1
|
Sharma G, Round J, Teng F, Ali Z, May C, Yung E, Holt RA. A synthetic cytotoxic T cell platform for rapidly prototyping TCR function. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:182. [PMID: 39160299 PMCID: PMC11333705 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Current tools for functionally profiling T cell receptors with respect to cytotoxic potency and cross-reactivity are hampered by difficulties in establishing model systems to test these proteins in the contexts of different HLA alleles and against broad arrays of potential antigens. We have implemented a granzyme-activatable sensor of T cell cytotoxicity in a universal prototyping platform which enables facile recombinant expression of any combination of TCR-, peptide-, and class I MHC-coding sequences and direct assessment of resultant responses. This system consists of an engineered cell platform based on the immortalized natural killer cell line, YT-Indy, and the MHC-null antigen-presenting cell line, K562. These cells were engineered to furnish the YT-Indy/K562 pair with appropriate protein domains required for recombinant TCR expression and function in a non-T cell chassis, integrate a fluorescence-based target-centric early detection reporter of cytotoxic function, and deploy a set of protective genetic interventions designed to preserve antigen-presenting cells for subsequent capture and downstream characterization. Our data show successful reconstitution of the surface TCR complex in the YT-Indy cell line at biologically relevant levels. We also demonstrate successful induction and highly sensitive detection of antigen-specific response in multiple distinct model TCRs. Additionally, we monitored destruction of targets in co-culture and found that our survival-optimized system allowed for complete preservation after 24 h exposure to cytotoxic effectors. With this bioplatform, we anticipate investigators will be empowered to rapidly express and characterize T cell receptor responses, generate knowledge regarding the patterns of T cell receptor recognition, and optimize therapeutic T cell receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Sharma
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James Round
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fei Teng
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zahra Ali
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chris May
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric Yung
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert A Holt
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma G, Round J, Teng F, Ali Z, May C, Yung E, Holt RA. A Synthetic Cytotoxic T cell Platform for Rapidly Prototyping TCR Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.20.567960. [PMID: 38045272 PMCID: PMC10690155 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Current tools for functionally profiling T cell receptors with respect to cytotoxic potency and cross-reactivity are hampered by difficulties in establishing model systems to test these proteins in the contexts of different HLA alleles and against broad arrays of potential antigens. We have implemented and validated a granzyme-activatable sensor of T cell cytotoxicity in a novel universal prototyping platform which enables facile recombinant expression of any combination of TCR-, peptide-, and class I MHC-coding sequences and direct assessment of resultant responses. This system consists of an engineered cell platform based on the immortalized natural killer cell line, YT-Indy, and the MHC-null antigen-presenting cell line, K562. These cells were engineered using contemporary gene-editing techniques to furnish the YT-Indy/K562 pair with appropriate protein domains required for recombinant TCR expression and function in a non-T cell chassis, integrate a fluorescence-based target-centric early detection reporter of cytotoxic function, and deploy a set of protective genetic interventions designed to preserve antigen-presenting cells for subsequent capture and downstream characterization. Our data show successful reconstitution of the surface TCR complex in the YT-Indy cell line at biologically relevant levels. We also demonstrate successful induction and highly sensitive detection of antigen-specific response in multiple distinct model TCRs, with significant responses (p < 0.05 and Cohen's d >1.9) in all cases. Additionally, we monitored destruction of targets in co-culture and found that our survival-optimized system allowed for complete preservation after 24-hour exposure to cytotoxic effectors. With this bioplatform, we anticipate investigators will be empowered to rapidly express and characterize T cell receptor responses, generate new knowledge regarding the patterns of T cell receptor recognition, and optimize novel therapeutic T cell receptors for improved cytotoxic potential and reduced cross-reactivity to undesired antigenic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Sharma
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - James Round
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Fei Teng
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Zahra Ali
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Chris May
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Eric Yung
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Robert A. Holt
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; C201 – 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1; Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Simon Fraser University; SSB8166 – 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6; Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Amini L, Kaeda J, Fritsche E, Roemhild A, Kaiser D, Reinke P. Clinical adoptive regulatory T Cell therapy: State of the art, challenges, and prospective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1081644. [PMID: 36794233 PMCID: PMC9924129 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1081644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rejection of solid organ transplant and graft versus host disease (GvHD) continue to be challenging in post transplantation management. The introduction of calcineurin inhibitors dramatically improved recipients' short-term prognosis. However, long-term clinical outlook remains poor, moreover, the lifelong dependency on these toxic drugs leads to chronic deterioration of graft function, in particular the renal function, infections and de-novo malignancies. These observations led investigators to identify alternative therapeutic options to promote long-term graft survival, which could be used concomitantly, but preferably, replace pharmacologic immunosuppression as standard of care. Adoptive T cell (ATC) therapy has evolved as one of the most promising approaches in regenerative medicine in the recent years. A range of cell types with disparate immunoregulatory and regenerative properties are actively being investigated as potential therapeutic agents for specific transplant rejection, autoimmunity or injury-related indications. A significant body of data from preclinical models pointed to efficacy of cellular therapies. Significantly, early clinical trial observations have confirmed safety and tolerability, and yielded promising data in support of efficacy of the cellular therapeutics. The first class of these therapeutic agents commonly referred to as advanced therapy medicinal products have been approved and are now available for clinical use. Specifically, clinical trials have supported the utility of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) to minimize unwanted or overshooting immune responses and reduce the level of pharmacological immunosuppression in transplant recipients. Tregs are recognized as the principal orchestrators of maintaining peripheral tolerance, thereby blocking excessive immune responses and prevent autoimmunity. Here, we summarize rationale for the adoptive Treg therapy, challenges in manufacturing and clinical experiences with this novel living drug and outline future perspectives of its use in transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Amini
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute of Health—Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jaspal Kaeda
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Fritsche
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andy Roemhild
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin Institute of Health—Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Petra Reinke,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang Q, Gu L, Zhou B, Shi J, Wu H, Zhu H, Xu Y, Zhang T. Establishment of a New Cryopreservation Solution for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. Biopreserv Biobank 2022; 20:567-574. [PMID: 35294840 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2021.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation and transportation are essential for the clinical application of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells. This study aimed to optimize a cryopreservation solution for CAR-T cells and evaluate the antitumor efficiency of CAR-T cells using this optimized solution in vitro and in vivo. First, the stability of the cryopreservation solution for CAR-T infusion was detected by the L27 (37) orthogonal experiment. Subsequently, osmolality and pH were analyzed for the preservation reagent. Additionally, apoptosis and CAR expression of CAR-T cells were measured by flow cytometry, and the cytotoxicity was determined by calcein-AM staining. The results showed that cryopreservation solutions used in this study demonstrated high chemical stability, which induced only 2% CAR-T cells apoptosis in optimal solutions, which were slightly lower than other commercial solutions. Moreover, the CAR expression was not significantly affected by preservation with these solutions. There were no significant differences in the cytotoxicity between fresh and thawed CAR-T cells cryopreserved in the cryopreservation solutions in vivo and in vitro. This study developed a new cryopreservation solution for CAR-T cells, and it was safe and also had negligible effects on the CAR-T cells antitumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qulai Tang
- Department of Liquor Making Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, China
| | - Lixing Gu
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Binquan Zhou
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangzhou Shi
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Wu
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haichuan Zhu
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sparger EE, Chang H, Chin N, Rebhun RB, Withers SS, Kieu H, Canter RJ, Monjazeb AM, Kent MS. T Cell Immune Profiles of Blood and Tumor in Dogs Diagnosed With Malignant Melanoma. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:772932. [PMID: 34926643 PMCID: PMC8674490 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.772932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of canine T cell immunophenotypes in canine melanomas as prognostic biomarkers for disease progression or predictive biomarkers for targeted immunotherapeutics remains in preliminary stages. We aimed to examine T cell phenotypes and function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and baseline tumor samples by flow cytometry, and to compare patient (n = 11–20) T cell phenotypes with healthy controls dogs (n = 10–20). CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, FoxP3, Ki67, granzyme B, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were used to classify T cell subsets in resting and mitogen stimulated PBMCs. In a separate patient cohort (n = 11), T cells were classified using CD3, CD4, CD8, FoxP3, and granzyme B in paired PBMC and single cell suspensions of tumor samples. Analysis of flow cytometric data of individual T cell phenotypes in PBMC revealed specific T cell phenotypes including FoxP3+ and CD25+FoxP3- populations that distinguished patients from healthy controls. Frequencies of IFN-γ+ cells after ConA stimulation identified two different patient phenotypic responses, including a normal/exaggerated IFN-γ response and a lower response suggesting dysfunction. Principle component analysis of selected T cell immunophenotypes also distinguished patients and controls for T cell phenotype and revealed a clustering of patients based on metastasis detected at diagnosis. Findings supported the overall hypothesis that canine melanoma patients display a T cell immunophenotype profile that is unique from healthy pet dogs and will guide future studies designed with larger patient cohorts necessary to further characterize prognostic T cell immunophenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hong Chang
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ning Chin
- California National Primate Research Center, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sita S Withers
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Hung Kieu
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert J Canter
- Surgical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Michael S Kent
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chandrasekaran S, Funk CR, Kleber T, Paulos CM, Shanmugam M, Waller EK. Strategies to Overcome Failures in T-Cell Immunotherapies by Targeting PI3K-δ and -γ. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718621. [PMID: 34512641 PMCID: PMC8427697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ are critical regulators of T-cell differentiation, senescence, and metabolism. PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ signaling can contribute to T-cell inhibition via intrinsic mechanisms and regulation of suppressor cell populations, including regulatory T-cells and myeloid derived suppressor cells in the tumor. We examine an exciting new role for using selective inhibitors of the PI3K δ- and γ-isoforms as modulators of T-cell phenotype and function in immunotherapy. Herein we review the current literature on the implications of PI3K-δ and -γ inhibition in T-cell biology, discuss existing challenges in adoptive T-cell therapies and checkpoint blockade inhibitors, and highlight ongoing efforts and future directions to incorporate PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ as synergistic T-cell modulators in immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Chandrasekaran
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher Ronald Funk
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Troy Kleber
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chrystal M. Paulos
- Department of Surgery/Microbiology & Immunology, Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mala Shanmugam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Edmund K. Waller
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cryopreservation of NK and T Cells Without DMSO for Adoptive Cell-Based Immunotherapy. BioDrugs 2021; 35:529-545. [PMID: 34427899 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylsufoxide (DMSO) being universally used as a cryoprotectant in clinical adoptive cell-therapy settings to treat hematological malignancies and solid tumors is a growing concern, largely due to its broad toxicities. Its use has been associated with significant clinical side effects-cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and allergic-in patients receiving infusions of cell-therapy products. DMSO has also been associated with altered expression of natural killer (NK) and T-cell markers and their in vivo function, not to mention difficulties in scaling up DMSO-based cryoprotectants, which introduce manufacturing challenges for autologous and allogeneic cellular therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T and CAR-NK cell therapies. Interest in developing alternatives to DMSO has resulted in the evaluation of a variety of sugars, proteins, polymers, amino acids, and other small molecules and osmolytes as well as modalities to efficiently enable cellular uptake of these cryoprotectants. However, the DMSO-free cryopreservation of NK and T cells remains difficult. They represent heterogeneous cell populations that are sensitive to freezing and thawing. As a result, clinical use of cryopreserved cell-therapy products has not moved past the use of DMSO. Here, we present the state of the art in the development and use of cryopreservation options that do not contain DMSO toward clinical solutions to enable the global deployment of safer adoptively transferred cell-based therapies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Baudequin T, Nyland R, Ye H. Objectives, benefits and challenges of bioreactor systems for the clinical-scale expansion of T lymphocyte cells. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107735. [PMID: 33781889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapies based on T cell have gathered interest over the last decades for treatment of cancers, becoming recently the most investigated lineage for clinical trials. Although results of adoptive cell therapies are very promising, obtaining large batches of T cell at clinical scale is still challenging nowadays. We propose here a review study focusing on how bioreactor systems could increase expansion rates of T cell culture specifically towards efficient, reliable and reproducible cell therapies. After describing the specificities of T cell culture, in particular activation, phenotypical characterization and cell density considerations, we detail the main objectives of bioreactors in this context, namely scale-up, GMP-compliance and reduced time and costs. Then, we report recent advances on the different classes of bioreactor systems commonly investigated for non-adherent cell expansion, in comparison with the current "gold standard" of T cell culture (flasks and culture bag). Results obtained with hollow fibres, G-Rex® flasks, Wave bioreactor, multiple-step bioreactors, spinner flasks as well as original homemade designs are discussed to highlight advantages and drawbacks in regards to T cells' specificities. Although there is currently no consensus on an optimal bioreactor, overall, most systems reviewed here can improve T cell culture towards faster, easier and/or cheaper protocols. They also offer strong outlooks towards automation, process control and complete closed systems, which could be mandatory developments for a massive clinical breakthrough. However, proper controls are sometimes lacking to conclude clearly on the features leading to the progresses regarding cell expansion, and the field could benefit from process engineering methods, such as quality by design, to perform multi parameters studies and face these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Baudequin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Robin Nyland
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Hua Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bumbat M, Wang M, Liang W, Ye P, Sun W, Liu B. Effects of Me 2SO and Trehalose on the Cell Viability, Proliferation, and Bcl-2 Family Gene ( BCL-2, BAX, and BAD) Expression in Cryopreserved Human Breast Cancer Cells. Biopreserv Biobank 2019; 18:33-40. [PMID: 31800305 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2019.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term cryopreservation of the viability and metabolic state of cells in cancer cell/tissue specimens has significant implications for diagnostic verification of disease progression in cancer patients and selection of effective treatment options via development of the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models for drug screening. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of cryoprotectant agents (CPAs) on the expression of BCL-2 family genes (BCL-2, BAX, and BAD) that are involved in the growth and development of breast cancers. MCF-7 cells were cryopreserved in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 20% (v/v) fetal bovine serum, using 10% (v/v) Me2SO (dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) or 7.5% (v/v) Me2SO with 100is-300 mM trehalose as cryoprotectant solutions. After storage at -80°C for 7 days, the cells were thawed for evaluation. The use of Me2SO and trehalose has affected cell survival, proliferation, apoptotic state, as well as BCL-2 family gene expression. The conventional 10% (v/v) Me2SO method yields ∼80% post-thaw cell survival and good cell proliferation, but it drastically alters the pattern of the BCL-2 family gene expression. The antiapoptotic gene BCL-2 is downregulated, whereas two proapoptotic genes BAX and BAD are upregulated. The partial substitution of Me2SO with 200 or 300 mM trehalose enhances cell proliferation of survived cells after cryopreservation. The presence of trehalose upregulates the expression of both the antiapoptotic gene BCL-2 and proapoptotic genes BAX and BAD. Cryopreservation could tip off the checkpoint of the apoptotic pathway regulated by the BCL-2 family members, and the effect may be protectant dependent. The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of paying attention to the potential change of gene expression and metabolic state of cancer cells after cryopreservation in an attempt to development of the PDX models from cryopreserved cancer cells or tissue specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myagmarjav Bumbat
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Meixia Wang
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wendell Sun
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu H, Cao W, Huang L, Xiao M, Cao Y, Zhao L, Wang N, Zhou J. Effects of cryopreservation on chimeric antigen receptor T cell functions. Cryobiology 2018; 83:40-47. [PMID: 29908946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cell therapy has emerged as a potentially curative "drug" for cancer treatment. Cryopreservation of CART cells is necessary for their clinical application. Systematic studies on the effects of cryopreservation on the antitumor function of CART cells are lacking. Therefore, we compared the phenotypes and functions of CART cells that were cryopreserved during ex vivo expansion with those of freshly isolated populations. T cells expressing an anti-B-cell-maturation-antigen (BCMA) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) were expanded in vitro for 10 days and then cryopreserved. After one month, the cells were resuscitated, and their transduction rates, apoptosis rates and cell subsets were examined via flow cytometry. The results indicated no significant changes in transduction rates or cell subsets, and the survival rate of the resuscitated cells was approximately 90% Furthermore, similar tumoricidal effects and degranulation functions of the resuscitated cells compared with normally cultured cells were verified by calcein release and CD107a assays. A NOD/SCID mouse model was used to estimate the differences in the in vivo antitumor effects of the cryopreserved and normally cultured T cells, but no significant differences were observed. Following co-culture with several target cell types, the cytokines released by the cryopreserved and normally cultured T cells were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results revealed that the release of interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was significantly decreased. These data demonstrated that with the exception of a decrease in cytokine release, the cryopreserved CART cells retained their antitumor functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenyue Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo Y, Wang P, Liu H, Zhu Z, Li C, Gao Y. The state of T cells before cryopreservation: Effects on post-thaw proliferation and function. Cryobiology 2017; 79:65-70. [PMID: 28863950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM We aim to assess the effect of the state of T cells before cryopreservation on the post-thaw proliferative capacity, phenotype and functional response. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient, and the T cells were frozen during cell culture according to our experimental design. After a period of re-culture, the proliferative capacity of the cryopreserved cells, the expression of T cell surface markers and the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-10 were assayed. RESULTS There was >90% cell viability after thaw in every group. Lymphocytes cryopreserved at day 4, 8 or 12 during the cell culture were allowed to recover for 24 h, whereas lymphocytes cryopreserved while freshly isolated were allowed to recover for 72 h. After the period of re-culture, cryopreservation at day 4, 8 or 12 during T cell culture was not found to alter the T cell subpopulation. The proportions of NKT and Treg cells were unchanged when cells were cryopreserved at day 12 during T cell culture. IFN-γ secretion was not impacted by cryopreservation, and IL-10 secretion was significantly decreased when cells were cryopreserved at day 8 or 12 during T cell culture. CONCLUSION The state of T cells before cryopreservation has effects on the post-thaw proliferation capacity, the phenotype and the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-10. Cryopreservation of lymphocytes at day 8 or 12 during the cell culture may be the best choice for T cell immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300170, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300170, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300170, China.
| | - Zhengyan Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300170, China.
| | - Chenglong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300170, China.
| | - Yingtang Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300170, China; Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300170, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A global look into human T cell subsets before and after cryopreservation using multiparametric flow cytometry and two-dimensional visualization analysis. J Immunol Methods 2016; 434:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|