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Mäntylä M, Elomaa I, Mattson J, Lindroos P, Killander D, Littbrand B, Overgaard J, Tenhunen M. Lars R Holsti (1926-2023), Big name in Finnish and Nordic oncology. Acta Oncol 2024; 63:229. [PMID: 38682456 DOI: 10.2340/1651-226x.2024.40168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Mäntylä
- Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Finland
| | - Inkeri Elomaa
- Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Finland
| | - Johanna Mattson
- Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Mikko Tenhunen
- Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Finland.
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2
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Sherry AD, Corrigan KL, Kouzy R, Jaoude JA, Yang Y, Patel RR, Totten DJ, Newman NB, Das P, Taniguchi C, Minsky B, Snyder RA, Fuller CD, Ludmir E. Prevalence, trends, and characteristics of trials investigating local therapy in contemporary phase 3 clinical cancer research. Cancer 2023; 129:3430-3438. [PMID: 37382235 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most patients with cancer are treated with local therapy (LT), the proportion of late-phase clinical trials investigating local therapeutic interventions is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion, characteristics, and trends of phase 3 cancer clinical trials assessing the therapeutic value of LT over time. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis of interventional randomized controlled trials in oncology published from 2002 through 2020 and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Trends and characteristics of LT trials were compared to all other trials. RESULTS Of 1877 trials screened, 794 trials enrolling 584,347 patients met inclusion criteria. A total of 27 trials (3%) included a primary randomization assessing LT compared with 767 trials (97%) investigating systemic therapy or supportive care. Annual increase in the number of LT trials (slope [m] = 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.39; p < .001) was outpaced by the increase of trials testing systemic therapy or supportive care (m = 7.57; 95% CI, 6.03-9.11; p < .001). LT trials were more often sponsored by cooperative groups (22 of 27 [81%] vs. 211 of 767 [28%]; p < .001) and less often sponsored by industry (5 of 27 [19%] vs. 609 of 767 [79%]; p < .001). LT trials were more likely to use overall survival as primary end point compared to other trials (13 of 27 [48%] vs. 199 of 767 [26%]; p = .01). CONCLUSIONS In contemporary late-phase oncology research, LT trials are increasingly under-represented, under-funded, and evaluate more challenging end points compared to other modalities. These findings strongly argue for greater resource allocation and funding mechanisms for LT clinical trials. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Most people who have cancer receive treatments directed at the site of their cancer, such as surgery or radiation. We do not know, however, how many trials test surgery or radiation compared to drug treatments (that go all over the body). We reviewed trials testing the most researched strategies (phase 3) completed between 2002 and 2020. Only 27 trials tested local treatments like surgery or radiation compared to 767 trials testing other treatments. Our study has important implications for funding research and understanding cancer research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Sherry
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kelsey L Corrigan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ramez Kouzy
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph Abi Jaoude
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yumeng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Roshal R Patel
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Douglas J Totten
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Neil B Newman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Prajnan Das
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cullen Taniguchi
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bruce Minsky
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca A Snyder
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - C David Fuller
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ethan Ludmir
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Chow JCL, Wong V, Sanders L, Li K. Developing an AI-Assisted Educational Chatbot for Radiotherapy Using the IBM Watson Assistant Platform. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2417. [PMID: 37685452 PMCID: PMC10487627 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11172417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aims to make radiotherapy knowledge regarding healthcare accessible to the general public by developing an AI-powered chatbot. The interactive nature of the chatbot is expected to facilitate better understanding of information on radiotherapy through communication with users. Methods: Using the IBM Watson Assistant platform on IBM Cloud, the chatbot was constructed following a pre-designed flowchart that outlines the conversation flow. This approach ensured the development of the chatbot with a clear mindset and allowed for effective tracking of the conversation. The chatbot is equipped to furnish users with information and quizzes on radiotherapy to assess their understanding of the subject. Results: By adopting a question-and-answer approach, the chatbot can engage in human-like communication with users seeking information about radiotherapy. As some users may feel anxious and struggle to articulate their queries, the chatbot is designed to be user-friendly and reassuring, providing a list of questions for the user to choose from. Feedback on the chatbot's content was mostly positive, despite a few limitations. The chatbot performed well and successfully conveyed knowledge as intended. Conclusions: There is a need to enhance the chatbot's conversation approach to improve user interaction. Including translation capabilities to cater to individuals with different first languages would also be advantageous. Lastly, the newly launched ChatGPT could potentially be developed into a medical chatbot to facilitate knowledge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. L. Chow
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1X6, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Valerie Wong
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada;
| | - Leslie Sanders
- Department of Humanities, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Kay Li
- Department of English, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5R 2M8, Canada;
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4
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O'Connor JD, Overton IM, McMahon SJ. Validation of In Vitro Trained Transcriptomic Radiosensitivity Signatures in Clinical Cohorts. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3504. [PMID: 37444614 PMCID: PMC10340371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic personalisation of radiation therapy has gained considerable interest in recent years. However, independent model testing on in vitro data has shown poor performance. In this work, we assess the reproducibility in clinical applications of radiosensitivity signatures. Agreement between radiosensitivity predictions from published signatures using different microarray normalization methods was assessed. Control signatures developed from resampled in vitro data were benchmarked in clinical cohorts. Survival analysis was performed using each gene in the clinical transcriptomic data, and gene set enrichment analysis was used to determine pathways related to model performance in predicting survival and recurrence. The normalisation approach impacted calculated radiosensitivity index (RSI) values. Indeed, the limits of agreement exceeded 20% with different normalisation approaches. No published signature significantly improved on the resampled controls for prediction of clinical outcomes. Functional annotation of gene models suggested that many overlapping biological processes are associated with cancer outcomes in RT treated and non-RT treated patients, including proliferation and immune responses. In summary, different normalisation methods should not be used interchangeably. The utility of published signatures remains unclear given the large proportion of genes relating to cancer outcome. Biological processes influencing outcome overlapped for patients treated with or without radiation suggest that existing signatures may lack specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D O'Connor
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Ian M Overton
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
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Abstract
Computed tomography (CT), MR imaging, and PET with fluorodeoxyglucose F18/CT are commonly used for radiation therapy planning; however, issues including precise nodal staging on CT or false positive results on PET/CT limit their usability. Clinical trials using fibroblast activation protein ligands for additional imaging have provided promising results regarding staging and target volume delineation-particularly suitable for sarcoma, some gastrointestinal tumors, head and neck tumors, and lung and pancreatic cancer. Although further prospective trials are necessary to identify clinical settings for its application in radiation oncology, fibroblast activation protein inhibitor PET/CT indisputably represents an excellent opportunity for assisting radiotherapy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Koerber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Barmherzige Brueder Hospital Regensburgh, Regensburg, Germany.
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Ma S, Barr T, Yu J. Recent Advances of RNA m 6A Modifications in Cancer Immunoediting and Immunotherapy. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 190:49-94. [PMID: 38112999 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45654-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, which modulates immune responses against tumors using immune-checkpoint inhibitors or adoptive cell transfer, has emerged as a novel and promising therapy for tumors. However, only a minority of patients demonstrate durable responses, while the majority of patients are resistant to immunotherapy. The immune system can paradoxically constrain and promote tumor development and progression. This process is referred to as cancer immunoediting. The mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy seem to be that cancer cells undergo immunoediting to evade recognition and elimination by the immune system. RNA modifications, specifically N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation, have emerged as a key regulator of various post-transcriptional gene regulatory processes, such as RNA export, splicing, stability, and degradation, which play unappreciated roles in various physiological and pathological processes, including immune system development and cancer pathogenesis. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which RNA modifications impact the cancer immunoediting process can provide insight into the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapies and the strategies that can be used to overcome such resistance. In this chapter, we briefly introduce the background of cancer immunoediting and immunotherapy. We also review and discuss the roles and mechanisms of RNA m6A modifications in fine-tuning the innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as in regulating tumor escape from immunosurveillance. Finally, we summarize the current strategies targeting m6A regulators for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoubao Ma
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Tasha Barr
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA.
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Effects of low-dose, short-duration periods of asymmetric radiation on colony formation of C6 glioma cell cultures. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.1028643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Previous studies on fractionation in radiation therapy have been mainly based on applying equal doses over at least 6 h. The main purpose of fractionation is to increase normal tissue tolerance rather than tumor sensitivity. Thus, one can apply higher doses to the tumor. In contrast, new molecular studies indicate that high and low doses of radiation act by different mechanisms. This study was conducted to investigate the radiobiological effect of asymmetrical radiation doses.
Methods: This is an experimental study done in vitro with a G6 glioma cell line to investigate the responses when C6 glioma cells are irradiated with single doses of 30 and 230 cGy using an orthovoltage therapy device or doses split into 30 and 200 and 115 and 115 cGy within periods of 15 and 30 min. A total of 5 × 103 cells were transferred to polyethylene culture flasks for colony formation. A cluster containing more than 30 cells was considered a new colony.
Results: A single dose of 230 cGy caused a 56.8% reduction in colony formation. However, when 230 cGy was divided over 15- and 30-min periods in fractions of 30 and 200 cGy, colony formation was significantly reduced compared to the control group (68.13% and 52.64%, P = 0.030, respectively). This effect continued when the radiation dose was divided into equal fractions (115 and 115 cGy) with periods of 15 and 30 min (42.60%, P = 0.021 and 20.77%, P = 0.008, respectively).
Conclusion: According to these results, (i) short interval (15 and 30 min) fractionation significantly reduces colony formation compared to a single equal dose; and (ii) the protective mechanisms activated in cell response probably vary at different radiation doses and different fractions.
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O’Connor JD, Overton IM, McMahon SJ. RadSigBench: a framework for benchmarking functional genomics signatures of cancer cell radiosensitivity. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6513903. [PMID: 35066588 PMCID: PMC8921666 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple transcriptomic predictors of tumour cell radiosensitivity (RS) have been proposed, but they have not been benchmarked against one another or to control models. To address this, we present RadSigBench, a comprehensive benchmarking framework for RS signatures. The approach compares candidate models to those developed from randomly resampled control signatures and from cellular processes integral to the radiation response. Robust evaluation of signature accuracy, both overall and for individual tissues, is performed. The NCI60 and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopaedia datasets are integrated into our workflow. Prediction of two measures of RS is assessed: survival fraction after 2 Gy and mean inactivation dose. We apply the RadSigBench framework to seven prominent published signatures of radiation sensitivity and test for equivalence to control signatures. The mean out-of-sample R2 for the published models on test data was very poor at 0.01 (range: −0.05 to 0.09) for Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and 0.00 (range: −0.19 to 0.19) in the NCI60 data. The accuracy of both published and cellular process signatures investigated was equivalent to the resampled controls, suggesting that these signatures contain limited radiation-specific information. Enhanced modelling strategies are needed for effective prediction of intrinsic RS to inform clinical treatment regimes. We make recommendations for methodological improvements, for example the inclusion of perturbation data, multiomics, advanced machine learning and mechanistic modelling. Our validation framework provides for robust performance assessment of ongoing developments in intrinsic RS prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D O’Connor
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Overton
- Corresponding authors: Ian M. Overton, Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast BT9 7AE, UK. Tel.: +44(0)2890972802; E-mail: ; Stephen J. McMahon, Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast BT9 7AE, UK. Tel.: +44(0)2890972620; E-mail:
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- Corresponding authors: Ian M. Overton, Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast BT9 7AE, UK. Tel.: +44(0)2890972802; E-mail: ; Stephen J. McMahon, Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast BT9 7AE, UK. Tel.: +44(0)2890972620; E-mail:
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Akter R, Najda A, Rahman MH, Shah M, Wesołowska S, Hassan SSU, Mubin S, Bibi P, Saeeda S. Potential Role of Natural Products to Combat Radiotherapy and Their Future Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:5997. [PMID: 34641542 PMCID: PMC8512367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) are the common cancer treatments. In addition to these limitations, the development of adverse effects from chemotherapy and RT reduces the quality of life for cancer patients. Cellular radiosensitivity, or the ability to resist and overcome cell damage caused by ionizing radiation (IR), is directly related to cancer cells' response to RT. Therefore, radiobiological research is emphasizing chemical compounds 'radiosensitization of cancer cells so that they are more reactive in the IR spectrum. Recent years researchers have seen an increase in interest in natural products that have antitumor effects with minimal side effects. Natural products, on the other hand, are easy to recover and therefore less expensive. There have been several scientific studies done based on these compounds that have tested their ability in vitro and in vivo to induce tumor radiosensitization. The role of natural products in RT, as well as their usefulness and potential applications, is the goal of this current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh;
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju 26426, Korea
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable and Herbal Crops, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 50A Doświadczalna Street, 20-280 Lublin, Poland
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju 26426, Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani Street, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Muddaser Shah
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (P.B.); (S.S.)
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Sylwia Wesołowska
- Institute of Soil Science and Environment Shaping, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 7 Leszczyńskiego Street, 20-069 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Sidra Mubin
- Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21310, Pakistan;
| | - Parveen Bibi
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (P.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Saeeda Saeeda
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (P.B.); (S.S.)
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Jia S, Ge S, Fan X, Leong KW, Ruan J. Promoting reactive oxygen species generation: a key strategy in nanosensitizer-mediated radiotherapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:759-778. [PMID: 33856241 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiotherapy enhancement effect of numerous nanosensitizers is based on the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and only a few systematic reviews have focused on the key strategy in nanosensitizer-mediated radiotherapy. To clarify the mechanism underlying this effect, it is necessary to understand the role of ROS in radiosensitization before clinical application. Thus, the source of ROS and their principle of tumor inhibition are first introduced. Then, nanomaterial-mediated ROS generation in radiotherapy is reviewed. The double-edged sword effect of ROS and the potential dangers they may pose to cancer patients are subsequently addressed. Finally, future perspectives regarding ROS-regulated nanosensitizer applications and development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichong Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases & Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases & Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases & Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jing Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases & Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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11
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Gaillard D, Barlow LA. A Mechanistic Overview of Taste Bud Maintenance and Impairment in Cancer Therapies. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6161548. [PMID: 33693542 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 20th century, progress in cancer therapies has significantly improved disease prognosis. Nonetheless, cancer treatments are often associated with side effects that can negatively affect patient well-being and disrupt the course of treatment. Among the main side effects, taste impairment is associated with depression, malnutrition, and morbid weight loss. Although relatively common, taste disruption associated with cancer therapies remains poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge related to the molecular mechanisms underlying taste maintenance and disruption in the context of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Gaillard
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, and the Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, and the Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Hosseini M, Mozafari M. Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles: Recent Advances in Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3072. [PMID: 32660042 PMCID: PMC7411590 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Submicron biomaterials have recently been found with a wide range of applications for biomedical purposes, mostly due to a considerable decrement in size and an increment in surface area. There have been several attempts to use innovative nanoscale biomaterials for tissue repair and tissue regeneration. One of the most significant metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), with numerous potential uses in future medicine, is engineered cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (CeONPs), also known as nanoceria. Although many advancements have been reported so far, nanotoxicological studies suggest that the nanomaterial's characteristics lie behind its potential toxicity. Particularly, physicochemical properties can explain the positive and negative interactions between CeONPs and biosystems at molecular levels. This review represents recent advances of CeONPs in biomedical engineering, with a special focus on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In addition, a summary report of the toxicity evidence on CeONPs with a view toward their biomedical applications and physicochemical properties is presented. Considering the critical role of nanoengineering in the manipulation and optimization of CeONPs, it is expected that this class of nanoengineered biomaterials plays a promising role in the future of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motaharesadat Hosseini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran;
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran 1449614535, Iran
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Galon J, Bruni D. Tumor Immunology and Tumor Evolution: Intertwined Histories. Immunity 2020; 52:55-81. [PMID: 31940273 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease whose outcome depends largely on the cross-talk between the tumor and its microenvironment. Here, we review the evolution of the field of tumor immunology and the advances, in lockstep, of our understanding of cancer as a disease. We discuss the involvement of different immune cells at distinct stages of tumor progression and how immune contexture determinants shaping tumor development are being exploited therapeutically. Current clinical stratification schemes focus on the tumor histopathology and the molecular characteristics of the tumor cell. We argue for the importance of revising these stratification systems to include immune parameters so as to address the immediate need for improved prognostic and/or predictive information to guide clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université de Paris; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - Daniela Bruni
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université de Paris; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France
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Bartzsch S, Corde S, Crosbie JC, Day L, Donzelli M, Krisch M, Lerch M, Pellicioli P, Smyth LML, Tehei M. Technical advances in x-ray microbeam radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:02TR01. [PMID: 31694009 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab5507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last 25 years microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional radiation therapy at large, third generation synchrotrons. In MRT, a multi-slit collimator modulates a kilovoltage x-ray beam on a micrometer scale, creating peak dose areas with unconventionally high doses of several hundred Grays separated by low dose valley regions, where the dose remains well below the tissue tolerance level. Pre-clinical evidence demonstrates that such beam geometries lead to substantially reduced damage to normal tissue at equal tumour control rates and hence drastically increase the therapeutic window. Although the mechanisms behind MRT are still to be elucidated, previous studies indicate that immune response, tumour microenvironment, and the microvasculature may play a crucial role. Beyond tumour therapy, MRT has also been suggested as a microsurgical tool in neurological disorders and as a primer for drug delivery. The physical properties of MRT demand innovative medical physics and engineering solutions for safe treatment delivery. This article reviews technical developments in MRT and discusses existing solutions for dosimetric validation, reliable treatment planning and safety. Instrumentation at synchrotron facilities, including beam production, collimators and patient positioning systems, is also discussed. Specific solutions reviewed in this article include: dosimetry techniques that can cope with high spatial resolution, low photon energies and extremely high dose rates of up to 15 000 Gy s-1, dose calculation algorithms-apart from pure Monte Carlo Simulations-to overcome the challenge of small voxel sizes and a wide dynamic dose-range, and the use of dose-enhancing nanoparticles to combat the limited penetrability of a kilovoltage energy spectrum. Finally, concepts for alternative compact microbeam sources are presented, such as inverse Compton scattering set-ups and carbon nanotube x-ray tubes, that may facilitate the transfer of MRT into a hospital-based clinical environment. Intensive research in recent years has resulted in practical solutions to most of the technical challenges in MRT. Treatment planning, dosimetry and patient safety systems at synchrotrons have matured to a point that first veterinary and clinical studies in MRT are within reach. Should these studies confirm the promising results of pre-clinical studies, the authors are confident that MRT will become an effective new radiotherapy option for certain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bartzsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany. Helmholtz Centre Munich, Institute for Radiation Medicine, Munich, Germany
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15
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Calvaruso M, Pucci G, Musso R, Bravatà V, Cammarata FP, Russo G, Forte GI, Minafra L. Nutraceutical Compounds as Sensitizers for Cancer Treatment in Radiation Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215267. [PMID: 31652849 PMCID: PMC6861933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The improvement of diagnostic techniques and the efficacy of new therapies in clinical practice have allowed cancer patients to reach a higher chance to be cured together with a better quality of life. However, tumors still represent the second leading cause of death worldwide. On the contrary, chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) still lack treatment plans which take into account the biological features of tumors and depend on this for their response to treatment. Tumor cells' response to RT is strictly-connected to their radiosensitivity, namely, their ability to resist and to overcome cell damage induced by ionizing radiation (IR). For this reason, radiobiological research is focusing on the ability of chemical compounds to radiosensitize cancer cells so to make them more responsive to IR. In recent years, the interests of researchers have been focused on natural compounds that show antitumoral effects with limited collateral issues. Moreover, nutraceuticals are easy to recover and are thus less expensive. On these bases, several scientific projects have aimed to test also their ability to induce tumor radiosensitization both in vitro and in vivo. The goal of this review is to describe what is known about the role of nutraceuticals in radiotherapy, their use and their potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Calvaruso
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Gaia Pucci
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Rosa Musso
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Valentina Bravatà
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Francesco P Cammarata
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Giusi I Forte
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Luigi Minafra
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
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Moulder JE, Seymour C. Radiation fractionation: the search for isoeffect relationships and mechanisms. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 94:743-751. [PMID: 28967281 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1376764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Review the historical basis for the use of fractionated radiation in radiation oncology. CONCLUSION The history of dose fractionation in radiation oncology is long and tortuous, and the radiobiologist's understanding of why fractionation worked came decades after radiation oncologists had adopted multi-week daily-dose fractionation as 'standard'. Central to the history is the search for 'isoeffective' formulas that would allow different radiation schedules to be compared. Initially, this meant dealing with different lengths of treatment, leading to the 1944 Strandqvist formulation that dominated thinking for decades. Concerns about the number of fractions, not just the total time, led to the 1967 Ellis NSD formulation that held sway through the 1980s. The development of experimental radiotherapy in 1970s (e.g. Fowler's work at the Gray Laboratory, and Fischer's work at Yale) led to biologically-based approaches that culminated with the Biologically Effective Dose (BED) concept. BED is the current dogma for treatment optimization, but it must be used with caution, as there are multiple formulations, and some parameters have debatable values. There is also a controversy about whether BED is biologically-based or a 'curve-fitting' exercise. These latter issues are beyond the scope of this article, but the history of fractionation models suggests that our current concepts are probably wrong, although when used with caution they are clearly useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Moulder
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Colin Seymour
- b Department of Biology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
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Turning on the Radio: Epigenetic Inhibitors as Potential Radiopriming Agents. Biomolecules 2016; 6:biom6030032. [PMID: 27384589 PMCID: PMC5039418 DOI: 10.3390/biom6030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
First introduced during the late 1800s, radiation therapy is fundamental to the treatment of cancer. In developed countries, approximately 60% of all patients receive radiation therapy (also known as the sixty percenters), which makes radioresistance in cancer an important and, to date, unsolved, clinical problem. Unfortunately, the therapeutic refractoriness of solid tumors is the rule not the exception, and the ubiquity of resistance also extends to standard chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Based on extrapolation from recent clinical inroads with epigenetic agents to prime refractory tumors for maximum sensitivity to concurrent or subsequent therapies, the radioresistant phenotype is potentially reversible, since aberrant epigenetic mechanisms are critical contributors to the evolution of resistant subpopulations of malignant cells. Within the framework of a syllogism, this review explores the emerging link between epigenetics and the development of radioresistance and makes the case that a strategy of pre- or co-treatment with epigenetic agents has the potential to, not only derepress inappropriately silenced genes, but also increase reactive oxygen species production, resulting in the restoration of radiosensitivity.
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Johansson J, Isacsson U, Lindman H, Montelius A, Glimelius B. Node-positive left-sided breast cancer patients after breast-conserving surgery: potential outcomes of radiotherapy modalities and techniques. Radiother Oncol 2002; 65:89-98. [PMID: 12443804 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(02)00266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine how much proton and intensity modulated photon radiotherapy (IMRT) can improve treatment results of node-positive left-sided breast cancer compared to conventional radiation qualities (X-rays and electrons) after breast-conserving surgery in terms of lower complication risks for cardiac mortality and radiation pneumonitis. METHODS AND MATERIAL For each of 11 patient studies, one proton plan, one IMRT, and two conventional (tangential and patched) plans were calculated using a three-dimensional treatment-planning system, Helax-TMS(). The evaluation of the different treatment plans was made by applying the normal tissue complication probability model (NTCP) proposed by Källman (also denoted the relative seriality model) on the dose distributions in terms of dose-volume histograms. The organs at risk are the spinal cord, the left lung, the heart, and the non-critical normal tissues (including the right breast). RESULTS The comparison demonstrated that the proton treatment plans provide significantly lower NTCP values for the heart and lung when compared to conventional radiation qualities including IMRT for all 11 patients. At a prescribed dose of 50 Gy in the PTV, the calculated mean NTCP value for the patients decreased, on the average, from 14.7 to 0.6% for the lung (radiation pneumonitis) for the proton plans compared with the best plan using conventional radiation qualities. The corresponding figures for the heart (cardiac mortality) were from 2.1 to 0.5%. The figures for cardiac mortality for IMRT, tangential technique and the patched technique were 2.2, 6.7, and 2.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Protons appear to have major advantages in terms of lower complication risks when compared with treatments using conventional radiation qualities for treating node-positive left-sided breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Johansson
- Section of Oncology, Ing 78, University of Uppsala, Akademiska sjukhuset, SE 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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Holsti LR. Sakari Mustakallio--pioneer in cancer research: a Finnish pioneer in cancer education, medical radiology and radiotherapy. Acta Oncol 1999; 38 Suppl 13:5-7. [PMID: 10612490 DOI: 10.1080/028418699432707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L R Holsti
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Glimelius B, Isacsson U, Blomquist E, Grusell E, Jung B, Montelius A. Potential gains using high-energy protons for therapy of malignant tumours. Acta Oncol 1999; 38:137-45. [PMID: 10227433 DOI: 10.1080/028418699431537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
High-energy protons have physical properties that virtually always will result in geometrically better dose distributions than can be achieved using photons or electrons. The clinical gains in terms of the probability of higher tumour control and/or the reduced probability of normal tissue complications are, however, not completely known. Comparative model dose planning studies using real patients offer the possibility of estimating the potential gains using a new technique. Several recently completed model studies, including clinically relevant endpoints, indicate that protons may have advantages, even when compared with the conventional treatment that is likely to be introduced at the most advanced hospitals world-wide within the next decade. These advantages can be seen not only in well-demarcated targets close to risk organs, but also when irradiating extended irregular tissue volumes at risk of containing tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Glimelius
- Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, University of Uppsala, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Sweden.
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