the Q1 group as the reference. RESULTS The dROM and the SH levels did not differ significantly (p = 0.6704 and p = 0.6376, respectively) among the four IOP groups. The BAP levels differed significantly (p = 0.0115) among the four IOP groups; the value was significantly lower in the Q4 group (1,932 μmol/L) compared with the Q1 (2,023 μmol/L, p = 0.0042) and Q2 (2,003 μmol/L, p = 0.0302) groups and significantly lower in the Q3 group (1,948 μmol/L) than the Q1 (p = 0.0174) group. After adjustment for differences in various demographic characteristics, lower BAP values were significantly associated with the classification into higher IOP groups (Q3 group, p = 0.0261 and OR = 0.06/range; Q4 group, p = 0.0018 and OR = 0.04/range). The dROM and SH values did not reach significance in any comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Lower systemic antioxidant capacity measured by ferric-reducing activity is involved in the pathogenesis of open-angle glaucoma via its roles in IOP elevation.
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