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Zhou Y, Cui J, Du H. Autoantibody-targeted TAAs in pancreatic cancer: A comprehensive analysis. Pancreatology 2019; 19:760-768. [PMID: 31255446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality and lacks efficient biomarkers for early diagnosis. In the early stages of pancreatic cancer, humoral immunity can respond to a certain amount of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) with the production of corresponding autoantibodies. Such autoantibody-targeted TAAs (autoTAAs) are highly likely to indicate early events during pancreatic carcinogenesis. Herein, we performed a comprehensive analysis of these autoTAAs to explore their physiological function and their involvement and prognostic value in pancreatic cancer. METHODS We first searched the literature to identify the autoTAAs. A PPI network of these autoTAAs was constructed, and core network modules were extracted by Cytoscape software. GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis were performed to analyze the main physiological functions of these autoTAAs. The prognostic value of autoTAAs in pancreatic cancer was analyzed by using RNA-seq data generated by TCGA. RESULTS The PPI network including 98 autoTAAs was constructed, and 2 subgroups were extracted as core modules. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that key functions and pathways of these autoTAAs were significantly enriched in nucleotide repair, protein synthesis, and cancer-associated events. MSH2, EZR, PGK1, VCL and ANXA2 have prognostic value in pancreatic cancer, and high mRNA expression of these 5 proteins is associated with unfavorable prognosis in pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS AutoTAAs may be associated with early events in the carcinogenesis of pancreatic cancer. MSH2, EZR, PGK1, VCL and ANXA2 predict poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Some autoTAAs also have prognostic value in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Zhou
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiawen Cui
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongwu Du
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Krashin E, Piekiełko-Witkowska A, Ellis M, Ashur-Fabian O. Thyroid Hormones and Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:59. [PMID: 30814976 PMCID: PMC6381772 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones take major part in normal growth, development and metabolism. Over a century of research has supported a relationship between thyroid hormones and the pathophysiology of various cancer types. In vitro studies as well as research in animal models demonstrated an effect of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 on cancer proliferation, apoptosis, invasiveness and angiogenesis. Thyroid hormones mediate their effects on the cancer cell through several non-genomic pathways including activation of the plasma membrane receptor integrin αvβ3. Furthermore, cancer development and progression are affected by dysregulation of local bioavailability of thyroid hormones. Case-control and population-based studies provide conflicting results regarding the association between thyroid hormones and cancer. However, a large body of evidence suggests that subclinical and clinical hyperthyroidism increase the risk of several solid malignancies while hypothyroidism may reduce aggressiveness or delay the onset of cancer. Additional support is provided from studies in which dysregulation of the thyroid hormone axis secondary to cancer treatment or thyroid hormone supplementation was shown to affect cancer outcomes. Recent preclinical and clinical studies in various cancer types have further shown promising outcomes following chemical reduction of thyroid hormones or inhibition or their binding to the integrin receptor. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the preclinical and clinical research conducted so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilon Krashin
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Martin Ellis
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- Meir Medical Center, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Osnat Ashur-Fabian
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Osnat Ashur-Fabian
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Chen C, Xie Z, Shen Y, Xia SF. The Roles of Thyroid and Thyroid Hormone in Pancreas: Physiology and Pathology. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:2861034. [PMID: 30013597 PMCID: PMC6022313 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2861034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that thyroid hormones (THs), secreted from the thyroid, play important roles in energy metabolism. It is also known that THs also alter the functioning of other endocrine glands; however, their effects on pancreatic function have not yet been reviewed. One of the main functions of the pancreas is insulin secretion, which is altered in diabetes. Diabetes, therefore, could be related to thyroid dysfunction. Earlier research on this subject focused on TH regulation of pancreas function (such as insulin secretion) or on insulin function through TH-mediated increase of energy metabolism. Afterwards, epidemiological investigations and animal test research found a link between autoimmune diseases, thyroid dysfunction, and pancreas pathology; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that THs also play important roles in pancreas development and on islet pathology, both in diabetes and in pancreatic cancer. Therefore, an overview of the effects of thyroid and THs on pancreas physiology and pathology is presented. The topics contained in this review include a summary of the relationship between autoimmune thyroid dysfunction and autoimmune pancreas lesions and the effects of THs on pancreas development and pancreas pathology (diabetes and pancreatic cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Chen
- Institute of Nursing and Health, College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhenxing Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Henan University, Jinming Avenue 475004, Henan, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yingbin Shen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Fang Xia
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Dumstrei K, Chen H, Brenner H. A systematic review of serum autoantibodies as biomarkers for pancreatic cancer detection. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11151-64. [PMID: 26840568 PMCID: PMC4905464 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the western world. Patients with pancreatic cancer have poor prognosis, partly due to difficulties in detecting it at early stages. While different markers have been associated with pancreatic cancer, many of them show suboptimal sensitivity and specificity. Serum autoantibodies against tumor-associated antigens have recently emerged as early stage biomarkers for different types of cancers. Given the urgent need for early and reliable biomarkers for pancreatic cancer, we undertook a systematic review of the published literature to identify primary articles that evaluated serum autoantibodies in pancreatic cancer detection by searching PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge. Two reviewers extracted data on study characteristics and results independently. Overall, 31 studies evaluating 124 individual serum autoantibodies in pancreatic cancer detection met the inclusion criteria. In general, single autoantibody markers showed relatively low sensitivities at high specificity. A combination of markers, either multiple serum autoantibodies or serum autoantibodies combined with tumor-associated markers, led to a better diagnostic performance. However, most of the analyzed autoantibodies have only been reported in single studies and therefore need to be independently validated. We conclude that serum autoantibodies might present an option as biomarkers for early detection of pancreatic cancer, but more work is needed to identify and validate autoantibody signatures that are associated with early stage pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dumstrei
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hongda Chen
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Muller I, Giani C, Zhang L, Grennan-Jones FA, Fiore E, Belardi V, Rosellini V, Funel N, Campani D, Giustarini E, Lewis MD, Bakhsh AD, Roncella M, Ghilli M, Vitti P, Dayan CM, Ludgate ME. Does thyroid peroxidase provide an antigenic link between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer? Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1706-14. [PMID: 24114667 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Women with breast cancer (BC) and antithyroid peroxidase (TPO) autoantibodies (TPOAb) have a better prognosis than women lacking TPOAb. Sera from women with TPOAb displayed immunoreactivity to BC tissue by immunofluorescence that was not apparent in women without TPOAb. We hypothesize a BC/thyroid shared antigen that provides a target for humoral or cell-mediated immune activity; candidates include the sodium/iodide symporter (expressed in thyroid and BC), cross-reacting epitopes in TPO and lactoperoxidase (LPO) or TPO itself. As the association is with TPOAb, we investigated TPO expression in BC, breast peritumoral tissue (PT), other tissues (tumoral and not) and thyroid as positive control. Transcripts for known and novel TPO isoforms were detected in BC (n = 8) and PT (n = 8) but at approximately 10(4) -fold lower than in thyroid while in non-BC tumors (n = 5) they were at the limit of detection. TPO was expressed also in adipose tissue (n = 17), 10(3) -fold lower than in thyroid. Full length TPO (Mr 105-110 kDa) was detected in Western blots in the majority of examined tissues; preabsorption of the TPO antibody with recombinant TPO (but not LPO) reduced the signal, indicating specificity. The same occurred with some lower molecular weight bands, which could correspond to smaller TPO transcript isoforms, present in all samples. In conclusion, TPO is weakly expressed in BC and other tissues; this could partly explain the high frequency and protective role of TPOAb in BC patients. Further studies will investigate tissue specificity, function and immunogenicity of the novel TPO variants (some BC-specific) identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Muller
- Thyroid Research Group Institute of Molecular & Experimental Medicine School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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The role of thyroid hormone signaling in the prevention of digestive system cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16240-57. [PMID: 23924944 PMCID: PMC3759909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones play a critical role in the growth and development of the alimentary tract in vertebrates. Their effects are mediated by nuclear receptors as well as the cell surface receptor integrin αVβ3. Systemic thyroid hormone levels are controlled via activation and deactivation by iodothyronine deiodinases in the liver and other tissues. Given that thyroid hormone signaling has been characterized as a major effector of digestive system growth and homeostasis, numerous investigations have examined its role in the occurrence and progression of cancers in various tissues of this organ system. The present review summarizes current findings regarding the effects of thyroid hormone signaling on cancers of the esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and colon. Particular attention is given to the roles of different thyroid hormone receptor isoforms, the novel integrin αVβ3 receptor, and thyroid hormone-related nutrients as possible protective agents and therapeutic targets. Future investigations geared towards a better understanding of thyroid hormone signaling in digestive system cancers may provide preventive or therapeutic strategies to diminish risk, improve outcome and avert recurrence in afflicted individuals.
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Soluble iC3b as an early marker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma is superior to CA19.9 and radiology. J Immunother 2010; 33:219-24. [PMID: 20139773 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181bed29f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma as an aggressive tumor still lacks specific markers. Resection offers the only potential cure, and earlier diagnosis could benefit many patients. Here, we analyzed siC3b as a potential diagnostic marker. Soluble iC3b is generated in the fluid phase after binding of autoantibodies to tumor cells and subsequent inactivation of the complement cascade by interaction with complement regulatory proteins. Two hundred thirty-two plasma samples from patients with adjuvant treatment after resection, from healthy volunteers, and from vulnerable patients were collected prospectively and analyzed for siC3b. Every 3 months, the patients underwent imaging and the results from siC3b enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were categorized according to radiologically defined recurrence within 4 months after blood withdrawal. Furthermore, the regulatory factors of the complement system were analyzed in tumor cells and in urine. The most important finding was that up to 4 months before radiologically defined recurrence, siC3b plasma level is increased with a sensitivity and specificity resulting in an area under the curve of 0.85, which could be further increased by combining it with CA19.9 (area under the curve=0.92). Complement regulatory proteins are highly expressed in pancreatic carcinoma cells and detectable in the patient's urine. In summary, screening for siC3b in patients with an increased risk for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (patients with chronic pancreatitis, hereditary pancreatitis, after curative resection, and patients with a variety of familial cancer syndromes) allows for early detection with high sensitivity, as siC3b plasma levels are increased up to 4 months before radiologic evidence. Sensitivity could be further increased by combining this approach with CA19.9.
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Rennert G, Rennert HS, Pinchev M, Gruber SB. A case-control study of levothyroxine and the risk of colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102:568-72. [PMID: 20305129 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Levothyroxine is a synthetic T(4) hormone commonly used to treat thyroid disease. Increased incidence of mostly autoimmune thyroid disease has been associated with breast and other malignancies, and thyroid hormone levels might also be associated with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this population-based matched case-control study (2566 pairs) of CRC in northern Israel, use of levothyroxine for at least 5 years was assessed using structured interviews and validated by prescription records. The analysis included use of statins, aspirin, and hormone replacement therapy; CRC family history; physical activity; vegetable consumption; ethnicity; age; and sex. All statistical tests were two-sided. The use of levothyroxine was associated with a statistically significantly reduced relative risk of CRC (odds ratio = 0.59, 95% confidence interval = 0.43 to 0.82, P = .001). This association remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, sex, use of aspirin and statins, sports activity, family history of CRC, ethnic group, and level of vegetable consumption (odds ratio = 0.60, 95% confidence interval = 0.44 to 0.81, P = .001). No statistically significant interactions were seen between use of levothyroxine and aspirin, statins, or hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 34362, Israel.
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Saif MW, Zalonis A, Syrigos K. The clinical significance of autoantibodies in gastrointestinal malignancies: an overview. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:493-507. [PMID: 17373901 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.4.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity can be associated with cancer and one of the forms of its expression is the development of antibodies to autologous cellular antigens. The types of cellular proteins which induce autoantibody responses in gastrointestinal malignancies are quite varied and include cellular proteins encoded by mutated normal genes (p53), cellular proteins that are overexpressed and/or aberrantly expressed in malignant tissues (carcinoembryonic antigen), inhibitors of apoptosis (survivin and livin), major components of mucus (mucins), surface receptors of apoptosis (Fas) and nuclear-restricted proteins (double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA and Sm family proteins). In the past few years, due to the great clinical interest and the advancement in detection techniques, the above list has grown significantly and a large number of cancer-related antigens, which trigger a specific humoral immune response to the host, have also been identified. The authors review the autoantibodies associated with gastrointestinal malignancies and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Wasif Saif
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, 333 Cedar Street, FMP 116, New Haven, CT 06520-8032, USA.
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Morse MA, Nair SK, Mosca PJ, Hobeika AC, Clay TM, Deng Y, Boczkowski D, Proia A, Neidzwiecki D, Clavien PA, Hurwitz HI, Schlom J, Gilboa E, Lyerly HK. Immunotherapy with autologous, human dendritic cells transfected with carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA. Cancer Invest 2003; 21:341-9. [PMID: 12901279 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-120018224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunizations with dendritic cells (DC) transfected with RNA encoding tumor antigens induce potent tumor antigen-specific immune responses in vitro and in murine models. We performed a phase I study of patients with advanced carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-expressing malignancies followed by a phase II study of patients with resected hepatic metastases of colon cancer to assess safety and feasibility of administering autologous DC loaded with CEA mRNA. The immunizations were well tolerated. Of the 24 evaluable patients in the dose-escalation phase, there was 1 complete response (by tumor marker), 2 minor responses, 3 with stable disease, and 18 with progressive disease. In the phase II study, 9 of 13 patients have relapsed at a median of 122 days. Evidence of an immunologic response was demonstrated in biopsies of DC injection sites and peripheral blood of selected patients. We conclude that it is feasible and safe to administer mRNA-loaded DC to patients with advanced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morse
- Department of Medicine, Medical Center, Box 3233, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Konstandoulakis MM, Syrigos KN, Leandros M, Charalabopoulos A, Manouras A, Golematis BC. Autoantibodies in the serum of patients with gastric cancer: their prognostic importance. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1998; 17:431-5. [PMID: 9873988 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1998.17.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the presence in serum and the clinical relevance of several antinuclear autoantibodies, we investigated 31 patients with initially diagnosed gastric cancer and 40 age-matched healthy controls. Autoantibodies against ssDNA, dsDNA, cardiolipin, actin, myosin, tropomyosin, GM1, GD1b and GT3 gangliosides, were detected with an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Anti-ssDNA, anti-actin, anti-GM1 and anti-GD1b antibodies were detected in the serum of 11 (p = 0.001), 8 (p = 0.02), 11 (p = 0.001), and 9 (p = 0.008) patients with gastric cancer, respectively. There was no significant difference between patients with cancer and the control group, as far as the other autoantibodies were concerned. Most of the patients (90%) had autoantibodies against at least one of the antigens examined. Patients with anti-ssDNA, anti-actin, anti-GM1 and anti-GD1b antibodies were less likely to survive than the patients being negative to the above autoantibodies: the figures are 1 of 11 (9%) compared with 4 of 20 (20%); 1 of 8 (13%) compared with 5 of 23 (22%); 1 of 11 (9%) compared with 4 of 20 (20%); and 1 of 9 (11%) compared with 4 of 22 (18%), respectively. Our findings suggest that 4 of the 9 autoantibodies that we assayed are significantly more likely to be found in serum of patients with gastric cancer, indicating that the immune system has a role in the process of the malignant disease. If our results are confirmed by forthcoming studies, some of the immunological variables that we examined could be used as markers of prognostic value in patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Konstandoulakis
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Greece
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