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Ramsay E, Montaser AB, Niitsu K, Urtti A, Auriola S, Huttunen KM, Uchida Y, Kidron H, Terasaki T. Transporter Protein Expression of Corneal Epithelium in Rabbit and Porcine: Evaluation of Models for Ocular Drug Transport Study. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3204-3217. [PMID: 38809137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The transcorneal route is the main entry route for drugs to the intraocular parts, after topical administration. The outer surface, the corneal epithelium (CE), forms the rate-limiting barrier for drug permeability. Information about the role and protein expression of drug and amino acid transporter proteins in the CE is sparse and lacking. The aim of our study was to characterize transporter protein expression in rabbit and porcine CE to better understand potential drug and nutrient absorption after topical administration. Proteins, mainly Abc and Slc transporters, were characterized with quantitative targeted absolute proteomics and global untargeted proteomics methods. In the rabbit CE, 24 of 48 proteins were detected in the targeted approach, and 21 of these were quantified. In the porcine CE, 26 of 58 proteins were detected in the targeted approach, and 20 of these were quantified. Among these, 15 proteins were quantified in both animals: 4f2hc (Slc3a2), Aqp0, Asct1 (Slc1a4), Asct2 (Slc1a5), Glut1 (Slc2a1), Hmit (Slc2a13), Insr, Lat1 (Slc7a5), Mct1 (Slc16a1), Mct2 (Slc16a7), Mct4 (Slc16a3), Mrp 4 (Abcc4), Na+/K+-ATPase, Oatp3a1 (Slco3a1), and Snat2 (Slc38a2). Overall, the global proteomics results supported the targeted proteomics results. Organic anion transporting polypeptide Oatp3a1 was detected and quantified for the first time in both rabbit (1.4 ± 0.4 fmol/cm2) and porcine (11.1 ± 5.3 fmol/cm2) CE. High expression levels were observed for L-type amino acid transporter, Lat1, which was quantified with newly selected extracellular domain peptides in rabbit (48.9 ± 11.8 fmol/cm2) and porcine (37.6 ± 11.5 fmol/cm2) CE. The knowledge of transporter protein expression in ocular barriers is a key factor in the successful design of new ocular drugs, pharmacokinetic modeling, understanding ocular diseases, and the translation to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramsay
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ahmed B Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kanako Niitsu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Department of Molecular Systems Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-0037, Japan
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Ranch K, Chawnani D, Jani H, Acharya D, Patel CA, Jacob S, Babu RJ, Tiwari AK, Al-Tabakha MM, Boddu SHS. An update on the latest strategies in retinal drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:695-712. [PMID: 38787783 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2358886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinal drug delivery has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, mainly driven by the prevalence of retinal diseases and the need for more efficient and patient-friendly treatment strategies. AREAS COVERED Advancements in nanotechnology have introduced novel drug delivery platforms to improve bioavailability and provide controlled/targeted delivery to specific retinal layers. This review highlights various treatment options for retinal diseases. Additionally, diverse strategies aimed at enhancing delivery of small molecules and antibodies to the posterior segment such as implants, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, microneedles, iontophoresis and mixed micelles were emphasized. A comprehensive overview of the special technologies currently under clinical trials or already in the clinic was provided. EXPERT OPINION Ideally, drug delivery system for treating retinal diseases should be less invasive in nature and exhibit sustained release up to several months. Though topical administration in the form of eye drops offers better patient compliance, its clinical utility is limited by nature of the drug. There is a wide range of delivery platforms available, however, it is not easy to modify any single platform to accommodate all types of drugs. Coordinated efforts between ophthalmologists and drug delivery scientists are necessary while developing therapeutic compounds, right from their inception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Ranch
- Department of Pharmaceutics, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Disha Chawnani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Harshilkumar Jani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Devarshi Acharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Chirag Amrutlal Patel
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy practices, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shery Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates UAE
| | - R Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Moawia M Al-Tabakha
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
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Chien LN, Chou YI, Tsai YJ, Sung LC, Liu HY, Lin MY, Wang TJ, Lin IC. Association of lipid-lowering agent use and dry eye disease: A nationwide matched case-control study in Taiwan, 2002-2016. Acta Ophthalmol 2023; 101:729-736. [PMID: 36942369 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between lipid-lowering agent use and the risks of diagnosed dry eye disease (DED). METHODS This retrospective, case-control study included 780 786 patients who received lipid-lowering agents in 2002-2016, of which 17 409 were newly diagnosed with DED during a ≥2-year follow-up period. These patients were matched 1:4 with control participants for age, sex, and comorbidities. Separate odds ratios (OR) were calculated for DED and each of statin and fibrate use. RESULTS Statin users had significantly higher odds of DED (adjusted OR = 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08-1.16, p < 0.0001) than nonusers. Fibrate users did not show higher odds of DED than nonusers (adjusted OR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.99-1.10, p = 0.125). The lipophilic statin users did not show higher odds of DED compared with the hydrophilic statin users (adjusted OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.93-1.06, p = 0.729). Among statin users, the odds of DED did not differ significantly between patients receiving statin therapy for >180 days vs. ≤90 days or patients receiving statin therapy for 91-180 days vs. ≤90 days (adjusted OR = 1.00, p = 0.922; adjusted OR = 0.94, p = 0.541, respectively). The odds of DED were not statistically different among patients receiving low-intensity, moderate-intensity, and high-intensity of statin therapy. CONCLUSIONS Patients receiving statin therapy had a higher DED risk than patients not receiving statin therapy. The type of statin, the duration, and the intensity of statin use were not significantly associated with DED risks. Further studies are required to identify the relevant factors related to DED risks with statin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Nien Chien
- Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, National Yang Ming Chios Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-I Chou
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Jen Tsai
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Liu
- Data Analytics and Statistics Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Health Care Administration, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yin Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chan Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Santana CP, Matter BA, Patil MA, Silva-Cunha A, Kompella UB. Corneal Permeability and Uptake of Twenty-Five Drugs: Species Comparison and Quantitative Structure-Permeability Relationships. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1646. [PMID: 37376094 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine corneal permeability and uptake in rabbit, porcine, and bovine corneas for twenty-five drugs using an N-in-1 (cassette) approach and relate these parameters to drug physicochemical properties and tissue thickness through quantitative structure permeability relationships (QSPRs). A twenty-five-drug cassette containing β-blockers, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids in solution at a micro-dose was exposed to the epithelial side of rabbit, porcine, or bovine corneas mounted in a diffusion chamber, and the corneal drug permeability and tissue uptake were monitored using an LC-MS/MS method. Data obtained were used to construct and evaluate over 46,000 quantitative structure-permeability (QSPR) models using multiple linear regression, and the best-fit models were cross-validated by Y-randomization. Drug permeability was generally higher in rabbit cornea and comparable between bovine and porcine corneas. Permeability differences between species could be explained in part by differences in corneal thickness. Corneal uptake between species correlated with a slope close to 1, indicating generally similar drug uptake per unit weight of tissue. A high correlation was observed between bovine, porcine, and rabbit corneas for permeability and between bovine and porcine corneas for uptake (R2 ≥ 0.94). MLR models indicated that drug characteristics such as lipophilicity (LogD), heteroatom ratio (HR), nitrogen ratio (NR), hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA), rotatable bonds (RB), index of refraction (IR), and tissue thickness (TT) are of great influence on drug permeability and uptake. When data for all species along with thickness as a parameter was used in MLR, the best fit equation for permeability was Log (% transport/cm2·s) = 0.441 LogD - 8.29 IR + 8.357 NR - 0.279 HBA - 3.833 TT + 10.432 (R2 = 0.826), and the best-fit equation for uptake was Log (%/g) = 0.387 LogD + 4.442 HR + 0.105 RB - 0.303 HBA - 2.235 TT + 1.422 (R2 = 0.750). Thus, it is feasible to explain corneal drug delivery in three species using a single equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleildo P Santana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Brock A Matter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Madhoosudan A Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Armando Silva-Cunha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Uday B Kompella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Nimmansophon P, Wanasathop A, Li SK. Lateral Transport During Membrane Permeation in Diffusion Cell: In Silico Study on Edge Effect and Membrane Blocking. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1653-1663. [PMID: 36731779 PMCID: PMC10192071 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transport in diffusion cell studies is not one-dimensional from the donor to the receptor. Lateral diffusion within the membrane into the surrounding clamped region can lead to edge effect. Lateral diffusion can also affect the impact of an object blocking the membrane in a diffusion cell. The effects of lateral transport on permeation across a two-layer membrane in diffusion cells were investigated in this study under edge effect and membrane blocking conditions that could be encountered in previous gingiva and hypothetical skin permeation studies. Model simulations of time-dependent and steady-state transport were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulations indicated edge effect could increase the steady-state flux across the membrane up to 35% with a relatively thick membrane and small diffusion cell opening (e.g., gingiva study). The edge effect decreased when the relative thickness and permeability of the major barrier (top layer in the two-layer membrane) decreased. When the membrane was partially blocked by an object, lateral diffusion within the membrane could mitigate its impact: e.g., when the object was in the receptor, the impact caused by membrane blocking was reduced more than half. Therefore, membrane lateral transport should be considered under certain circumstances in permeation studies using diffusion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharawan Nimmansophon
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Apipa Wanasathop
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States.
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6
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Das B, Nayak AK, Mallick S. Lipid-based nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: An updated review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Matter B, Bourne DWA, Kompella UB. A High-Throughput LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of Twenty-Seven Drug Molecules in Ocular Tissues. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:192. [PMID: 35819539 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a validated LC-MS/MS analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of a large cassette containing a wide range of drug substances with positive, negative, or neutral charge and further apply the method to assess octanol partition coefficient and eye tissue recovery of the drug cassette. A twenty-seven-drug cassette (N-in-one) including beta blockers, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids that range from extremely hydrophilic (sotalol) to very hydrophobic (triamcinolone hexacetanide) was used to develop an LC-MS/MS assay using QTrap 4500. An LC-MS/MS method based on gradient elution, with an eighteen-minute run time including equilibration time, was developed and validated for the rapid and simultaneous quantitation of drugs with a wide range of lipophilicities. Scheduled multiple reaction monitoring was used to maximize the scan time for each peak, ensuring sufficient scans. Method validation included lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) and intra- and inter-day reproducibility. The LLOQ ranged from 0.5 (sotalol) to 40 fmols (dexamethasone) on column with a %RSD < 20%. The method was tested by measuring octanol:water and octanol:buffer (PBS, pH 7.4) partition coefficients and by quantitation of the drug cassette extracted from rabbit aqueous humor and cornea. Measured partition coefficients correlated positively with predicted values (r2=0.5-0.7). Drug recovery was ≥ 79% from aqueous humor and between 61 and 67% on average from cornea. A rapid, sensitive LC-MS/MS method suitable for N-in-one drug delivery screening was developed for simultaneous quantification of twenty-seven drugs in aqueous solutions and eye tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Matter
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - David W A Bourne
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Uday B Kompella
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA.
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Löscher M, Seiz C, Hurst J, Schnichels S. Topical Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010134. [PMID: 35057030 PMCID: PMC8779621 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye is a very complex challenge. However, topical delivery is highly desired, to achieve an easy-to-use treatment option for retinal diseases. In this review, we focus on the drug characteristics that are relevant to succeed in this challenge. An overview on the ocular barriers that need to be overcome and some relevant animal models to study ocular pharmacokinetics are given. Furthermore, a summary of substances that were able to reach the posterior segment after eye drop application is provided, as well as an outline of investigated delivery systems to improve ocular drug delivery. Some promising results of substances delivered to the retina suggest that topical treatment of retinal diseases might be possible in the future, which warrants further research.
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Spasov A, Ozerov A, Vassiliev P, Kosolapov V, Gurova N, Kucheryavenko A, Naumenko L, Babkov D, Sirotenko V, Taran A, Litvinov R, Borisov A, Klochkov V, Merezhkina D, Miroshnikov M, Uskov G, Ovsyankina N. Synthesis and multifaceted pharmacological activity of novel quinazoline NHE-1 inhibitors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24380. [PMID: 34934125 PMCID: PMC8692498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE-1) attracts ongoing attention as a validated drug target for the management of cardiovascular and ocular diseases owing to cytoprotective, anti-ischemic and anti-inflammatory properties of NHE-1 inhibitors. Herein we report novel NHE-1 inhibitors realized via functionalization of N1-alkyl quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione and quinazoline-4(3H)-one with N-acylguanidine or 3-acyl(5-amino-1,2,4-triazole) side chain. Lead compounds show activity in a nanomolar range. Their pharmacophoric features were elucidated with neural network modeling. Several compounds combine NHE-1 inhibition with antiplatelet activity. Compound 6b reduces intraocular pressure in rats and effectively inhibits the formation of glycated proteins. Compounds 3e and 3i inhibit pro-inflammatory activation of murine macrophages, LPS-induced interleukin-6 secretion and also exhibit antidepressant activity similar to amiloride. Hence, novel compounds represent an interesting starting point for the development of agents against cardiovascular diseases, thrombotic events, excessive inflammation, long-term diabetic complications and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Spasov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Alexander Ozerov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
| | - Pavel Vassiliev
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Vadim Kosolapov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Natalia Gurova
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Aida Kucheryavenko
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
| | - Ludmila Naumenko
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
| | - Denis Babkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia, 400131. .,Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia, 400087.
| | - Viktor Sirotenko
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Alena Taran
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Roman Litvinov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Alexander Borisov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Vladlen Klochkov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
| | - Darya Merezhkina
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
| | - Mikhail Miroshnikov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131 ,grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400087
| | - Georgy Uskov
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
| | - Nadezhda Ovsyankina
- grid.445050.00000 0000 8790 3085Department of Pharmacology & Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia 400131
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Karami TK, Hailu S, Feng S, Graham R, Gukasyan HJ. Eyes on Lipinski's Rule of Five: A New "Rule of Thumb" for Physicochemical Design Space of Ophthalmic Drugs. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 38:43-55. [PMID: 34905402 PMCID: PMC8817695 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to investigate molecular thermodynamic properties of approved ophthalmic drugs and derive a framework outlining physicochemical design space for product development. Unlike the methodology used to obtain molecular descriptors for assessment of drug-like properties by Lipinski's Rule of 5 (Ro5), this work presents a retrospective approach based on in silico analysis of molecular thermodynamic properties beyond Ro5 parameters (ie, free energy of distribution/partitioning in octanol/water, dynamic polar surface area, distribution coefficient, and solubility at physiological pH) by using 145 marketed ophthalmic drugs. The study's focus was to delineate inherent molecular parameters explicitly important for ocular permeability and absorption from topical eye drops. A comprehensive parameter distribution analysis on ophthalmic drugs’ molecular properties was performed. Frequencies in distribution analyses provided groundwork for physicochemical parameter limits of molecular thermodynamic properties having impact on corneal permeability and topical ophthalmic drug delivery. These parameters included free energy of partitioning (ΔGo/w) calculated based on thermodynamic free energy equation, distribution coefficient at physiological pH (clog DpH7.4), topological polar surface area (TPSA), and aqueous solubility (Sint, SpH7.4) with boundaries of clog DpH7.4 ≤4.0, TPSA ≤250 Å2, ΔGo/w ≤20 kJ/mol (4.8 kcal/mol), and solubility (Sint and SpH7.4) ≥1 μM, respectively. The theoretical free energy of partitioning model streamlined calculation of changes in the free energy of partitioning, Δ(ΔGo/w), as a measure of incremental improvements in corneal permeability for congeneric series. The above parameter limits are proposed as “rules of thumb” for topical ophthalmic drugs to assess risks in developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Karami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allergan plc, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Shumet Hailu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allergan plc, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Shaoxin Feng
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allergan plc, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Richard Graham
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allergan plc, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hovhannes J Gukasyan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allergan plc, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, California, USA
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11
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Jansook P, Hnin HM, Loftsson T, Stefánsson E. Cyclodextrin-based formulation of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for ocular delivery - A review. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120955. [PMID: 34332063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) are used as systemic and topical agents for lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with glaucoma. Owing to the wide distribution of CAs and their physiological functions in various tissues, systemic administration of CAIs may lead to unwanted side effects. Thus, exploration of drugs targeting the specific CA isoenzyme in ocular tissues and application of the same as topical eye drops would be desirable. However, the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eyes can limit drug availability at the site. The very low aqueous solubility of CAI agents can further hamper drug bioavailability, consequently resulting in insufficient therapeutic efficacy. Solubilization of drugs using cyclodextrin (CD) complexes can enhance both solubility and permeability of the drugs. The use of CD for such purposes and development and testing of topical CAI eye drops containing CD have been discussed in detail. Further, pharmaceutical nanotechnology platforms were discussed in terms of investigation of their IOP-lowering efficacies. Future prospects in drug discovery and the use of CD nanoparticles and CD-based nanocarriers to develop potential topical CAI formulations have also been described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatsawee Jansook
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Hay Marn Hnin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Einar Stefánsson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, National University Hospital, University of Iceland, Landspitalinn, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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12
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Vincze A, Dargó G, Rácz A, Balogh GT. A corneal-PAMPA-based in silico model for predicting corneal permeability. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114218. [PMID: 34166924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The capability to predict corneal permeability based on physicochemical parameters has always been a desirable objective of ophthalmic drug development. However, previous work has been limited to cases where either the diversity of compounds used was lacking or the performance of the models was poor. Our study provides extensive quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models for corneal permeability predictions. The models involved in vitro corneal permeability measurements of 189 diverse compounds. Preliminary analysis of data showed that there is no significant correlation between corneal-PAMPA (Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay) permeability values and other pharmacokinetically relevant in silico drug transport parameters like Caco-2, jejunal permeability and blood-brain partition coefficient (logBB). Two different QSPR models were developed: one for corneal permeability and one for corneal membrane retention, based on experimental corneal-PAMPA permeability data. Partial least squares regression was applied for producing the models, which contained classical molecular descriptors and ECFP fingerprints in combination. A complex validation protocol (including internal and external validation) was carried out to provide robust and appropriate predictions for the permeability and membrane retention values. Both models had an overall fit of R2 > 0.90, including R2-values not lower than 0.85 for validation runs, and provide quick and accurate predictions of corneal permeability values for a diverse set of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vincze
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem Rakpart 3., 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Dargó
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem Rakpart 3., 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Rácz
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Krt. 2., 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - György T Balogh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem Rakpart 3., 1111, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6., 6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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13
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Navarro-Partida J, Castro-Castaneda CR, Santa Cruz-Pavlovich FJ, Aceves-Franco LA, Guy TO, Santos A. Lipid-Based Nanocarriers as Topical Drug Delivery Systems for Intraocular Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050678. [PMID: 34065059 PMCID: PMC8151015 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective drug delivery to intraocular tissues remains a great challenge due to complex anatomical and physiological barriers that selectively limit the entry of drugs into the eye. To overcome these challenges, frequent topical application and regular intravitreal injections are currently used to achieve the desired drug concentrations into the eye. However, the repetitive installation or recurrent injections may result in several side effects. Recent advancements in the field of nanoparticle-based drug delivery have demonstrated promising results for topical ophthalmic nanotherapies in the treatment of intraocular diseases. Studies have revealed that nanocarriers enhance the intraocular half-life and bioavailability of several therapies including proteins, peptides and genetic material. Amongst the array of nanoparticles available nowadays, lipid-based nanosystems have shown an increased efficiency and feasibility in topical formulations, making them an important target for constant and thorough research in both preclinical and clinical practice. In this review, we will cover the promising lipid-based nanocarriers used in topical ophthalmic formulations for intraocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Navarro-Partida
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
- Centro de Retina Medica y Quirurgica, S.C., Centro Medico Puerta de Hierro, P.C., Zapopan 45116, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rodrigo Castro-Castaneda
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
| | - Francisco J. Santa Cruz-Pavlovich
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
| | - Luis Abraham Aceves-Franco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
- Centro de Retina Medica y Quirurgica, S.C., Centro Medico Puerta de Hierro, P.C., Zapopan 45116, Mexico
| | - Tomer Ori Guy
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
| | - Arturo Santos
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Guadalajara, P.C., Zapopan 45138, Mexico; (J.N.-P.); (C.R.C.-C.); (F.J.S.C.-P.); (L.A.A.-F.); (T.O.G.)
- Centro de Retina Medica y Quirurgica, S.C., Centro Medico Puerta de Hierro, P.C., Zapopan 45116, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(33)-36-69-30-00 (ext. 2540)
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14
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Partitioning and Spatial Distribution of Drugs in Ocular Surface Tissues. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050658. [PMID: 34064499 PMCID: PMC8147976 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular drug absorption after eye drop instillation has been widely studied, but partitioning phenomena and spatial drug distribution are poorly understood. We investigated partitioning of seven beta-blocking drugs in corneal epithelium, corneal stroma, including endothelium and conjunctiva, using isolated porcine tissues and cultured human corneal epithelial cells. The chosen beta-blocking drugs had a wide range (-1.76-0.79) of n-octanol/buffer solution distribution coefficients at pH 7.4 (Log D7.4). In addition, the ocular surface distribution of three beta-blocking drugs was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) after their simultaneous application in an eye drop to the rabbits in vivo. Studies with isolated porcine corneas revealed that the distribution coefficient (Kp) between the corneal epithelium and donor solution showed a positive relationship and good correlation with Log D7.4 and about a 50-fold range of Kp values (0.1-5). On the contrary, Kp between corneal stroma and epithelium showed an inverse (negative) relationship and correlation with Log D7.4 based on a seven-fold range of Kp values. In vitro corneal cell uptake showed a high correlation with the ex vivo corneal epithelium/donor Kp values. Partitioning of the drugs into the porcine conjunctiva also showed a positive relationship with lipophilicity, but the range of Kp values was less than with the corneal epithelium. MALDI-IMS allowed simultaneous detection of three compounds in the cornea, showed data in line with other experiments, and revealed uneven spatial drug distribution in the cornea. Our data indicate the importance of lipophilicity in defining the corneal pharmacokinetics and the Kp values are a useful building block in the kinetic simulation models for topical ocular drug administration.
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15
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Fayyaz A, Ranta VP, Toropainen E, Vellonen KS, Valtari A, Puranen J, Ruponen M, Gardner I, Urtti A, Jamei M, Del Amo EM. Topical ocular pharmacokinetics and bioavailability for a cocktail of atenolol, timolol and betaxolol in rabbits. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105553. [PMID: 32946960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ocular bioavailability after eye drops administration is an important, but rarely determined, pharmacokinetic parameter. In this study, we measured the pharmacokinetics of a cocktail of three beta blockers after their topical administration into the albino rabbit eye. Samples from aqueous humour were analysed with LC-MS/MS. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using compartmental and non-compartmental analyses. The ocular bioavailability was covering broad range of values: atenolol (0.07 %), timolol (1.22%, 1.51%) and betaxolol (3.82%, 4.31%). Absolute ocular bioavailability presented a positive trend with lipophilicity and the values showed approximately 60-fold range. The generated data enhances our understanding for ocular pharmacokinetics of drugs and may be utilized in pharmacokinetic model building in ophthalmic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Fayyaz
- Certara UK, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, United Kingdom; University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Ranta
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Kati-Sisko Vellonen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Annika Valtari
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Jooseppi Puranen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Iain Gardner
- Certara UK, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Arto Urtti
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70210, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, Yliopistonkatu 3, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Saint-Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskiy Prospekt, 26, Petergoff 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Masoud Jamei
- Certara UK, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70210, Finland.
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16
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Abstract
Retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, are the leading causes of blindness worldwide. The mainstay of treatment for these blinding diseases remains to be surgery, and the available pharmaceutical therapies on the market are limited, partially owing to various biological barriers in hindering the delivery of therapeutics to the retina. The nanoparticulate drug delivery system confers the capability for delivering therapeutics to the specific ocular targets and, hence, potentially revolutionizes the current treatment landscape of retinal diseases. While the research to date indicates the enormous therapeutics potentials of the nanoparticulate delivery systems, the successful translation of these systems from the bench to bedside is challenging and requires a combined understanding of retinal pathology, physiology of the eye, and particle and formulation designs of nanoparticles. To this end, the review begins with an overview of the most prevalent retinal diseases and related pharmacotherapy. Highlights of the current challenges encountered in ocular drug delivery for each administration route are provided, followed by critical appraisal of various nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for the retinal diseases, including their formulation designs, therapeutic merits, limitations, and future direction. It is believed that a greater understanding of the nano-biointeraction in eyes will lead to the development of more sophisticated drug delivery systems for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jingwen Weng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Si Nga Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Yip Thomas Lee
- Aptorum Group Limited, Unit 232, 12 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin New Town, Hong Kong
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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17
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Pescina S, Lucca LG, Govoni P, Padula C, Favero ED, Cantù L, Santi P, Nicoli S. Ex Vivo Conjunctival Retention and Transconjunctival Transport of Poorly Soluble Drugs Using Polymeric Micelles. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090476. [PMID: 31540066 PMCID: PMC6781556 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of ocular delivery of lipophilic drugs. The aim of the paper is the evaluation of polymeric micelles, prepared using TPGS (d-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate), a water-soluble derivative of Vitamin E and/or poloxamer 407, as a vehicle for the ocular delivery of dexamethasone, cyclosporine, and econazole nitrate. The research steps were: (1) characterize polymeric micelles by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and X-ray scattering; (2) evaluate the solubility increase of the three drugs; (3) measure the in vitro transport and conjunctiva retention, in comparison to conventional vehicles; (4) investigate the mechanisms of enhancement, by studying drug release from the micelles and transconjunctival permeation of TPGS; and (5) study the effect of micelles application on the histology of conjunctiva. The data obtained demonstrate the application potential of polymeric micelles in ocular delivery, due to their ability to increase the solubility of lipophilic drugs and enhance transport in and across the conjunctival epithelium. The best-performing formulation was the one made of TPGS alone (micelles size ≈ 12 nm), probably because of the higher mobility of these micelles, an enhanced interaction with the conjunctival epithelium, and, possibly, the penetration of intact micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pescina
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Leticia Grolli Lucca
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Govoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via Volturno 39, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Cristina Padula
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, LITA, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
| | - Laura Cantù
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, LITA, University of Milan, 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
| | - Patrizia Santi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Sara Nicoli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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18
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Ocular biopharmaceutics: impact of modeling and simulation on topical ophthalmic formulation development. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1587-1597. [PMID: 30959112 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The estimation of ocular pharmacokinetics (PK) in various eye tissues is limited because of sampling challenges. Computational modeling and simulation (M&S) tools underpinning the elucidation of drug access routes and prediction of ocular exposure are essential for the mechanistic assessment of biopharmaceutics in the eye. Therefore, theoretical and experimental evaluation of ocular absorption and transit models is necessary. Biopharmaceutical parameter sensitivity analysis based on permeability and drug dose illustrates utility in ocular drug delivery assessment, which could have innovative and cost-saving impacts on ophthalmic product development and therapeutic bioequivalence (BE) evaluations.
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19
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Corneal-PAMPA: A novel, non-cell-based assay for prediction of corneal drug permeability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 128:232-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Ooi KGJ, Khoo P, Vaclavik V, Watson SL. Statins in ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 64:401-432. [PMID: 30703407 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-gutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, are a class of lipid-lowering drugs with anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and vascular effects. Statins are increasingly being used in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions. We examine the actions of statins on the eye and its associated ophthalmic disorders. Statins can be synthetic or nonsynthetic, and their differentiating derivations may contribute to their varying cholesterol-lowering and pleiotropic effects. There is conflicting evidence on the ocular therapeutic and adverse effects of the statins. Statins may play a role in reducing the burden of dry eye, corneal ulcer scarring, thyroid-associated orbitopathy, glaucoma, uveitis and other associated ocular inflammatory states, cataract, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and choroidal melanoma. Topical preparations of statins can be formulated, thereby extending the range of ocular diseases that may be amenable to treatment. Statins have a relatively safe side effect profile, but rare and serious adverse reactions have been reported with their usage in ophthalmology, including myopathies and rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G-J Ooi
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Pauline Khoo
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Veronika Vaclavik
- Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie L Watson
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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Ooi KGJ, Rao A, Goh JSK, Gracie G, Cherepanoff S, Madigan MC, Watson SL. HMG-CoA reductase expression in human eyelid tissue and in a human meibomian gland epithelial cell line. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:785-790. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Srinivasarao DA, Lohiya G, Katti DS. Fundamentals, challenges, and nanomedicine‐based solutions for ocular diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 11:e1548. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dadi A. Srinivasarao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur India
| | - Garima Lohiya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur India
| | - Dhirendra S. Katti
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur India
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23
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Nguyen H, Eng S, Ngo T, Dass CR. Delivery of therapeutics for deep-seated ocular conditions - status quo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:994-1001. [PMID: 29675844 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is a need for research into designing effective pharmaceutical systems for delivering therapeutic drugs to the posterior of the eye for glaucoma-related pathology, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, macular oedema, retinitis and choroiditis. Conventionally, eye drops have been extensively utilised for topical drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye, but are less effective for delivery of therapeutics to the back of the eye due to significant barriers hampering drug penetration into the target intraocular tissue. This review explores some of the current and novel delivery systems employed to deliver therapeutics to the back of the eye such as those using liposomes, ocular implants, in situ gels, and nanoparticles, and how they can overcome some of these limitations. KEY FINDINGS Issues such as blinking, precorneal fluid drainage, tear dilution and turnover, conjunctiva and nasal drug absorption, the corneal epithelium, vitreous drug clearance, and the blood-ocular barriers are reviewed and discussed. SUMMARY Further studies are needed to address their shortcomings such as drug compatibility and stability, economic viability and patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Shawn Eng
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Thanh Ngo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA, Australia
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24
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Ramsay E, Del Amo EM, Toropainen E, Tengvall-Unadike U, Ranta VP, Urtti A, Ruponen M. Corneal and conjunctival drug permeability: Systematic comparison and pharmacokinetic impact in the eye. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 119:83-89. [PMID: 29625211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
On the surface of the eye, both the cornea and conjunctiva are restricting ocular absorption of topically applied drugs, but barrier contributions of these two membranes have not been systemically compared. Herein, we studied permeability of 32 small molecular drug compounds across an isolated porcine cornea and built a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model for the permeability. Corneal drug permeability (data obtained for 25 drug molecules) showed a 52-fold range in permeability (0.09-4.70 × 10-6 cm/s) and the most important molecular descriptors in predicting the permeability were hydrogen bond donor, polar surface area and halogen ratio. Corneal permeability values were compared to their conjunctival drug permeability values. Ocular drug bioavailability and systemic absorption via conjunctiva were predicted for this drug set with pharmacokinetic calculations. Drug bioavailability in the aqueous humour was simulated to be <5% and trans-conjunctival systemic absorption was 34-79% of the dose. Loss of drug across the conjunctiva to the blood circulation restricts significantly ocular drug bioavailability and, therefore, ocular absorption does not increase proportionally with the increasing corneal drug permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramsay
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Unni Tengvall-Unadike
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Ranta
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Afify EAMR, Elsayed I, Gad MK, Mohamed MI, Afify AEMMR. Enhancement of pharmacokinetic and pharmacological behavior of ocular dorzolamide after factorial optimization of self-assembled nanostructures. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191415. [PMID: 29401498 PMCID: PMC5798776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorzolamide hydrochloride is frequently administered for the control of the intra-ocular pressure associated with glaucoma. The aim of this study is to develop and optimize self-assembled nanostructures of dorzolamide hydrochloride and L-α-Phosphatidylcholine to improve the pharmacokinetic parameters and extend the drug pharmacological action. Self-assembled nanostructures were prepared using a modified thin-film hydration technique. The formulae compositions were designed based on response surface statistical design. The prepared self-assembled nanostructures were characterized by testing their drug content, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, partition coefficient, release half-life and extent. The optimized formulae having the highest drug content, zeta potential, partition coefficient, release half-life and extent with the lowest particle size and polydispersity index were subjected to further investigations including investigation of their physicochemical, morphological characteristics, in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. The optimized formulae were prepared at pH 8.7 (F5 and F6) and composed of L-α-Phosphatidylcholine and drug mixed in a ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 w/w, respectively. They showed significantly higher Cmax, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at the aqueous humor with extended control over the intra-ocular pressure, when compared to the marketed product; Trusopt®. The study introduced novel and promising self-assembled formulae able to permeate higher drug amount through the cornea and achieve sustained pharmacological effect at the site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahim Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mary K. Gad
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Magdy I. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Barlow NE, Bolognesi G, Haylock S, Flemming AJ, Brooks NJ, Barter LMC, Ces O. Rheological Droplet Interface Bilayers (rheo-DIBs): Probing the Unstirred Water Layer Effect on Membrane Permeability via Spinning Disk Induced Shear Stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17551. [PMID: 29242597 PMCID: PMC5730560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A new rheological droplet interface bilayer (rheo-DIB) device is presented as a tool to apply shear stress on biological lipid membranes. Despite their exciting potential for affecting high-throughput membrane translocation studies, permeability assays conducted using DIBs have neglected the effect of the unstirred water layer (UWL). However as demonstrated in this study, neglecting this phenomenon can cause significant underestimates in membrane permeability measurements which in turn limits their ability to predict key processes such as drug translocation rates across lipid membranes. With the use of the rheo-DIB chip, the effective bilayer permeability can be modulated by applying shear stress to the droplet interfaces, inducing flow parallel to the DIB membranes. By analysing the relation between the effective membrane permeability and the applied stress, both the intrinsic membrane permeability and UWL thickness can be determined for the first time using this model membrane approach, thereby unlocking the potential of DIBs for undertaking diffusion assays. The results are also validated with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Guido Bolognesi
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stuart Haylock
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anthony J Flemming
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Nicholas J Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Laura M C Barter
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Oscar Ces
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Alvarez-Trabado J, Diebold Y, Sanchez A. Designing lipid nanoparticles for topical ocular drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:204-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ramsay E, Ruponen M, Picardat T, Tengvall U, Tuomainen M, Auriola S, Toropainen E, Urtti A, Del Amo EM. Impact of Chemical Structure on Conjunctival Drug Permeability: Adopting Porcine Conjunctiva and Cassette Dosing for Construction of In Silico Model. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2463-2471. [PMID: 28479360 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Conjunctiva occupies most of the ocular surface area, and conjunctival permeability affects ocular and systemic drug absorption of topical ocular medications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to obtain a computational in silico model for structure-based prediction of conjunctival drug permeability. This was done by employing cassette dosing and quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) approach. Permeability studies were performed ex vivo across fresh porcine conjunctiva and simultaneous dosing of a cassette mixture composed of 32 clinically relevant drug molecules with wide chemical space. The apparent permeability values were obtained using drug concentrations that were quantified with liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. The experimental data were utilized for building a QSPR model for conjunctival permeability predictions. The conjunctival permeability values presented a 17-fold range (0.63-10.74 × 10-6 cm/s). The final QSPR had a Q2 value of 0.62 and predicted the external test set with a mean fold error of 1.34. The polar surface area, hydrogen bond donor, and halogen ratio were the most relevant descriptors for defining conjunctival permeability. This work presents for the first time a predictive QSPR model of conjunctival drug permeability and a comprehensive description on conjunctival isolation from the porcine eye. The model can be used for developing new ocular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramsay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Théo Picardat
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Unni Tengvall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Tuomainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Gomes RL, Viana RG, Melo LAS, Cruz AC, Suenaga EM, Kenyon KR, Campos M. Aqueous Humor Penetration and Biological Activity of Moxifloxacin 0.5% Ophthalmic Solution Alone or with Dexamethasone 0.1%. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:98-102. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L.R. Gomes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital de Olhos Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Alberto S. Melo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital de Olhos Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Carvalho Cruz
- Núcleo de Bioequivalência e Ensaios Clínicos - NuBEC, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eunice Mayumi Suenaga
- Núcleo de Bioequivalência e Ensaios Clínicos - NuBEC, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kenneth R. Kenyon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mauro Campos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital de Olhos Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Mahaling B, Katti DS. Physicochemical properties of core-shell type nanoparticles govern their spatiotemporal biodistribution in the eye. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:2149-2160. [PMID: 27288669 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Due to the inherent barrier properties of eye tissues, a major challenge in treating eye diseases is to provide a therapeutic agent to the desired tissue in quantities and durations that are favorable. This study aimed at understanding the influence of physicochemical properties of nanoparticles on their spatiotemporal biodistribution in mouse eye. For this, core-shell nanoparticles with different properties were designed by varying either core or shell and administered as eye-drops to mice. The results demonstrated that all nanoparticles irrespective of type of core or shell followed the conjunctival-scleral pathway. The bioavailability of cores followed the order polylactide-co-glycolide≥polylactide≥polycaprolactone for all tissues and time-points. The bioavailability for all shell types was greater in conjunctiva, sclera, choroid and retina when compared to other eye tissues. Therefore, modulating physicochemical properties of nanoparticles can be used as a design strategy to devise drug carriers that target specific tissues of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binapani Mahaling
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Dhirendra S Katti
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.
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Taskar P, Tatke A, Majumdar S. Advances in the use of prodrugs for drug delivery to the eye. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:49-63. [PMID: 27441817 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1208649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular drug delivery is presented with many challenges, taking into account the distinctive structure of the eye. The prodrug approach has been, and is being, employed to overcome such barriers for some drug molecules, utilizing a chemical modification approach rather than a formulation-based approach. A prodrug strategy involves modification of the active moiety into various derivatives in a fashion that imparts some advantage, such as membrane permeability, site specificity, transporter targeting and improved aqueous solubility, over the parent compound. Areas covered: The following review is a comprehensive summary of various novel methodologies and strategies reported over the past few years in the area of ocular drug delivery. Some of the strategies discussed involve polymer and lipid conjugation with the drug moiety to impart hydrophilicity or lipophilicity, or to target nutrient transporters by conjugation with transporter-specific moieties and retrometabolic drug design. Expert opinion: The application of prodrug strategies provides an option for enhancing drug penetration into the ocular tissues, and overall ocular bioavailability, with minimum disruption of the ocular diffusion barriers. Although success of the prodrug strategy is contingent on various factors, such as the chemical structure of the parent molecule, aqueous solubility and solution stability, capacity of targeted transporters and bioreversion characteristics, this approach has been successfully utilized, commercially and therapeutically, in several cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Taskar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Akshaya Tatke
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
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Shafaie S, Hutter V, Cook MT, Brown MB, Chau DYS. In Vitro Cell Models for Ophthalmic Drug Development Applications. Biores Open Access 2016; 5:94-108. [PMID: 27158563 PMCID: PMC4845647 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2016.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a rapidly expanding field that aims to establish feasible techniques to fabricate biologically equivalent replacements for diseased and damaged tissues/organs. Emerging from this prospect is the development of in vitro representations of organs for drug toxicity assessment. Due to the ever-increasing interest in ocular drug delivery as a route for administration as well as the rise of new ophthalmic therapeutics, there is a demand for physiologically accurate in vitro models of the eye to assess drug delivery and safety of new ocular medicines. This review summarizes current existing ocular models and highlights the important factors and limitations that need to be considered during their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shafaie
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Hutter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Cook
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marc B Brown
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.; MedPharm Ltd., Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - David Y S Chau
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Sturdivant JM, Royalty SM, Lin CW, Moore LA, Yingling JD, Laethem CL, Sherman B, Heintzelman GR, Kopczynski CC, deLong MA. Discovery of the ROCK inhibitor netarsudil for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2475-2480. [PMID: 27072905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK) to improve fluid outflow through the trabecular meshwork and lower intraocular pressure is a strategy for the development of new anti-glaucoma agents. Alpha-aryl-beta-amino isoquinoline analogs were identified as potent ROCK inhibitors. Compounds that provided a longer duration of intraocular pressure reduction in Dutch Belted rabbits also inhibited norepinephrine transporter. Ester 60 improved bioavailability of its parent ROCK inhibitor, 29 (Ki=0.2nM) and demonstrated an effective and sustained IOP reduction for 24h after dosing. From these studies, netarsudil (a.k.a. AR-13324) was discovered and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Sturdivant
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4301 Emperor Boulevard, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, United States.
| | - Susan M Royalty
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4301 Emperor Boulevard, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, United States
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4301 Emperor Boulevard, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, United States
| | - Lori A Moore
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4301 Emperor Boulevard, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Yingling
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4301 Emperor Boulevard, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, United States
| | - Carmen L Laethem
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4301 Emperor Boulevard, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, United States
| | - Bryan Sherman
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4301 Emperor Boulevard, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, United States
| | - Geoffrey R Heintzelman
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4301 Emperor Boulevard, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, United States
| | - Casey C Kopczynski
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4301 Emperor Boulevard, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, United States
| | - Mitchell A deLong
- Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4301 Emperor Boulevard, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, United States
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Agarwal P, Rupenthal ID. In vitro and ex vivo corneal penetration and absorption models. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2016; 6:634-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-015-0275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Stappaerts J, Wuyts B, Tack J, Annaert P, Augustijns P. Human and simulated intestinal fluids as solvent systems to explore food effects on intestinal solubility and permeability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 63:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal P, Abdul Nasir NA, Razali N, Alyautdin R, Ismail NM. Liposomes in topical ophthalmic drug delivery: an update. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:1075-91. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.943336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Agarwal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia,
- Brain & Neuroscience, Communities of Research (Core), Research Management Institute (RMI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia,
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia,
- Brain & Neuroscience, Communities of Research (Core), Research Management Institute (RMI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia,
- Research Institute of Pharmacology, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation, and
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- Department of Ophthalmology, IMU Clinical School, International Medical University, Jalan Rasah, Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alimah Abdul Nasir
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia,
- Brain & Neuroscience, Communities of Research (Core), Research Management Institute (RMI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia,
| | - Norhafiza Razali
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia,
- Brain & Neuroscience, Communities of Research (Core), Research Management Institute (RMI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia,
| | - Renad Alyautdin
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia,
| | - Nafeeza Mohd Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia,
- Brain & Neuroscience, Communities of Research (Core), Research Management Institute (RMI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia,
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Gratieri T, Gelfuso GM, Lopez RFV, Souto EB. Current efforts and the potential of nanomedicine in treating fungal keratitis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kwatra D, Mitra AK. Drug delivery in ocular diseases: Barriers and strategies. World J Pharmacol 2013; 2:78-83. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v2.i4.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye is a complex organ made up of diversified cells with specified functions. Presence of anatomical, physiological and physiochemical barriers make it difficult to deliver drugs in therapeutic amounts at intended sites. To overcome these, drug delivery scientists have followed two distinct yet complimentary approaches. The first involves using alternate delivery routes to conventional ones allowing for more direct access to intended target sites. Second approach involves development of novel drug delivery systems providing better permeability, treatability and controlled release at target site. Combination of both these approaches are being utilized and optimized in order to achieve optimal therapy with minimal adverse effects.
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Prodrugs incorporated into nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for possible improvement in bioavailability of ocular drugs delivery. Asian J Pharm Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Topical ocular drug bioavailability is notoriously poor, in the order of 5% or less. This is a consequence of effective multiple barriers to drug entry, comprising nasolacrimal drainage, epithelial drug transport barriers and clearance from the vasculature in the conjunctiva. While sustained drug delivery to the back of the eye is now feasible with intravitreal implants such as Vitrasert (-6 months), Retisert (-3 years) and Iluvien (-3 years), currently there are no marketed delivery systems for long-term drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye. The purpose of this article is to summarize the resurgence in interest to prolong and improve drug entry from topical administration. These approaches include mucoadhesives, viscous polymer vehicles, transporter-targeted prodrug design, receptor-targeted functionalized nanoparticles, iontophoresis, punctal plug and contact lens delivery systems. A few of these delivery systems might be useful in treating diseases affecting the back of the eye. Their effectiveness will be compared against intravitreal implants (upper bound of effectiveness) and trans-scleral systems (lower bound of effectiveness). Refining the animal model by incorporating the latest advances in microdialysis and imaging technology is key to expanding the knowledge central to the design, testing and evaluation of the next generation of innovative ocular drug delivery systems.
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Baba K, Tanaka Y, Kubota A, Kasai H, Yokokura S, Nakanishi H, Nishida K. A method for enhancing the ocular penetration of eye drops using nanoparticles of hydrolyzable dye. J Control Release 2011; 153:278-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kadam RS, Cheruvu NPS, Edelhauser HF, Kompella UB. Sclera-choroid-RPE transport of eight β-blockers in human, bovine, porcine, rabbit, and rat models. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:5387-99. [PMID: 21282583 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the influence of drug lipophilicity, ocular pigmentation, and species differences on transscleral solute transport. METHODS The transport of eight β-blockers across excised sclera/sclera-choroid-RPE (SCRPE) of albino rabbit, pigmented rabbit, human, porcine, and bovine eyes was determined over 6 hours. The ex vivo transscleral β-blocker transport to the vitreous at the end of 6 hours was determined in euthanatized, pigmented Brown Norway rats. The thicknesses of the sclera and SCRPE and the melanin content in choroid-RPE (CRPE) were measured to determine whether species differences in drug transport can be explained on this basis. RESULTS Solute lipophilicity inversely correlated with the SCRPE cumulative percentage of transport in all species (R(2) ≥ 0.80). The CRPE impeded the SCRPE transport of all β-blockers (51%-64% resistance in the rabbits; 84%-99.8% in the bovine and porcine eyes) more than the sclera, with the impedance increasing with lipophilicity. SCRPE transport followed the trend albino rabbit > pigmented rabbit > human > porcine > bovine, and a cross-species comparison showed good Spearman's rho correlation (R(2) ≥ 0.85). Bovine (R(2) = 0.84), porcine (R(2) = 0.84), and human (R(2) = 0.71) SCRPE transport was more predictive than that in the rabbit models (R(2) = 0.60-0.61) of transscleral solute transport to the vitreous in rats. The CRPE concentrations were higher in pigmented rabbits than in albino rabbits. The melanin content of the CRPE exhibited the trend albino rabbit ≪ pigmented rabbit < porcine ∼ bovine < rat. Normalization to scleral thickness abolished the species differences in scleral transport. Normalization to SCRPE thickness and melanin content significantly reduced species differences in SCRPE transport. CONCLUSIONS Owing to the presence of pigment and drug binding, choroid-RPE is the principal barrier to transscleral β-blocker transport, with the barrier being more significant for lipophilic β-blockers. Although different in magnitude between species, sclera/SCRPE transport can be correlated between species. Tissue thickness accounts for the species differences in scleral transport. Differences in tissue thickness and melanin content largely account for the species differences in SCRPE transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra S Kadam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Sasaki H, Igarashi Y, Nagano T, Yamamura K, Nishida K, Nakamura J. Penetration of β-Blockers through Ocular Membranes in A1bino Rabbits. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb05726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the barrier properties of ocular membranes for controlling the extent and pathway of ocular absorption of instilled β-blockers.
The penetration of β-blockers was measured across the isolated corneal, conjunctival and scleral membranes of the albino rabbit using a two-chamber glass diffusion cell. β-Blockers tested were atenolol, carteolol, tilisolol, timolol and befunolol.
Corneal penetration of befunolol was much higher than that of atenolol. Scraping the epithelium increased corneal penetration of β-blockers. Conjunctival membranes showed higher permeability than corneal and scleral membranes. The penetration parameters were estimated according to Fick's equation. The corneal permeability coefficient showed an apparent linear relationship with penetrant lipophilicity. The lipophilic character of the corneal barrier was determined by the partition coefficient of drug to corneal surface, not by the diffusion coefficient. Conjunctival and scleral permeability coefficients were not determined by the lipophilicity of β-blockers.
These results indicate that the conjunctiva, sclera and cornea of the rabbit eye are sufficiently different in permeation character to control the extent and pathway for ocular absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Sasaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Igarashi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nagano
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yamamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852, Japan
| | - Koyo Nishida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852, Japan
| | - Junzo Nakamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852, Japan
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Souto EB, Doktorovova S, Gonzalez-Mira E, Egea MA, Garcia ML. Feasibility of Lipid Nanoparticles for Ocular Delivery of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:537-52. [DOI: 10.3109/02713681003760168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Prediction of the Corneal Permeability of Drug-Like Compounds. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1398-407. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Filter-cultured ARPE-19 cells as outer blood-retinal barrier model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:289-96. [PMID: 20385230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) regulates drug transfer between posterior eye segment and blood circulation, but there is no established RPE cell model for drug delivery studies. We evaluated ARPE-19 filter culture model for this purpose. Passive permeability of 6-carboxyfluorescein, betaxolol and FITC-dextran (40kDa) and active transport of 6-carboxyfluorescein, sodium fluorescein, rhodamine 123, cyclosporine A and digoxin in ARPE-19 model were investigated and compared with isolated bovine RPE-choroid tissue. In addition, barrier properties, and mRNA expression of RPE-specific and melanogenesis-related genes (RPE65, VMD2, CRALBP, OTX-2, MITF-A, TRP-1, tyrosinase) were measured in various culture conditions. The filter grown ARPE-19 cell model showed reasonable barrier properties (TER close to 100Omegacm(2)), but its permeability was slightly higher than that of isolated bovine RPE/choroid specimens. In active transport studies the ARPE-19 model mimics qualitatively the permeability profile of bovine RPE-choroid, but ARPE-19 model underestimates the importance of active transport relative to passive diffusion. Long-term filter-cultured ARPE-19 cells expressed various RPE-specific and melanogenesis-related genes at higher levels than the ARPE-19 cells cultured short-term in flasks. ARPE-19 model can be used to study drug permeation processes in the RPE.
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Benedetti MS, Whomsley R, Poggesi I, Cawello W, Mathy FX, Delporte ML, Papeleu P, Watelet JB. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab Rev 2009; 41:344-90. [PMID: 19601718 DOI: 10.1080/10837450902891295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion have been described bearing in mind the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and their possible therapeutic opportunities. The importance of the routes of administration of the different therapeutic groups has been emphasized. The classical aspects of drug metabolism and disposition related to oral administration have been reviewed, but special emphasis has been given to intranasal, cutaneous, transdermal, and ocular administration as well as to the absorption and the subsequent bioavailability of drugs. Drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters present in extrahepatic tissues, such as nasal mucosa and the respiratory tract, have been particularly discussed. As marketed antiallergic drugs include both racemates and enantiomers, aspects of stereoselective absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion have been discussed. Finally, a new and promising methodology, microdosing, has been presented, although it has not yet been applied to drugs used in the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, many oral drugs have been designed in consideration of physicochemical properties to attain optimal pharmacokinetic properties. This strategy significantly reduced attrition in drug development owing to inadequate pharmacokinetics during the last decade. On the other hand, most ophthalmic drugs are generated from reformulation of other therapeutic dosage forms. Therefore, the modification of formulations has been used mainly as the approach to improve ocular pharmacokinetics. However, to maximize ocular pharmacokinetic properties, a specific molecular design for ocular drug is preferable. Passive diffusion of drugs across the cornea membranes requires appropriate lipophilicity and aqueous solubility. Improvement of such physicochemical properties has been achieved by structure optimization or prodrug approaches. This review discusses the current knowledge about ophthalmic drugs adapted from systemic drugs and molecular design for ocular drugs. I propose the approaches for molecular design to obtain the optimal ocular penetration into anterior segment based on published studies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Shirasaki
- Senju Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, 1-5-4 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan.
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Chandran S, Roy A, Saha RN. Effect of pH and formulation variables on in vitro transcorneal permeability of flurbiprofen: a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9:1031-7. [PMID: 18792792 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-008-9139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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