1
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Camy C, Brioche T, Senni K, Bertaud A, Genovesio C, Lamy E, Fovet T, Chopard A, Pithioux M, Roffino S. Effects of hindlimb unloading and subsequent reloading on the structure and mechanical properties of Achilles tendon-to-bone attachment. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22548. [PMID: 36121701 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200713r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While muscle and bone adaptations to deconditioning have been widely described, few studies have focused on the tendon enthesis. Our study examined the effects of mechanical loading on the structure and mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon enthesis. We assessed the fibrocartilage surface area, the organization of collagen, the expression of collagen II, the presence of osteoclasts, and the tensile properties of the mouse enthesis both after 14 days of hindlimb suspension (HU) and after a subsequent 6 days of reloading. Although soleus atrophy was severe after HU, calcified fibrocartilage (CFc) was a little affected. In contrast, we observed a decrease in non-calcified fibrocartilage (UFc) surface area, collagen fiber disorganization, modification of morphological characteristics of the fibrocartilage cells, and altered collagen II distribution. Compared to the control group, restoring normal loads increased both UFc surface area and expression of collagen II, and led to a crimp pattern in collagen. Reloading induced an increase in CFc surface area, probably due to the mineralization front advancing toward the tendon. Functionally, unloading resulted in decreased enthesis stiffness and a shift in site of failure from the osteochondral interface to the bone, whereas 6 days of reloading restored the original elastic properties and site of failure. In the context of spaceflight, our results suggest that care must be taken when performing countermeasure exercises both during missions and during the return to Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Camy
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Brioche
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, UMR 866, Montpellier, France
| | - Karim Senni
- Laboratoire EBInnov, Ecole de Biologie Industrielle-EBI, Cergy, France
| | - Alexandrine Bertaud
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Genovesio
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Edouard Lamy
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Théo Fovet
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, UMR 866, Montpellier, France
| | - Angèle Chopard
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, UMR 866, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Pithioux
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM, Mecabio Platform, Anatomy Laboratory, Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Roffino
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM, Mecabio Platform, Anatomy Laboratory, Timone, Marseille, France
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2
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Veronez A, Pires LA, de Aro AA, do Amaral MEC, Marretto Esquisatto MA. Effect of exercising in water on the fibrocartilage of the deep digital flexor tendon in rats with induced diabetes. Tissue Cell 2022; 76:101764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Eisner LE, Rosario R, Andarawis-Puri N, Arruda EM. The Role of the Non-Collagenous Extracellular Matrix in Tendon and Ligament Mechanical Behavior: A Review. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:1128818. [PMID: 34802057 PMCID: PMC8719050 DOI: 10.1115/1.4053086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tendon is a connective tissue that transmits loads from muscle to bone, while ligament is a similar tissue that stabilizes joint articulation by connecting bone to bone. The 70-90% of tendon and ligament's extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of a hierarchical collagen structure that provides resistance to deformation primarily in the fiber direction, and the remaining fraction consists of a variety of non-collagenous proteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) whose mechanical roles are not well characterized. ECM constituents such as elastin, the proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, lumican, fibromodulin, lubricin, and aggrecan and their associated GAGs, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) have been suggested to contribute to tendon and ligament's characteristic quasi-static and viscoelastic mechanical behavior in tension, shear, and compression. The purpose of this review is to summarize existing literature regarding the contribution of the non-collagenous ECM to tendon and ligament mechanics, and to highlight key gaps in knowledge that future studies may address. Using insights from theoretical mechanics and biology, we discuss the role of the non-collagenous ECM in quasi-static and viscoelastic tensile, compressive, and shear behavior in the fiber direction and orthogonal to the fiber direction. We also address the efficacy of tools that are commonly used to assess these relationships, including enzymatic degradation, mouse knockout models, and computational models. Further work in this field will foster a better understanding of tendon and ligament damage and healing as well as inform strategies for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lainie E Eisner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ryan Rosario
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nelly Andarawis-Puri
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ellen M Arruda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Professor Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Professor Program in Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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4
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Hamilton KD, Chrzan AJ, Michalek AJ. Reflected cross-polarized light microscopy as a method for measuring collagen fiber crimp in musculoskeletal tissues. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 125:104953. [PMID: 34763150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many musculoskeletal tissues are composed primarily of type I collagen, which takes on a periodic crimp morphology that allows large tensile strains in the tissue. The spatial period of collagen fiber crimp may be used to infer internal strains in a tissue and is typically measured using transmitted cross-polarized light imaging of thin slices. However, slicing may induce specimen distortion and precludes mechanical loading of the specimen during imaging. We hypothesized that reflected cross-polarized light imaging of thick tissue explants would yield crimp period measurements comparable to those obtained from transmitted light imaging of thin slices. We further hypothesized that these measurements would be sensitive to applied uniaxial strain in the fiber direction. These hypotheses were tested by imaging both intervertebral disc outer annulus fibrosus and medial collateral ligament tissue specimens. We found that both transmitted and reflected light yielded similar crimp period measurements for intervertebral disc tissue, with an overall average of 43.5 ± 11.5 μm. Reflected light yielded a significantly higher crimp period with lower variance than transmission through thin specimens (54.1 ± 10.6 μm versus 50.4 ± 16.0 μm) in the ligament. Upon application of axial tension, crimp periods in both fibers increased at a rate of approximately three times the applied strain (with 3.17% applied strain yielding a 9.64 ± 4.4% increase in crimp period in the disc and an 11.7 ± 3.7% increase in the ligament), indicating significant fibril sliding. In support of our hypotheses, these findings suggest that reflected cross-polarized light is a suitable method for measuring collagen fiber crimp in musculoskeletal tissues, both statically and under tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey D Hamilton
- Department of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Adam J Chrzan
- Department of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Arthur J Michalek
- Department of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA.
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5
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Williamson PM, Freedman BR, Kwok N, Beeram I, Pennings J, Johnson J, Hamparian D, Cohen E, Galloway JL, Ramappa AJ, DeAngelis JP, Nazarian A. Tendinopathy and tendon material response to load: What we can learn from small animal studies. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:43-56. [PMID: 34325074 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a debilitating disease that causes as much as 30% of all musculoskeletal consultations. Existing treatments for tendinopathy have variable efficacy, possibly due to incomplete characterization of the underlying pathophysiology. Mechanical load can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on tendon, as the overall tendon response depends on the degree, frequency, timing, and magnitude of the load. The clinical continuum model of tendinopathy offers insight into the late stages of tendinopathy, but it does not capture the subclinical tendinopathic changes that begin before pain or loss of function. Small animal models that use high tendon loading to mimic human tendinopathy may be able to fill this knowledge gap. The goal of this review is to summarize the insights from in-vivo animal studies of mechanically-induced tendinopathy and higher loading regimens into the mechanical, microstructural, and biological features that help characterize the continuum between normal tendon and tendinopathy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review summarizes the insights gained from in-vivo animal studies of mechanically-induced tendinopathy by evaluating the effect high loading regimens have on the mechanical, structural, and biological features of tendinopathy. A better understanding of the interplay between these realms could lead to improved patient management, especially in the presence of painful tendon.
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6
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Waugh CM, Scott A. Substantial Achilles adaptation following strength training has no impact on tendon function during walking. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255221. [PMID: 34324575 PMCID: PMC8320898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons are responsive to mechanical loading and their properties are often the target of intervention programs. The tendon's mechanical properties, particularly stiffness, also govern its function, therefore changes to these properties could have substantial influence on energy-saving mechanisms during activities utilizing the stretch-shortening cycle. We investigated Achilles tendon (AT) function in vivo during walking with respect to a training intervention that elicited significant increases in AT stiffness. 14 men and women completed 12-weeks of isometric plantarflexor strength training that increased AT stiffness, measured during isometric MVC, by ~31%. Before and after the intervention, participants walked shod at their preferred velocity on a fully-instrumented treadmill. Movement kinematics, kinetics and displacement of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle-tendon junction were captured synchronously using 3D motion capture and ultrasound imaging, respectively. A MANOVA test was used to examine changes in AT force, stress, strain, stiffness, Young's modulus, hysteresis and strain energy, measured during walking, before and following strength training. All were non-significant for a main effect of time, therefore no follow-up statistical tests were conducted. Changes in joint kinematics, tendon strain, velocity, work and power and muscle activity during the stance phase were assessed with 1D statistical parametric mapping, all of which also demonstrated a lack of change in response to the intervention. This in vivo examination of tendon function in walking provides an important foundation for investigating the functional consequences of training adaptations. We found substantial increases in AT stiffness did not impact on tendon function during walking. AT stiffness measured during walking, however, was unchanged with training, which suggests that increases in stiffness may not be evident across the whole force-elongation relation, a finding which may help explain previously mixed intervention results and guide future investigations in the functional implications of tendon adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Waugh
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A. Scott
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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7
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Ristaniemi A, Regmi D, Mondal D, Torniainen J, Tanska P, Stenroth L, Finnilä MAJ, Töyräs J, Korhonen RK. Structure, composition and fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic properties of bovine knee ligaments and patellar tendon. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200737. [PMID: 33499766 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-level stress-relaxation of ligaments and tendons in the toe region is characterized by fast and long-term relaxations and an increase in relaxation magnitude with strain. Characterizing the compositional and structural origins of these phenomena helps in the understanding of mechanisms of ligament and tendon function and adaptation in health and disease. A three-step tensile stress-relaxation test was conducted on dumbbell-shaped pieces of bovine knee ligaments and patellar tendon (PT) (n = 10 knees). Their mechanical behaviour was characterized by a fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic material model, able to describe characteristic times and magnitudes of fast and long-term relaxations. The crimp angle and length of tissues were measured with polarized light microscopy, while biochemical contents were determined by colorimetric biochemical methods. The long-term relaxation time was longer in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and PT compared with collateral ligaments (p < 0.05). High hydroxyproline content predicted greater magnitude and shorter time of both fast and long-term relaxation. High uronic acid content predicted longer time of long-term relaxation, whereas high crimp angle predicted higher magnitude of long-term relaxation. ACL and PT are better long-term stabilizers than collateral ligaments. The long-term relaxation behaviour is affected or implied by proteoglycans and crimp angle, possibly relating to slow structural reorganization of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Ristaniemi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dristi Regmi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Diponkor Mondal
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Torniainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lauri Stenroth
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko A J Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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8
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Westermann LM, Fleischhauer L, Vogel J, Jenei-Lanzl Z, Ludwig NF, Schau L, Morellini F, Baranowsky A, Yorgan TA, Di Lorenzo G, Schweizer M, de Souza Pinheiro B, Guarany NR, Sperb-Ludwig F, Visioli F, Oliveira Silva T, Soul J, Hendrickx G, Wiegert JS, Schwartz IVD, Clausen-Schaumann H, Zaucke F, Schinke T, Pohl S, Danyukova T. Imbalanced cellular metabolism compromises cartilage homeostasis and joint function in a mouse model of mucolipidosis type III gamma. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm046425. [PMID: 33023972 PMCID: PMC7687858 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type III (MLIII) gamma is a rare inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in GNPTG encoding the γ-subunit of GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase, the key enzyme ensuring proper intracellular location of multiple lysosomal enzymes. Patients with MLIII gamma typically present with osteoarthritis and joint stiffness, suggesting cartilage involvement. Using Gnptg knockout (Gnptgko ) mice as a model of the human disease, we showed that missorting of a number of lysosomal enzymes is associated with intracellular accumulation of chondroitin sulfate in Gnptgko chondrocytes and their impaired differentiation, as well as with altered microstructure of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). We also demonstrated distinct functional and structural properties of the Achilles tendons isolated from Gnptgko and Gnptab knock-in (Gnptabki ) mice, the latter displaying a more severe phenotype resembling mucolipidosis type II (MLII) in humans. Together with comparative analyses of joint mobility in MLII and MLIII patients, these findings provide a basis for better understanding of the molecular reasons leading to joint pathology in these patients. Our data suggest that lack of GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase activity due to defects in the γ-subunit causes structural changes within the ECM of connective and mechanosensitive tissues, such as cartilage and tendon, and eventually results in functional joint abnormalities typically observed in MLIII gamma patients. This idea was supported by a deficit of the limb motor function in Gnptgko mice challenged on a rotarod under fatigue-associated conditions, suggesting that the impaired motor performance of Gnptgko mice was caused by fatigue and/or pain at the joint.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Marie Westermann
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Fleischhauer
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for General Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (Canter), University of Applied Sciences, 80533 Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas Vogel
- Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (Canter), University of Applied Sciences, 80533 Munich, Germany
| | - Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nataniel Floriano Ludwig
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-060 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lynn Schau
- RG Behavioral Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabio Morellini
- RG Behavioral Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Baranowsky
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timur A Yorgan
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giorgia Di Lorenzo
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruna de Souza Pinheiro
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-060 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nicole Ruas Guarany
- Occupational Therapy Faculty, Federal University of Pelotas, 96010-610 Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sperb-Ludwig
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-060 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Pathology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-060 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thiago Oliveira Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-060 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jamie Soul
- Skeletal Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Gretl Hendrickx
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Simon Wiegert
- RG Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ida V D Schwartz
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-060 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-060 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hauke Clausen-Schaumann
- Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (Canter), University of Applied Sciences, 80533 Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Pohl
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tatyana Danyukova
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Hamdia KM, Marino M, Zhuang X, Wriggers P, Rabczuk T. Sensitivity analysis for the mechanics of tendons and ligaments: Investigation on the effects of collagen structural properties via a multiscale modeling approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 35:e3209. [PMID: 30989796 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the stochasticity of collagen-related structural properties on the biomechanical properties of tendons and ligaments are investigated in this study. The tissue mechanics is modeled by means of a macroscale constitutive model based on a multiscale structural approach. This rationale allows to introduce model parameters directly associated with tissue structural and biochemical features, opening to physically motivated parametric studies. Variance and density-based global sensitivity analyses are employed, together with the quantification of output uncertainty due to stochastic variations of parameters. Novel insights on tissue structure-mechanics relationship are provided, quantifying the dependence between mechanical output quantities on specific collagen-related structural features. Moreover, the uncertainty quantification shows that model predictions provided by the multiscale structural approach are reliable with respect to inevitable uncertainties in tissue structure. Addressing rat tail tendons, the use of average values in tissue properties returns a constitutive response that fits well-available experimental data, and it is robust with respect to parameter stochasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khader M Hamdia
- Division of Computational Mechanics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Michele Marino
- Institute of Continuum Mechanics, Leibniz Universit.t Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiaoying Zhuang
- Division of Computational Mechanics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Peter Wriggers
- Institute of Continuum Mechanics, Leibniz Universit.t Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Timon Rabczuk
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Subramanian A, Kanzaki LF, Galloway JL, Schilling TF. Mechanical force regulates tendon extracellular matrix organization and tenocyte morphogenesis through TGFbeta signaling. eLife 2018; 7:e38069. [PMID: 30475205 PMCID: PMC6345564 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) influence cell shape and function. Tendons are ECM-rich tissues connecting muscles with bones that bear extreme tensional force. Analysis of transgenic zebrafish expressing mCherry driven by the tendon determinant scleraxis reveals that tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) extend arrays of microtubule-rich projections at the onset of muscle contraction. In the trunk, these form a dense curtain along the myotendinous junctions at somite boundaries, perpendicular to myofibers, suggesting a role as force sensors to control ECM production and tendon strength. Paralysis or destabilization of microtubules reduces projection length and surrounding ECM, both of which are rescued by muscle stimulation. Paralysis also reduces SMAD3 phosphorylation in tenocytes and chemical inhibition of TGFβ signaling shortens tenocyte projections. These results suggest that TGFβ, released in response to force, acts on tenocytes to alter their morphology and ECM production, revealing a feedback mechanism by which tendons adapt to tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Lauren Fallon Kanzaki
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Jenna Lauren Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell InstituteBostonUnited States
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11
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Pożarowszczyk B, Gołaś A, Chen A, Zając A, Kawczyński A. The Impact of Post Activation Potentiation on Achilles Tendon Stiffness, Elasticity and Thickness among Basketball Players. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040117. [PMID: 30321992 PMCID: PMC6315499 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine and further understand the effects of post activation potentiation on Achilles tendon (AT) thickness, elasticity and stiffness among basketball players. Basketball is one of the world’s most popular and widely viewed sports. One of the main factors which athletes depend on during their performance is elastic energy coming straight from the AT. Contractile activity increases the muscular force and is known in science as post activation potentiation (PAP). Twelve basketball players (aged 21.3 ± 2.1 years) from the first Polish league took part in this study. The PAP session consisted of single repetitions of the squat with loads corresponding to 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% of 1 repetition maximum (RM). The measurement method for AT thickness was ultrasonography and for the elasticity and stiffness was myotonometry. The measurements were taken before and immediately after PAP training session. Obtained results: AT stiffness increased significantly from the baseline post exercise, while AT thickness and elasticity decreased after the physical effort. The exercise in PAP caused significant changes in stiffness, elasticity and thickness of the AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pożarowszczyk
- Department of Paralympics Sports, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Artur Gołaś
- Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy School of Physical Education, 40-001 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Aiguo Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,
| | - Adam Zając
- Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy School of Physical Education, 40-001 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Adam Kawczyński
- Department of Paralympics Sports, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
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12
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Xu SY, Liu SY, Xu L, Deng SY, He YB, Li SF, Ni GX. Response of decorin to different intensity treadmill running. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7911-7917. [PMID: 29620182 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Decorin is widely understood to affect collagen fibrillogenesis. However, little is understood about its response to various mechanical loading conditions. In the present study, 36 Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (CON), moderate treadmill running (MTR) and strenuous treadmill running (STR) groups. Animals in the MTR and STR groups were subjected to a 4‑ or 8‑week treadmill running protocol. Subsequently, all Achilles tendons were harvested to perform histological and biochemical analyses. Decorin expression was markedly increased in the MTR group compared with the CON group at 4 and 8 weeks. Conversely, decorin expression was markedly decreased in the STR group compared with the CON and MTR group at 4 and 8 weeks. Furthermore, between the two time points, decorin expression levels were significantly increased in the MTR group, whereas they were markedly decreased in the STR group. These results suggested that MTR exercise may induce increased decorin expression via a balance of MMP‑2 and TIMP‑2, improving tendon structure and function. However, STR exercise may result in degradation of decorin due to an imbalance of MMP‑2 and TIMP‑2, with a bias to MMP‑2, resulting in a predisposition to tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Yao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Song-Yun Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Bin He
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Fen Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Xu SY, He YB, Deng SY, Liu SY, Xu L, Ni GX. Intensity-dependent effect of treadmill running on rat Achilles tendon. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5377-5383. [PMID: 29805550 PMCID: PMC5958711 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is understood that mechanical loading may affect tendon properties. However, how different mechanical loading conditions may affect tendons remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of treadmill running at various intensities on rat Achilles tendon. A total of 18 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Control (CON), medium-intensity running (MIR), and high-intensity running (HIR). Following 8 weeks of treadmill running protocols, all Achilles tendons were harvested for histological observation and gene expression analysis. Significant morphological changes were observed with regular and large diameter collagen fibrils in the MIR group, whereas irregular and small diameter collagen fibrils were observed in the HIR group. Collagen type I was significantly upregulated in the MIR group compared with the CON group, and downregulated in the HIR group compared with the CON or MIR groups (P<0.05). However, collagen type III was significantly upregulated in the HIR group in comparison with the CON or MIR groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression of matrix metallopeptidase-13 was significantly increased in the MIR and HIR groups compared with the CON group (P<0.05). The expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 was increased in the MIR group compared with the CON group, but decreased in the HIR group compared with the CON and MIR groups (P<0.05). Additionally, decorin expression was significantly higher in the MIR group compared with the CON group, and significantly decreased in the HIR group compared with the CON or MIR groups (P<0.05). A converse pattern of changes in biglycan expression was identified among the three groups. Aggrecan expression was significantly higher in the HIR group compared with the CON or MIR groups (P<0.05). These findings indicated that moderate exercise may induce increased collagen synthesis and organize regular and large collagen fibers, thus benefiting the Achilles tendon. However, overuse during exercise may result in collagen degradation and disturbance, which predisposes individuals to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Bin He
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Song-Yun Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Yao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Guo-Xin Ni, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China, E-mail:
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14
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Aligned Nanofiber Topography Directs the Tenogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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YAMAKAWA S, DEBSKI RE, FUJIE H. Strain distribution in the anterior cruciate ligament in response to anterior drawer force to the knee. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1299/jbse.16-00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard E. DEBSKI
- Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pittsburgh
| | - Hiromichi FUJIE
- Graduate School of System Design Tokyo Metropolitan University
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16
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Wiesinger HP, Kösters A, Müller E, Seynnes OR. Effects of Increased Loading on In Vivo Tendon Properties: A Systematic Review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1885-95. [PMID: 25563908 PMCID: PMC4535734 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Introduction In vivo measurements have been used in the past two decades to investigate the effects of increased loading on tendon properties, yet the current understanding of tendon macroscopic changes to training is rather fragmented, limited to reports of tendon stiffening, supported by changes in material properties and/or tendon hypertrophy. The main aim of this review was to analyze the existing literature to gain further insights into tendon adaptations by extracting patterns of dose-response and time-course. Methods PubMed/Medline, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies examining the effect of training on material, mechanical, and morphological properties via longitudinal or cross-sectional designs. Results Thirty-five of 6440 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. The key findings were i) the confirmation of a nearly systematic adaptation of tendon tissue to training, ii) the important variability in the observed changes in tendon properties between and within studies, and iii) the absence of a consistent incremental pattern regarding the dose-response or the time-course relation of tendon adaptation within the first months of training. However, long-term (years) training was associated with a larger tendon cross-sectional area, without any evidence of differences in material properties. Our analysis also highlighted several gaps in the existing literature, which may be addressed in future research. Conclusions In line with some cross-species observations about tendon design, tendon cross-sectional area allegedly constitutes the ultimate adjusting parameter to increased loading. We propose here a theoretical model placing tendon hypertrophy and adjustments in material properties as parts of the same adaptive continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Wiesinger
- 1Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, AUSTRIA; and 2Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
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Frizziero A, Salamanna F, Della Bella E, Vittadini F, Gasparre G, Nicoli Aldini N, Masiero S, Fini M. The Role of Detraining in Tendon Mechanobiology. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:43. [PMID: 26973517 PMCID: PMC4770795 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Several conditions such as training, aging, estrogen deficiency and drugs could affect the biological and anatomo-physiological characteristics of the tendon. Additionally, recent preclinical and clinical studies examined the effect of detraining on tendon, showing alterations in its structure and morphology and in tenocyte mechanobiology. However, few data evaluated the importance that cessation of training might have on tendon. Basically, we do not fully understand how tendons react to a phase of training followed by sudden detraining. Therefore, within this review, we summarize the studies where tendon detraining was examined. Materials and Methods: A descriptive systematic literature review was carried out by searching three databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Knowledge) on tendon detraining. Original articles in English from 2000 to 2015 were included. In addition, the search was extended to the reference lists of the selected articles. A public reference manager (www.mendeley.com) was adopted to remove duplicate articles. Results: An initial literature search yielded 134 references (www.pubmed.org: 53; www.scopus.com: 11; www.webofknowledge.com: 70). Fifteen publications were extracted based on the title for further analysis by two independent reviewers. Abstracts and complete articles were after that reviewed to evaluate if they met inclusion criteria. Conclusions: The revised literature comprised four clinical studies and an in vitro and three in vivo reports. Overall, the results showed that tendon structure and properties after detraining are compromised, with an alteration in the tissue structural organization and mechanical properties. Clinical studies usually showed a lesser extent of tendon alterations, probably because preclinical studies permit an in-depth evaluation of tendon modifications, which is hard to perform in human subjects. In conclusion, after a period of sudden detraining (e.g., after an injury), physical activity should be taken with caution, following a targeted rehabilitation program. However, further research should be performed to fully understand the effect of sudden detraining on tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Frizziero
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Salamanna
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies, RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Della Bella
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopedic InstituteBologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Vittadini
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gasparre
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Nicolò Nicoli Aldini
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies, RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopedic InstituteBologna, Italy; Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopedic InstituteBologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Masiero
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies, RIT Department, Rizzoli Orthopedic InstituteBologna, Italy; Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopedic InstituteBologna, Italy
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Stenroth L, Cronin NJ, Peltonen J, Korhonen MT, Sipilä S, Finni T. Triceps surae muscle-tendon properties in older endurance- and sprint-trained athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:63-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00511.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that aging is associated with alterations in muscle architecture and tendon properties (Morse CI, Thom JM, Birch KM, Narici MV. Acta Physiol Scand 183: 291–298, 2005; Narici MV, Maganaris CN, Reeves ND, Capodaglio P. J Appl Physiol 95: 2229–2234, 2003; Stenroth L, Peltonen J, Cronin NJ, Sipila S, Finni T. J Appl Physiol 113: 1537–1544, 2012). However, the possible influence of different types of regular exercise loading on muscle architecture and tendon properties in older adults is poorly understood. To address this, triceps surae muscle-tendon properties were examined in older male endurance (OE, n = 10, age = 74.0 ± 2.8 yr) and sprint runners (OS, n = 10, age = 74.4 ± 2.8 yr), with an average of 42 yr of regular training experience, and compared with age-matched [older control (OC), n = 33, age = 74.8 ± 3.6 yr] and young untrained controls (YC, n = 18, age = 23.7 ± 2.0 yr). Compared with YC, Achilles tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) was 22% ( P = 0.022), 45% ( P = 0.001), and 71% ( P < 0.001) larger in OC, OE, and OS, respectively. Among older groups, OS had significantly larger tendon CSA compared with OC ( P = 0.033). No significant between-group differences were observed in Achilles tendon stiffness. In older groups, Young's modulus was 31-44%, and maximal tendon stress 44–55% lower, than in YC ( P ≤ 0.001). OE showed shorter soleus fascicle length than both OC ( P < 0.05) and YC ( P < 0.05). These data suggest that long-term running does not counteract the previously reported age-related increase in tendon CSA, but, instead, may have an additive effect. The greatest Achilles tendon CSA was observed in OS followed by OE and OC, suggesting that adaptation to running exercise is loading intensity dependent. Achilles tendon stiffness was maintained in older groups, even though all older groups displayed larger tendon CSA and lower tendon Young's modulus. Shorter soleus muscle fascicles in OE runners may be an adaptation to life-long endurance running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Stenroth
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Neil J. Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and
| | - Jussi Peltonen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and
| | - Marko T. Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Sarianna Sipilä
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and
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Grosse U, Syha R, Gatidis S, Grözinger G, Martirosian P, Partovi S, Nikolaou K, Robbin MR, Schick F, Springer F. MR-basedin vivofollow-up study of Achilles tendon volume and hydration state after ankle-loading activity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:1200-8. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Grosse
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- Department of Radiology; University Hospital Case Medical Center; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - R. Syha
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - S. Gatidis
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - G. Grözinger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - P. Martirosian
- Section on Experimental Radiology; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - S. Partovi
- Department of Radiology; University Hospital Case Medical Center; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - K. Nikolaou
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - M. R. Robbin
- Department of Radiology; University Hospital Case Medical Center; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - F. Schick
- Section on Experimental Radiology; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - F. Springer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Hospital Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- Musculoskeletal Centre X-Ray Department; Chapel Allerton Hospital; Leeds UK
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Riggin CN, Sarver JJ, Freedman BR, Thomas SJ, Soslowsky LJ. Analysis of collagen organization in mouse achilles tendon using high-frequency ultrasound imaging. J Biomech Eng 2014; 136:021029. [PMID: 24356929 DOI: 10.1115/1.4026285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Achilles tendon ruptures are traumatic injuries, and techniques for assessing repair outcomes rely on patient-based measures of pain and function, which do not directly assess tendon healing. Consequently, there is a need for a quantitative, in vivo measure of tendon properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to validate ultrasound imaging for evaluating collagen organization in tendons. In this study, we compared our novel, high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) imaging and analysis method to a standard measure of collagen organization, crossed polarizer (CP) imaging. Eighteen mouse Achilles tendons were harvested and placed into a testing fixture where HFUS and CP imaging could be performed simultaneously in a controlled loading environment. Two experiments were conducted: (1) effect of loading on collagen alignment and (2) effect of an excisional injury on collagen alignment. As expected, it was found that both the HFUS and CP methods could reliably detect an increase in alignment with increasing load, as well as a decrease in alignment with injury. This HFUS method demonstrates that structural measures of collagen organization in tendon can be determined through ultrasound imaging. This experiment also provides a mechanistic evaluation of tissue structure that could potentially be used to develop a targeted approach to aid in rehabilitation or monitor return to activity after tendon injury.
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Legerlotz K, Dorn J, Richter J, Rausch M, Leupin O. Age-dependent regulation of tendon crimp structure, cell length and gap width with strain. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:4447-55. [PMID: 24907659 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The black-and-white patterning of tendon fascicles when visualized by light microscopy, also known as crimp, is a well-known feature of fiber-forming collagens. However, not much is known about its development, function and response to strain. The objective of this study is to investigate the interaction of tenocyte and crimp morphology as well as their changes with increasing age and acute strain. In contrast to previous studies, which used indirect measures, such as polarized light, to investigate the crimp structure, this study visualizes internal crimp structure in three dimensions without freezing, sectioning, staining or fixing the tissue, via two-photon imaging of green fluorescent protein expressing cells within mouse tail tendon fascicles. This technique further allows straining of the live tissue while visualizing changes in crimp morphology and cell shape with increasing specimen length. Combining this novel microscopy technique with computational image and data analysis revealed a complex relationship between tenocytes and the extracellular matrix that evolves with increasing age. While the reduction of crimping with strain was observed as expected, most of the crimps were gone at 0-1% strain already. Even relatively low strains of 3% led to pronounced changes in the crimp structure after relaxation, particularly in the young animals, which could not be seen with bright-field imaging. Cell length and gap width increased with strain. However, while the cells were able to return to their original length even after high strains of 6%, the gaps between the cells widened, which may imply modified cell-cell communication after overstretching.
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