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Rinella L, Marano F, Paletto L, Fraccalvieri M, Annaratone L, Castellano I, Fortunati N, Bargoni A, Berta L, Frairia R, Catalano MG. Extracorporeal shock waves trigger tenogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:561-573. [PMID: 29316809 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1424147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSES Incomplete tendon healing impairs the outcome of tendon ruptures and tendinopathies. Human Adipose-derived Stem Cells (hASCs) are promising for tissue engineering applications. Extracorporeal Shock Waves (ESW) are a leading choice for the treatment of several tendinopathies. In this study, we investigated the effects of ESW treatment and tenogenic medium on the differentiation of hASCs into tenoblast-like cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS hASCs were treated with ESW generated by a piezoelectric device and tenogenic medium. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to check the mRNA expression levels of tenogenic transcription factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and integrins. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect collagen 1 and fibronectin. Collagen fibers were evaluated by Masson staining. Calcium deposition was assessed by Alizarin Red staining. RESULTS The combined treatment improved the expression of the tendon transcription factors scleraxis and eyes absent 2, and of the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin, collagen I, and tenomodulin. Cells acquired elongated and spindle shaped fibroblastic morphology; Masson staining revealed the appearance of collagen fibers. Finally, the combined treatment induced the expression of alpha 2, alpha 6, and beta 1 integrin subunits, suggesting a possible role in mediating ESW effects. CONCLUSIONS ESW in combination with tenogenic medium improved the differentiation of hASCs toward tenoblast-like cells, providing the basis for ESW and hASCs to be used in tendon tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Rinella
- a Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - Francesca Marano
- a Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - Laura Paletto
- a Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | | | - Laura Annaratone
- a Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | | | - Nicoletta Fortunati
- c Oncological Endocrinology , AO Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino , Turin , Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Frairia
- a Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
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Clements LE, Garvican ER, Dudhia J, Smith RKW. Modulation of mesenchymal stem cell genotype and phenotype by extracellular matrix proteins. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:443-453. [PMID: 27448620 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1215442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins on characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and tendon-derived cells (TDCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS MSCs and TDCs, cultured in a monolayer (2D) or hydrogels (3D), with or without ECM protein supplementation, and on a non-viable native tendon (NNT) matrix were assayed for adhesion, proliferation, gene expression, and integrin expression. RESULTS MSCs exhibited a fibroblastic, spindle-shaped morphology on 2D matrices except in the presence of fibronectin. In 3D matrices, MSCs displayed a rounded phenotype except when cultured on NNTs where cells aligned along the collagen fibrils but, unlike TDCs, did not form inter-cellular cytoplasmic processes. MSC proliferation was significantly (p < 0.01) increased by collagen type I in 2D culture and fibronectin in 3D culture. TDC proliferation was unaffected by substrata. MSCs and TDCs differentially expressed α2 integrin. Adhesion to substrata was reduced by RGD-blocking peptide and β1 integrin antibody. The presence of collagen I or fibronectin upregulated MSC expression of collagen type I and collagen type III, COMP, decorin, osteopontin, and fibronectin. CONCLUSIONS The morphology, gene expression, and adhesion of both MSCs and TDCs are sensitive to the presence of specific ECM components. Interaction with the ECM is, therefore, likely to affect the mechanism of action of MSCs in vitro and may contribute to phenotypic modulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy E Clements
- a Department Clinical Sciences and Services , Royal Veterinary College , Hatfield , UK
| | - Elaine R Garvican
- a Department Clinical Sciences and Services , Royal Veterinary College , Hatfield , UK
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- a Department Clinical Sciences and Services , Royal Veterinary College , Hatfield , UK
| | - Roger K W Smith
- a Department Clinical Sciences and Services , Royal Veterinary College , Hatfield , UK
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Costa-Almeida R, Gonçalves AI, Gershovich P, Rodrigues MT, Reis RL, Gomes ME. Tendon Stem Cell Niche. TISSUE-SPECIFIC STEM CELL NICHE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21705-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Docheva D, Popov C, Alberton P, Aszodi A. Integrin signaling in skeletal development and function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:13-36. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - Cvetan Popov
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - Paolo Alberton
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - Attila Aszodi
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80336 Munich Germany
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Shome S, Rana T, Ganguly S, Basu B, Chaki Choudhury S, Sarkar C, Chakroborty D, Dasgupta PS, Basu S. Dopamine regulates angiogenesis in normal dermal wound tissues. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25215. [PMID: 21949884 PMCID: PMC3176820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a normal physiological process and comprises different phases. Among these phases, angiogenesis or new blood vessel formation in wound tissue plays an important role. Skin is richly supplied by sympathetic nerves and evidences indicate the significant role of the sympathetic nervous system in cutaneous wound healing. Dopamine (DA) is an important catecholamine neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nerve endings and recent studies have demonstrated the potent anti-angiogenic action of DA, which is mediated through its D2 DA receptors. We therefore postulate that this endogenous catecholamine neurotransmitter may have a role in the neovascularization of dermal wound tissues and subsequently in the process of wound healing. In the present study, the therapeutic efficacy of D2 DA receptor antagonist has been investigated for faster wound healing in a murine model of full thickness dermal wound. Our results indicate that treatment with specific D2 DA receptor antagonist significantly expedites the process of full thickness normal dermal wound healing in mice by inducing angiogenesis in wound tissues. The underlined mechanisms have been attributed to the up-regulation of homeobox transcription factor HoxD3 and its target α5β1 integrin, which play a pivotal role in wound angiogenesis. Since D2 DA receptor antagonists are already in clinical use for other disorders, these results have significant translational value from the bench to the bedside for efficient wound management along with other conventional treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Shome
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Tapasi Rana
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhalakshmi Ganguly
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswarup Basu
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Sandipan Chaki Choudhury
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Chandrani Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Debanjan Chakroborty
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Partha Sarathi Dasgupta
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail: (PSD); (SB)
| | - Sujit Basu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Dorthy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PSD); (SB)
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Theisen C, Fuchs-Winkelmann S, Knappstein K, Efe T, Schmitt J, Paletta JRJ, Schofer MD. Influence of nanofibers on growth and gene expression of human tendon derived fibroblast. Biomed Eng Online 2010; 9:9. [PMID: 20163724 PMCID: PMC2837661 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-9-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rotator cuff tears are a common and frequent lesion especially in older patients. The mechanisms of tendon repair are not fully understood. Common therapy options for tendon repair include mini-open or arthroscopic surgery. The use of growth factors in experimental studies is mentioned in the literature. Nanofiber scaffolds, which provide several criteria for the healing process, might be a suitable therapy option for operative treatment. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of nanofiber scaffolds on human tendon derived fibroblasts (TDF's), as well as the gene expression and matrix deposition of these fibroblasts. Methods Nanofibers composed of PLLA and PLLA/Col-I were seeded with human tendon derived fibroblasts and cultivated over a period of 22 days under growth-inductive conditions, and analyzed during the course of culture, with respect to gene expression of different extra cellular matrix components such as collagens, bigylcan and decorin. Furthermore, we measured cell densities and proliferation by using fluorescene microscopy. Results PLLA nanofibers possessed a growth inhibitory effect on TDF's. Furthermore, no meaningful influence on the gene expression of collagen I, collagen III and decorin could be observed, while the expression of collagen X increased during the course of cultivation. On the other hand, PLLA/Col-I blend nanofibers had no negative influence on the growth of TDF's. Furthermore, blending PLLA nanofibers with collagen had a positive effect on the gene expression of collagen I, III, X and decorin. Here, gene expression indicated that focal adherence kinases might be involved. Conclusion This study indicates that the use of nanofibers influence expression of genes associated with the extra cellular matrix formation. The composition of the nanofibers plays a critical role. While PLLA/Col-I blend nanofibers enhance the collagen I and III formation, their expression on PLLA nanofibers was more comparable to controls. However, irrespective of the chemical composition of the fibres, the collagen deposition was altered, an effect which might be associated with a decreased expression of biglycanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Theisen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rheumatology, University of Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Badlani N, Oshima Y, Healey R, Coutts R, Amiel D. Use of bone morphogenic protein-7 as a treatment for osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467:3221-9. [PMID: 18941854 PMCID: PMC2772903 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disorder resulting from breakdown of articular cartilage. Previous work has shown bone morphogenic protein-7 has a potential protective effect on cartilage during the development of osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether bone morphogenic protein-7 could decrease the amount of cartilage degradation in preexisting osteoarthritis. The rabbit ACLT model was used as a model of osteoarthritis. Bone morphogenic protein-7 was delivered via Alzet osmotic pump to the joint 4 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament transection; thus cartilage injury was preexisting. The experimental group showed less cartilage degradation than the controls, with an average Outerbridge score of 1.9 versus 2.6 for the controls. Histomorphometry showed a trend toward less cartilage degradation in the bone morphogenic protein-7 group when compared with controls. Semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed a considerably greater expression of aggrecan in the bone morphogenic protein-7-treated cartilage when compared with controls and less expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-13, important catabolic mediators. The synovial tissue of the experimental group also showed considerably less expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3, matrix metalloproteinase-13, and aggrecanase. These results indicate bone morphogenic protein-7 may reduce degradation of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Badlani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0630, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630 USA
| | - Yasushi Oshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0630, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630 USA
| | - Rob Healey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0630, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630 USA
| | - Richard Coutts
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0630, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630 USA
| | - David Amiel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0630, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630 USA
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8
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Wong YP, Fu1 SC, Cheuk YC, Lee KM, Wong WWN, Chan KM. Bone morphogenetic protein 13 stimulates cell proliferation and production of collagen in human patellar tendon fibroblasts. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17453670510041330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yim P Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Sai C Fu1
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Yau C Cheuk
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kwong M Lee
- Lee Hysan Clinical Research Laboratory, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wargaret W N Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kai M Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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9
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Moffat KL, Kwei ASP, Spalazzi JP, Doty SB, Levine WN, Lu HH. Novel nanofiber-based scaffold for rotator cuff repair and augmentation. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:115-26. [PMID: 18788982 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The debilitating effects of rotator cuff tears and the high incidence of failure associated with current grafts underscore the clinical demand for functional solutions for tendon repair and augmentation. To address this challenge, we have designed a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanofiber-based scaffold for rotator cuff tendon tissue engineering. In addition to scaffold design and characterization, the objective of this study was to evaluate the attachment, alignment, gene expression, and matrix elaboration of human rotator cuff fibroblasts on aligned and unaligned PLGA nanofiber scaffolds. Additionally, the effects of in vitro culture on scaffold mechanical properties were determined over time. It has been hypothesized that nanofiber organization regulates cellular response and scaffold properties. It was observed that rotator cuff fibroblasts cultured on the aligned scaffolds attached along the nanofiber long axis, whereas the cells on the unaligned scaffold were polygonal and randomly oriented. Moreover, distinct integrin expression profiles on these two substrates were observed. Quantitative analysis revealed that cell alignment, distribution, and matrix deposition conformed to nanofiber organization and that the observed differences were maintained over time. Mechanical properties of the aligned nanofiber scaffolds were significantly higher than those of the unaligned, and although the scaffolds degraded in vitro, physiologically relevant mechanical properties were maintained. These observations demonstrate the potential of the PLGA nanofiber-based scaffold system for functional rotator cuff repair. Moreover, nanofiber organization has a profound effect on cellular response and matrix properties, and it is a critical parameter for scaffold design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Moffat
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Badlani N, Inoue A, Healey R, Coutts R, Amiel D. The protective effect of OP-1 on articular cartilage in the development of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:600-6. [PMID: 17977753 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether osteogenic protein 1 (OP-1) would protect articular cartilage from degeneration during the development of osteoarthritis (OA) in the rabbit anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) model. Previous studies have shown that OP-1 is vital to cartilage matrix integrity and repair, stimulates synthesis of cartilage matrix components, proteoglycans, and collagen, and has a protective effect against catabolic mediators like matrix metalloproteinases and interleukin-1. METHODS The rabbit ACLT model was used in which the anterior cruciate ligament was transected leading to OA. OP-1 was delivered to the joint surgically for approximately 6 weeks by implantation of an Alzet osmotic pump into the medial thigh with a catheter threaded from the pump into the knee joint. Forty rabbits (20 control and 20 experimental) had the ACLT surgery and implantation of the pump performed simultaneously. They were sacrificed after 9 weeks for analysis. The OA was graded using the Outerbridge classification with India Ink staining. Histological staining and histomorphometry with Hematoxylin & Eosin and Safranin O were performed to analyze OA progression and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for anabolic and catabolic genes. RESULTS The experimental group had an average Outerbridge score of 1.8 vs 2.5 for the controls (P<0.05). Histomorphometry showed 10.9% surface deterioration or an average depression of 0.05mm vs 22.3% and 0.1mm for the controls (P<0.05). Semi-quantitative PCR showed a significantly greater expression of aggrecan and collagen type II in the OP-1 treated cartilage when compared to controls and less expression of aggrecanase, a catabolic mediator. CONCLUSIONS OP-1 may have a potential benefit in protecting articular cartilage during the development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Badlani
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630, USA
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11
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Pennock AT, Robertson CM, Emmerson BC, Harwood FL, Amiel D. Role of apoptotic and matrix-degrading genes in articular cartilage and meniscus of mature and aged rabbits during development of osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:1529-36. [PMID: 17469132 DOI: 10.1002/art.22523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine expression patterns of apoptotic and matrix-degrading genes during aging and development of osteoarthritis (OA), using a rabbit model of induced OA. METHODS Six mature and 6 aged rabbits underwent anterior cruciate ligament transection and were killed 4 and 8 weeks after surgery, respectively, to create early-grade and advanced-grade OA. RNA from articular cartilage and menisci was examined for expression of the genes caspase 8, Fas, Fas ligand, p53, aggrecanase, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), and MMP-3. A second cohort of animals that had undergone no intervention in the joint was also killed. Parametric data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Student's t-tests, while nonparametric data were assessed with the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Expression levels of Fas, caspase 8, FasL, and MMP-1 were significantly higher (>100%) in aged cartilage compared with mature cartilage (P < 0.05). After induction of OA, expression of apoptotic genes in aged rabbits remained high, while significant up-regulation of Fas and caspase 8 (nearly 150% increase) was observed in mature rabbits (P < 0.05). No significant up-regulation of these genes was observed in the menisci of aged or mature rabbits prior to or after induction of OA. Development of OA occurred more rapidly in aged cartilage compared with mature cartilage (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Differential expression of apoptotic and matrix-degrading genes occurs in aged compared with mature cartilage, both at baseline and during development of OA. This may be responsible for faster degradation of aged cartilage and its predisposition for developing OA.
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12
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Robertson CM, Pennock AT, Harwood FL, Pomerleau AC, Allen RT, Amiel D. Characterization of pro-apoptotic and matrix-degradative gene expression following induction of osteoarthritis in mature and aged rabbits. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:471-6. [PMID: 16427327 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The genetic and molecular changes leading to the distinctive alterations of aged cartilage and its propensity for developing osteoarthritis (OA) are unknown. We hypothesized that pro-apoptotic and matrix-degradative gene expression in a rabbit model of induced OA using mature and aged animals might elucidate this relationship. METHODS Groups of six mature and aged rabbits underwent anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and were sacrificed 4 weeks after surgery to create an Outerbridge grade II OA. RNA was extracted from the articular cartilage and menisci of the affected knee and was examined with regard to expression of the following genes: Caspase 8, Fas, Fas ligand (Fas-L), p53, aggrecanase, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and MMP-3-MMP-13. A second cohort of mature and aged animals was sacrificed with no intervention to the joint and gene expression was assessed in a similar manner. RESULTS Fas and Caspase 8 showed significantly increased expression in the cartilage of mature animals with induced OA when compared to unoperated controls while induction of OA in aged rabbits did not significantly increase expression of any of the apoptosis genes. Among unoperated animals, the aged cohort showed significantly increased expression of MMP-1 and aggrecanase in cartilage when compared to mature animals. MMP-13 expression was upregulated in aged cartilage following induction of OA. Although ACLT animals showed gross thinning and irregularities within the meniscus, only the expression of Caspase 8 in the aged rabbits was significantly increased after induction of OA. CONCLUSIONS Aging of articular cartilage shares some qualities with the development of OA, as seen in the parallel increases in gene expression of Caspase 8 and Fas. Although this may imply a common mechanism of cartilage degeneration in aging and OA or even a spectrum of disease, both are complex processes requiring further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Robertson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0630, USA
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13
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Yamamoto Z, Kanbara K, Nakajima M, Kinoshita M, Abe M. Effect of suture repair on expression of beta1 integrin subunit in wounded rat patellar tendon. J Orthop Sci 2005; 9:613-8. [PMID: 16228680 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-004-0840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Integrins play key roles in wound healing by mediating cell adhesion events. The purpose of this study was to determine how to change the expression level of the beta1 integrin subunit (integrin beta1) in the restoration of a tendon and to investigate the influence of suture on its expression. The lateral half of the patellar tendon in rats was transected. Half the rats were sutured immediately and the other half were left as they were. The rats were killed at 4, 7, 10, 14, 28, and 56 days postsurgery. Integrin beta1 expression in each harvested tendon was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Integrin beta1 was immunolocalized in fibroblasts adjacent to the wound and within the repair site itself. Although immunoreactivity for integrin beta1 in the unsutured group decreased on the tenth day, that in the sutured group continued to increase. In real-time quantitative RT-PCR, integrin beta1 mRNA expression level increased in both groups, but that in the unsutured group was higher than that in the sutured group. Our study indicates that suture influences the expression and mRNA level of integrin beta1, which is associated with tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenya Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
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Abstract
Significant advances in the understanding of intrasynovial flexor tendon repair and rehabilitation have been made since the early 1970s. The concept of adhesion-free, or primary tendon healing--that tendons could heal intrinsically without the ingrowth of fibrous adhesions from the surrounding sheath has been validated both experimentally and clinically in studies over the past 25 years. Recent attempts to understand and improve the results of intrasynovial flexor tendon repair have focused upon restoration of the gliding surface, augmentation of early post-operative repair site biomechanical strength and on the elucidation of the molecular biology of early post-operative tendon healing. The goals of the surgical treatment of patients with intrasynovial flexor tendon lacerations remain unchanged: to achieve a primary tendon repair of sufficient tensile strength to allow application of a post-operative mobilization rehabilitation protocol. This program should inhibit the formation of intrasynovial adhesions and restore the gliding surface, while facilitating the healing of the repair site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin I Boyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, One Barnes Hospital Plaza, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Docheva D, Hunziker EB, Fässler R, Brandau O. Tenomodulin is necessary for tenocyte proliferation and tendon maturation. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:699-705. [PMID: 15632070 PMCID: PMC543433 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.2.699-705.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenomodulin (Tnmd) is a member of a new family of type II transmembrane glycoproteins. It is predominantly expressed in tendons, ligaments, and eyes, whereas the only other family member, chondromodulin I (ChM-I), is highly expressed in cartilage and at lower levels in the eye and thymus. The C-terminal extracellular domains of both proteins were shown to modulate endothelial-cell proliferation and tube formation in vitro and in vivo. We analyzed Tnmd function in vivo and provide evidence that Tnmd is processed in vivo and that the proteolytically cleaved C-terminal domain can be found in tendon extracts. Loss of Tnmd expression in gene targeted mice abated tenocyte proliferation and led to a reduced tenocyte density. The deposited amounts of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen types I, II, III, and VI and decorin, lumican, aggrecan, and matrilin-2, were not affected, but the calibers of collagen fibrils varied significantly and exhibited increased maximal diameters. Tnmd-deficient mice did not have changes in tendon vessel density, and mice lacking both Tnmd and ChM-I had normal retinal vascularization and neovascularization after oxygen-induced retinopathy. These results suggest that Tnmd is a regulator of tenocyte proliferation and is involved in collagen fibril maturation but do not confirm an in vivo involvement of Tnmd in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Docheva
- Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Todd Allen R, Robertson CM, Harwood FL, Sasho T, Williams SK, Pomerleau AC, Amiel D. Characterization of mature vs aged rabbit articular cartilage: analysis of cell density, apoptosis-related gene expression and mechanisms controlling chondrocyte apoptosis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004; 12:917-23. [PMID: 15501408 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) is increased in aged individuals and a direct correlation between chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage degradation secondary to OA has been demonstrated. To address the question of whether age predisposes articular cartilage to apoptosis, the objective of the present study was to characterize and compare in aged and mature non-OA rabbit articular cartilage, cell density and expression levels of specific genes associated with apoptosis. Mechanistic studies on the inhibition of induced apoptosis were also carried out. METHODS Grade I (non-OA) femoral condyles and tibial plateaus from mature and aged rabbits were taken for assessment of viable cell density (VCD) and mRNA (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) expression levels of the pro-apoptotic genes, Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), caspase-8, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and p53. In vitro insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)-mediated inhibition of nitric oxide (NO)-induced apoptosis was also examined using sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as NO donor. RESULTS VCD was decreased 50-70% in aged articular cartilage relative to mature cartilage. mRNA expression levels of Fas, FasL, caspase-8 and p53 were higher in aged cartilage than in mature cartilage. iNOS expression was unchanged. IGF-1-mediated inhibition of NO-induced apoptosis was dose-dependent and reversed with addition of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS This controlled animal model study demonstrates that age predisposes articular cartilage to changes in VCD and expression levels of specific pro-apoptotic genes. It is significant that these findings were demonstrated on cartilage that showed no prior signs of OA; it is also possible that such changes are a prelude to the age-related development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Todd Allen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0630, USA
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Sun M, Opavsky MA, Stewart DJ, Rabinovitch M, Dawood F, Wen WH, Liu PP. Temporal response and localization of integrins beta1 and beta3 in the heart after myocardial infarction: regulation by cytokines. Circulation 2003; 107:1046-52. [PMID: 12600920 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000051363.86009.3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrins are involved in structural remodeling and tissue repair. This study aimed to elucidate the role of the beta-integrins in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS AND RESULTS The MI model was created by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in rats. We detected cardiac integrins beta1 and beta3 gene expression (quantitative in situ hybridization) and protein production (Western blot and immunohistochemistry) and potential regulation by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) using neonatal ventricular myocytes and TNF-/- knockout mice. Integrins beta1 and beta3 gene expression and protein production were low in sham-operated hearts. After MI, the beta1 and beta3 mRNA and proteins were significantly increased at the site of MI at day 3, reached a peak at day 7, and gradually declined thereafter. Integrin beta1A localized primarily in fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, beta1D localized in myocytes, and integrin beta3 was associated primarily with endothelial and smooth muscle cells in peri-infarct vessels. In cultured myocytes, there was isoform transition from the adult beta1D to the fetal beta1A on exposure to TNF-alpha. This was confirmed in vivo in the peri-infarct myocytes, but the transition was voided in TNF-/--knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Integrins beta1 and beta3 are significantly activated in the infarcted myocardium. Integrin beta1 is active particularly at sites of inflammation and fibrosis, whereas integrin beta3 localizes to vessels in the peri-infarct zone in a temporally coordinated manner. Integrin beta1D to beta1A isoform transition in myocytes is regulated by TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence and Division of Cardiology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
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Boyer MI, Watson JT, Lou J, Manske PR, Gelberman RH, Cai SR. Quantitative variation in vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression during early flexor tendon healing: an investigation in a canine model. J Orthop Res 2001; 19:869-72. [PMID: 11562135 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(01)00017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent mediator of angiogenesis, with direct mitogenic activity on cells of endothelial origin. We quantified the temporal accumulation of VEGF mRNA at the repair site of an in vivo canine intrasynovial flexor tendon repair and rehabilitation model by means of quantitative Northern blot analysis, in order to detail a molecular signal involved in the intrinsic angiogenic process that accompanies early flexor tendon healing. Significant accumulation of VEGF mRNA occurred at the flexor tendon repair site at 7 days post-operatively, with peak levels seen at post-operative days 7 and 10. Levels returned to baseline by day 14. Local VEGF mRNA accumulation at the repair site temporally precedes and is spatially distinct from the vascular ingrowth itself, which has been shown to occur maximally at day 17. These data suggest that cells within the flexor tendon repair site are involved in molecular processes other than the synthesis of extracellular matrix, such as modulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Boyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital at Washington University in Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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19
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Kobayashi K, Mishima H, Hashimoto S, Goomer RS, Harwood FL, Lotz M, Moriya H, Amiel D. Chondrocyte apoptosis and regional differential expression of nitric oxide in the medial meniscus following partial meniscectomy. J Orthop Res 2001; 19:802-8. [PMID: 11562124 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(01)00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Partial medial meniscectomy leads to tibial articular cartilage degeneration. Nitric oxide (NO) production increases with the development of osteoarthritis (OA) and has been shown to have a catabolic effect on chondrocytes. Since distribution of chondrocytic and fibroblastic cell types within the total cell population comprising meniscus is region-specific, we compared NO production in the peripheral and central regions of the medial meniscus 12 weeks after partial medial meniscectomy and assessed chondrocyte apoptosis and NO production in the tibial articular cartilage. Additionally, transcriptional gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) and immunohistochemical staining of nitrotyrosine were examined. The results showed that following partial medial meniscectomy, NO production in the central region of the medial meniscus and in the tibial articular cartilage were significantly higher than respective NO levels in normal and sham-operated controls. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed a high transcriptional expression of the iNOS gene in the central region of the meniscus and in tibial articular cartilage following partial medial meniscectomy. Nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity was prominent in the central region of the medial meniscus and in the deep layer of the tibial articular cartilage and apoptotic cells were also detected in situ in the superficial zone of the tibial articular cartilage and central regions of the medial meniscus following partial medial meniscectomy. These observations suggest that the central region of the meniscus is responsible for NO synthesis associated with apoptosis in both meniscal and articular cartilage cells following partial meniscectomy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cartilage, Articular/surgery
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/chemistry
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Menisci, Tibial/metabolism
- Menisci, Tibial/pathology
- Menisci, Tibial/surgery
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rabbits
- Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives
- Tyrosine/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0630, USA
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20
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Goldfarb CA, Harwood F, Silva MJ, Gelberman RH, Amiel D, Boyer MI. The effect of variations in applied rehabilitation force on collagen concentration and maturation at the intrasynovial flexor tendon repair site. J Hand Surg Am 2001; 26:841-6. [PMID: 11561236 DOI: 10.1053/jhsu.2001.26190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical means by which accelerated rehabilitation alters intrasynovial flexor tendon repair site collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix maturation are not fully understood. We hypothesized that an increased level of applied rehabilitative force in a clinically relevant animal model would hasten the maturation of the repair site extracellular matrix as demonstrated by total collagen and collagen cross-link assessment. Twenty-eight flexor digitorum profundus tendons from 14 adult dogs were transected and repaired. The animals received either low- or high-force rehabilitation and were killed 10, 21, and 42 days after surgery. A 10-mm segment of tendon surrounding the repair site was obtained. Biochemical analysis showed that total collagen concentration was significantly reduced at each time point, that the reducible cross-link ratio of dihydroxylysinonorleucine to hydroxylysinonorleucine was significantly increased at each time point, and that the nonreducible pyridinoline cross-link content was significantly decreased at 10 days in both rehabilitative groups. Total collagen content did not vary to a statistically significant degree with either time or as a function of rehabilitation type. Based on these findings several clinically relevant observations can be made. Increasing collagen concentration and repair site maturation do not explain the previously demonstrated increased tensile properties of tendon that occur between 3 and 6 weeks after repair. Higher force rehabilitation does not alter the biochemical composition of the healing tendon through 6 weeks. Coupled with other recent data these findings suggest that high-force rehabilitation does not stimulate accelerated healing after intrasynovial flexor tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Goldfarb
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital at Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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22
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Bidder M, Towler DA, Gelberman RH, Boyer MI. Expression of mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor at the repair site of healing canine flexor tendon. J Orthop Res 2000; 18:247-52. [PMID: 10815825 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100180212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neovascularization is an important and prominent feature of tendon healing that contributes to wound repair and potentially to adhesion formation. To define the location of cell populations that recruit and organize the angiogenic response during early healing of flexor tendon, we examined the gene expression pattern of the prototypic angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, at and around the tenorrhaphy site in a canine model of flexor tendon repair. In situ hybridization with radiolabeled antisense riboprobes was used to identify tendon cell populations that contribute to the neovascularization process by expressing vascular endothelial growth factor and to relate this cell population to the previously described cell populations that participate in matrix synthesis (express type alpha1(I) collagen) and mitotic renewal (express histone H4). The majority of cells (approximately 67%) within the repair site itself express vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA; however, minimal levels accumulate within cells of the epitenon (approximately 10% of cells; p < 0.0002). By contrast, expression of type alpha1(I) collagen and histone H4 does not differ significantly between the epitenon and the repair site (uniformly approximately 30% of cells). Thus, a gradient of cell populations expressing vascular endothelial growth factor exists in the repairing tendon. These data suggest a potential contribution of cells within the repair site to the organization of angiogenesis during the early postoperative phase of tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bidder
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Harwood FL, Goomer RS, Gelberman RH, Silva MJ, Amiel D. Regulation of alpha(v)beta3 and alpha5beta1 integrin receptors by basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor-BB in intrasynovial flexor tendon cells. Wound Repair Regen 1999; 7:381-8. [PMID: 10564567 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.1999.00381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are important players in soft tissue healing as molecules that mediate communication between cells and extracellular matrix. Thus, the regulation of the expression of these molecules would be important during wound repair. To explore the regulatory roles of specific growth factors on integrin expression by intrasynovial flexor tendon cells, the present study assessed the in vitro effects of basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet derived growth factor-BB on expression of the alpha5beta1 and alpha(v)beta3 integrins in these cells. Analyses were carried out at the transcriptional (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and translational (immunohistochemistry) levels of cellular metabolism. Both types of analyses revealed increased expression of alpha5beta1 and alpha(v)beta3 by tendon cells exposed to either basic fibroblast growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor-BB over a wide range of growth factor concentrations employed in the study. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that, relative to control, basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor-BB increased the expression of alpha(v) mRNA by 2-and 3-fold, respectively. Alpha 5 mRNA expression was also increased 3-fold by basic fibroblast growth factor, and 2-fold by platelet-derived growth factor-BB. We believe the results of this study are significant because the specific integrins affected are intimately involved in two events that have been shown to be important to intrasynovial flexor tendon healing, namely fibronectin deposition (alpha5beta1) as part of the provisional matrix and angiogenesis/revascularization (alpha(v)beta3).
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Harwood
- Connective Tissue Biochemistry, Department of Connective Tissue Orthopaedics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0630, USA
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