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Pourali G, Zafari N, Fiuji H, Batra J, Nazari E, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM, Vahabi M, Kiani M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Peters GJ, Ferns GA, Lam AKY, Giovannetti E, Avan A. Extracellular vesicles: Emerging mediators of cell communication in gastrointestinal cancers exhibiting metabolic abnormalities. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 73:101-113. [PMID: 37573251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a complex interaction between pro-tumoural and anti-tumoural networks in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Throughout tumourigenesis, communication between malignant cells and various cells of the TME contributes to metabolic reprogramming. Tumour Dysregulation of metabolic pathways offer an evolutional advantage in the TME and enhance the tumour progression, invasiveness, and metastasis. Therefore, understanding these interactions within the TME is crucial for the development of innovative cancer treatments. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as carriers of various materials that include microRNAs, proteins, and lipids that play a vital role in the communication between tumour cells and non-tumour cells. EVs are actively involved in the metabolic reprogramming process. This review summarized recent findings regarding the involvement of EVs in the metabolic reprogramming of various cells in the TME of gastrointestinal cancers. Additionally, we highlight identified microRNAs involved in the reprogramming process in this group of cancers and explained the abnormal tumour metabolism targeted by exosomal cargos as well as the novel potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Pourali
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nima Zafari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Fiuji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam U.M.C., VU. University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Center for genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elham Nazari
- Department of Health Information Technology and Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahrou Vahabi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam U.M.C., VU. University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - MohammadAli Kiani
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam U.M.C., VU. University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Professor In Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam U.M.C., VU. University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq,; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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2
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Evaluation of breast cancer stem cells in human primary breast carcinoma and their role in aggressive behavior of the disease. J Clin Transl Res 2021; 7:687-700. [PMID: 34778599 PMCID: PMC8580523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the intratumoral enrichment of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) in aggressive breast tumors, we evaluated the frequency and characteristics of BCSCs within the tumor tissue in primary human breast carcinomas. We assessed the expression profiles of various genes in cancer cells (CC) and stromal cells (SC) from these tumors to delineate the role played by the cellular niche in de novo origin or expansion of intra-tumoral cancer stem cells (CSC). METHOD The study included primary tumor and adjacent normal breast tissue specimens from chemotherapy-naïve breast carcinoma patients. The BCSCs, identified as Lin-CD44+CD24- and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 A1 positive, were enumerated. The flow-cytometrically sorted stromal, and CC were processed for gene expression profiling using a custom-designed polymerase chain reaction array of genes known to facilitate disease progression. RESULTS The frequency of BCSCs within the tumor mass correlated significantly with histopathological and molecular grades of tumors, indicating a direct relationship of BCSC with the aggressive behavior of breast cancer. Further, a significantly increased expression of the genes associated with growth factors, cytokines and matricellular proteins in tumors were found in high BCSCs compared to Lo-BCSC tumors, suggesting the possible contribution of stromal and CC in an intratumoral expansion of CSCs. Similarly, a significant upregulation of genes associated with hypoxia and angiogenesis in Hi-BCSCs tumors further supported the role of a hypoxic environment. CONCLUSION Overall, the findings suggest the molecular crosstalk between SC and CC potentially (directly or indirectly) contributes to the expansion of CSC. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS The current study highlights the importance of CSC as a potential future predictive/prognostic marker for aggressive breast cancer. The present study predicts the potential risk stratification based on the frequency of BCSCs in primary breast tumors and existing prognostic factors.
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The Role of Chronic Inflammation in the Development of Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153918. [PMID: 34359821 PMCID: PMC8345713 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes to the malignant transformation of several malignancies and is an important component of breast cancer. The role of chronic inflammation in the initiation and development of breast cancer from normal breast tissue, however, is unclear and needs to be clarified. A review of the literature was conducted to define the chronic inflammatory processes in normal breast tissue at risk for breast cancer and in breast cancer, including the role of lymphocyte and macrophage infiltrates, chronic active adipocytes and fibroblasts, and processes that may promote chronic inflammation including the microbiome and factors related to genomic abnormalities and cellular injury. The findings indicate that in healthy normal breast tissue there is systemic evidence to suggest inflammatory changes are present and associated with breast cancer risk, and adipocytes and crown-like structures in normal breast tissue may be associated with chronic inflammatory changes. The microbiome, genomic abnormalities, and cellular changes are present in healthy normal breast tissue, with the potential to elicit inflammatory changes, while infiltrating lymphocytes are uncommon in these tissues. Chronic inflammatory changes occur prominently in breast cancer tissues, with important contributions from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated adipocytes and crown-like structures, and cancer-associated fibroblasts, while the microbiome and DNA damage may serve to promote inflammatory events. Together, these findings suggest that chronic inflammation may play a role in influencing the initiation, development and conduct of breast cancer, although several chronic inflammatory processes in breast tissue may occur later in breast carcinogenesis.
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4
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Strell C, Folkvaljon D, Holmberg E, Schiza A, Thurfjell V, Karlsson P, Bergh J, Bremer T, Akslen LA, Wärnberg F, Östman A. High PDGFRb Expression Predicts Resistance to Radiotherapy in DCIS within the SweDCIS Randomized Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3469-3477. [PMID: 33952629 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study analyzes the potential of stromal platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFRb) expression as biomarker for radiotherapy (RT) benefit on ipsilateral breast events (IBE) in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Improved identification of DCIS patients refractory to adjuvant whole-breast RT is needed. Predictive biomarker studies in DCIS have focused on tumor cell features rather than the tumor-associated stroma, despite growing evidence of its influence on therapy efficiency. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Samples from the Swedish randomized radiotherapy DCIS trial (SweDCIS) were subjected to IHC analysis for stromal PDGFRb expression. IBE incidence at 10 years after breast-conserving surgery was the primary endpoint. Interactions between marker and treatment were analyzed. RESULTS PDGFRb score was predictive for RT benefit with regard to IBE (P interaction = 0.002 and P interaction = 0.008 adjusted multivariably). Patients of the PDGFRblow group had a strong benefit from RT regarding IBE risk [HR, 0.23; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.12-0.45; P < 0.001] with an absolute risk reduction of 21% (cumulative risk 7% vs. 28%) at 10 years. No significant risk reduction by RT was observed for patients of the PDGFRbhigh group (HR, 0.83; 0.51-1.34; P = 0.444; cumulative risk 22% vs. 25%). The RT response-predictive effect of stromal PDGFRb was equally strong in analyses for in situ and invasive IBE when analyzed separately (in situ IBE: P = 0.029; invasive IBE: P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest high stromal PDGFRb expression as a novel biomarker identifying DCIS patients who are refractory to standard whole-breast adjuvant RT. The data imply previously unrecognized fibroblast-mediated modulation of radiosensitivity of DCIS, which should be further explored from mechanistic and targeting perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Strell
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dick Folkvaljon
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Holmberg
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aglaia Schiza
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Thurfjell
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Karlsson
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Karolinska Institutet and Breast Cancer Section, Cancer Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Public Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lars A Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fredrik Wärnberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arne Östman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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5
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Wang Y, Sima X, Ying Y, Huang Y. Exogenous BMP9 promotes lung fibroblast HFL-1 cell activation via ALK1/Smad1/5 signaling in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:728. [PMID: 34007337 PMCID: PMC8120641 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) has recently been described as a crucial regulator in modulating fibroblast-type cell activation. Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) is a high affinity receptor for BMP9 that exerts its role via Smad1/5. However, the functional roles of BMP9 in activating lung fibroblasts and the underlying signaling pathway are not completely understood. The present study aimed to explore the effect of exogenous BMP9 on human lung fibroblast HFL-1 cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as the potential role of the ALK1/Smad1/5 signaling pathway. In the present study, fibroblast proliferation was assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays, and the mRNA and protein expression of target genes was examined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot assays, respectively. Compared with the control group, BMP9 treatment increased HFL-1 cell proliferation, mRNA and protein expression of differentiated markers, including α-smooth muscle actin, type I collagen and type III collagen, and the expression of ALK1 and phosphorylated Smad1/5 expression. Furthermore, the effects of BMP9 were partially rescued by dorsomorphin-1, an inhibitor of ALK1. The results indicated that BMP9 may serve as a key inducer of lung fibroblast activation and ALK1/Smad1/5 signaling might be associated with BMP9-mediated effects in HFL-1 cells. Therefore, the present study highlighted that the potential role of the BMP9/ALK1/Smad1/5 signaling pathway in the development of pulmonary fibrosis requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China.,Graduate College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Sima
- Nanchang Joint Program, Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ying
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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6
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Vu LT, Gong J, Pham TT, Kim Y, Le MTN. microRNA exchange via extracellular vesicles in cancer. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12877. [PMID: 33169503 PMCID: PMC7653238 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells utilize different means of inter-cellular communication to function properly. Here, we review the crosstalk between cancer cells and their surrounding environment through microRNA (miRNA)-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs). The current findings suggest that the export of miRNAs and uptake of miRNA-containing EVs might be an active process. As post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, cancer-derived miRNAs that are taken up by normal cells can change the translational profile of the recipient cell towards a transformed proteome. Stromal cells can also deliver miRNAs via EVs to cancer cells to support tumour growth and cancer progression. Therefore, gaining a better understanding of EV-mediated inter-cellular communication in the tumour microenvironment might lead to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyen Tien Vu
- Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Life SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Jinhua Gong
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Life SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
| | - Thach Tuan Pham
- Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Life SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Yeokyeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Life SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Minh T. N. Le
- Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Life SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
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7
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Zare N, Kefayat A, Javanmard SH. Evaluation of Radiation and Ammonium Lactate Effects on Hyaluronic Acid Expression as a Pro-cancerous Factor in Supernatant and Exosome Isolated from Supernatant of Primary Mouse Fibroblast Cell Culture. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:125. [PMID: 33088453 PMCID: PMC7554551 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_135_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies show that aberrant synthesis of Hyaluronan accelerates tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The fibroblasts are probably responsible for most of the hyaluronic acid (HA) accumulation in tumor microenvironment after radiotherapy. Our goal is to investigate and compare radiation and lactate effects on HA levels in supernatant and exosome isolated from supernatant of primary mouse fibroblast cell culture. Methods: Fibroblast cells were prepared from skin of C57BL6 mouse. These cells were divided into three groups (no treatment, cells treated with 10 mM ammonium lactate, and irradiated cells). Then supernatant was harvested from FBS-free culture media after 48 h. Exosomes were purified by differential centrifugation (300 × g for 10 min, 2000 × g for 30 min, 16500 g for 30 min) and were pelleted by ultracentrifugation (150,000 × g for 180 min). Size of exosomes was determined using a Zetasizer. HA concentration measured using a HA ELISA Kit. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: There was a significant increase in HA-coated exosomes isolated from supernatants of irradiated cells compared to untreated cell and cells treated with 10 mM ammonium lactate (P < 0.001). As well, there was a significant increase in the HA concentration in the supernatants of cells treated with 10 mM ammonium lactate relative to untreated cells and irradiated cells (P < 0.05). Conclusions: It seems that routine radiation therapy leads to massive shedding of HA-coated exosomes by normal fibroblast cells and thus exosomes-HA may contribute to tumor promotion and induce of the premetastatic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Zare
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Kefayat
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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8
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Fabre M, Ferrer C, Domínguez-Hormaetxe S, Bockorny B, Murias L, Seifert O, Eisler SA, Kontermann RE, Pfizenmaier K, Lee SY, Vivanco MDM, López-Casas PP, Perea S, Abbas M, Richter W, Simon L, Hidalgo M. OMTX705, a Novel FAP-Targeting ADC Demonstrates Activity in Chemotherapy and Pembrolizumab-Resistant Solid Tumor Models. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3420-3430. [PMID: 32161121 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The tumor microenvironment plays a key role in cancer development and progression and is involved in resistance to chemo- and immunotherapy. Cancer-associated fibroblast expressing fibroblast-activating protein α (FAPα) is one of the predominant stroma cell types and is involved in resistance to immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We generated OMTX705, a novel antibody-drug conjugate from a humanized anti-FAP antibody linked to a new cytolysin. Here, we studied its antineoplastic activity in vitro and in preclinical mouse models alone and in combination with chemotherapy as well as immunotherapy in PD-1-resistant tumors. RESULTS In Avatar models, OMTX705 showed a 100% tumor growth inhibition and prolonged tumor regressions as single agent and in combination with chemotherapy. Treatment rechallenge following treatment discontinuation induced additional tumor regression, suggesting lack of treatment resistance. In a mouse model with a humanized immune system resistant to PD-1 inhibition, OMTX705 increased tumor infiltration by CD8+ T cells, induced complete regressions, and delayed tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that FAP targeting with OMTX705 represents a novel and potent strategy for cancer treatment, including tumors resistant to immunotherapy, and support its clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno Bockorny
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Oliver Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan A Eisler
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfizenmaier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Pedro P López-Casas
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia Perea
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Gastrointestinal Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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9
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Fibroblasts in urothelial bladder cancer define stroma phenotypes that are associated with clinical outcome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:281. [PMID: 31937798 PMCID: PMC6959241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Little attention was given to the interaction between tumor and stromal cells in urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC). While recent studies point towards the existence of different fibroblast subsets, no comprehensive analyses linking different fibroblast markers to UBC patient survival have been performed so far. Through immunohistochemical analysis of five selected fibroblast markers, namely alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA), CD90/Thy-1, fibroblast activation protein (FAP), platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha and -beta (PDGFRa,-b), this study investigates their association with survival and histopathological characteristics in a cohort of 344 UBC patients, involving both, muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive cases. The data indicates that combinations of stromal markers are more suited to identify prognostic patient subgroups than single marker analysis. Refined stroma-marker-based patient stratification was achieved through cluster analysis and identified a FAP-dominant patient cluster as independent marker for shorter 5-year-survival (HR(95% CI)2.25(1.08–4.67), p = 0.030). Analyses of interactions between fibroblast and CD8a-status identified a potential minority of cases with CD90-defined stroma and high CD8a infiltration showing a good prognosis of more than 80% 5-year-survival. Presented analyses point towards the existence of different stroma-cell subgroups with distinct tumor-modulatory properties and motivate further studies aiming to better understand the molecular tumor–stroma crosstalk in UBC.
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10
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Mizuno R, Kawada K, Sakai Y. Prostaglandin E2/EP Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246254. [PMID: 31835815 PMCID: PMC6940958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is increasing worldwide. Accumulating evidence has shown that the tumor microenvironment (TME), including macrophages, neutrophils, and fibroblasts, plays an important role in the development and progression of CRC. Although targeting the TME could be a promising therapeutic approach, the mechanisms by which inflammatory cells promote CRC tumorigenesis are not well understood. When inflammation occurs in tissues, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is generated from arachidonic acid by the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). PGE2 regulates multiple functions in various immune cells by binding to the downstream receptors EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4, and plays an important role in the development of CRC. The current therapies targeting PGE2 using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or COX-2 inhibitors have failed due to the global prostanoid suppression resulting in the severe adverse effects despite the fact they could prevent tumorigenesis. Therefore, therapies targeting the specific downstream molecules of PGE2 signaling could be a promising approach. This review highlights the role of each EP receptor in the TME of CRC tumorigenesis and their therapeutic potential.
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11
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Coleman DT, Gray AL, Stephens CA, Scott ML, Cardelli JA. Repurposed drug screen identifies cardiac glycosides as inhibitors of TGF-β-induced cancer-associated fibroblast differentiation. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32200-9. [PMID: 27058757 PMCID: PMC5078007 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment, primarily composed of myofibroblasts, directly influences the progression of solid tumors. Through secretion of growth factors, extracellular matrix deposition, and contractile mechanotransduction, myofibroblasts, or cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), support angiogenesis and cancer cell invasion and metastasis. The differentiation of fibroblasts to CAFs is primarily induced by TGF-β from cancer cells. To discover agents capable of blocking CAF differentiation, we developed a high content immunofluorescence-based assay to screen repurposed chemical libraries utilizing fibronectin expression as an initial CAF marker. Screening of the Prestwick chemical library and NIH Clinical Collection repurposed drug library, totaling over 1700 compounds, identified cardiac glycosides as particularly potent CAF blocking agents. Cardiac glycosides are traditionally used to regulate intracellular calcium by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase to control cardiac contractility. Herein, we report that multiple cardiac glycoside compounds, including digoxin, are able to inhibit TGF-β-induced fibronectin expression at low nanomolar concentrations without undesirable cell toxicity. We found this inhibition to hold true for multiple fibroblast cell lines. Using real-time qPCR, we determined that digoxin prevented induction of multiple CAF markers. Furthermore, we report that digoxin is able to prevent TGF-β-induced fibroblast contraction of extracellular matrix, a major phenotypic consequence of CAF differentiation. Assessing the mechanism of inhibition, we found digoxin reduced SMAD promoter activity downstream of TGF-β, and we provide data that the effect is through inhibition of its known target, the Na+/K+ ATPase. These findings support a critical role for calcium signaling during CAF differentiation and highlight a novel, repurposable modality for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Coleman
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Alana L Gray
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Charles A Stephens
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Matthew L Scott
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - James A Cardelli
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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12
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Grisard E, Nicoloso MS. Following MicroRNAs Through the Cancer Metastatic Cascade. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 333:173-228. [PMID: 28729025 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Approximately a decade ago the first MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) participating in cancer metastasis were identified and metastmiRs were initially only a handful. Since those first reports, MiRNA research has explosively thrived, mainly due to their revolutionary mechanism of action and the hope of having at hand a novel tool to control cancer aggressiveness. This has ultimately led to delineate an almost impenetrable regulatory network: hundreds of MiRNAs transversally dominating every aspect of normal and cancer biology, each MiRNA having hundreds of targets and context-dependent activity. Providing a comprehensive description of MiRNA roles in cancer metastasis is a daunting task; nevertheless, we still believe that grasping the big picture of MiRNAs in cancer metastasis can give a different perspective on the potential insights and approaches that MiRNAs can offer to understand cancer complexity (e.g., as predictive and prognostic markers) and to tackle cancer metastasis (e.g., as therapeutic targets or tools). This chapter presents a schematic overview of the role of MiRNAs in governing cancer metastasis, describing step by step the cellular and molecular processes whereby cancer cells conquer distant organs and can grow as secondary tumors at different distant sites, and for each step, we will introduce how MiRNAs impinge on each one of them. We deeply apologize with our colleagues for any of their research work that, for clarity, for our effort to streamline and due to space limitations, we did not cite.
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Strell C, Norberg KJ, Mezheyeuski A, Schnittert J, Kuninty PR, Moro CF, Paulsson J, Schultz NA, Calatayud D, Löhr JM, Frings O, Verbeke CS, Heuchel RL, Prakash J, Johansen JS, Östman A. Stroma-regulated HMGA2 is an independent prognostic marker in PDAC and AAC. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:65-77. [PMID: 28524160 PMCID: PMC5520204 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The HMGA2 protein has experimentally been linked to EMT and cancer stemness. Recent studies imply that tumour–stroma interactions regulate these features and thereby contribute to tumour aggressiveness. Methods: We analysed 253 cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and 155 cases of ampullary adenocarcinoma (AAC) for HMGA2 expression by IHC. The data were correlated with stroma abundance and supplemented by experimental studies. Results: HMGA2 acts as an independent prognostic marker associated with a significantly shorter overall survival in both tumour types. Overall, HMGA2-positivity was more frequent in patients with PDAC than with AAC. The HMGA2 status in tumour cells significantly correlated with the abundance of PDGFRβ-defined stroma cells. In vivo co-injection of Panc-1 cancer cells with pancreatic stellate cells increased tumour growth in a manner associated with increased HMGA2 expression. Furthermore, in vitro treatment of Panc-1 with conditioned media from PDGF-BB-activated stellate cells increased their ability to form tumour spheroids. Conclusions: This study identifies HMGA2 expression in tumour cells as an independent prognostic marker in PDAC and AAC. Correlative data analysis gives novel tissue-based evidence for a heterotypic cross-talk with stroma cells as a possible mechanism for HMGA2 induction, which is further supported by experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Strell
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Karin Jessica Norberg
- Department of Clinical Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital and Division of Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Artur Mezheyeuski
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Jonas Schnittert
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Zuidhorst building, ZH254, Enschede 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Praneeth R Kuninty
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Zuidhorst building, ZH254, Enschede 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Fernández Moro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LabMed) Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Janna Paulsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Nicolai Aagaard Schultz
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Dan Calatayud
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Johannes Matthias Löhr
- Department of Clinical Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital and Division of Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Oliver Frings
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Caroline Sophie Verbeke
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Postbox 1171 Blindern, Oslo 0318, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Postbox 4956 Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Rainer Lothar Heuchel
- Department of Clinical Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital and Division of Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.,Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Zuidhorst building, ZH254, Enschede 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Sidenius Johansen
- Department of Oncology and Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Arne Östman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
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Loomans HA, Arnold SA, Quast LL, Andl CD. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invasion is inhibited by Activin A in ACVRIB-positive cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:873. [PMID: 27829391 PMCID: PMC5101642 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a global public health issue, as it is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. The mechanisms behind ESCC invasion and progression are still poorly understood, and warrant further investigation into these processes and their drivers. In recent years, the ligand Activin A has been implicated as a player in the progression of a number of cancers. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of Activin A signaling in ESCC. Methods To investigate the role Activin A plays in ESCC biology, tissue microarrays containing 200 cores from 120 ESCC patients were analyzed upon immunofluorescence staining. We utilized three-dimensional organotypic reconstruct cultures of dysplastic and esophageal squamous tumor cells lines, in the context of fibroblast-secreted Activin A, to identify the effects of Activin A on cell invasion and determine protein expression and localization in epithelial and stromal compartments by immunofluorescence. To identify the functional consequences of stromal-derived Activin A on angiogenesis, we performed endothelial tube formation assays. Results Analysis of ESCC patient samples indicated that patients with high stromal Activin A expression had low epithelial ACVRIB, the Activin type I receptor. We found that overexpression of stromal-derived Activin A inhibited invasion of esophageal dysplastic squamous cells, ECdnT, and TE-2 ESCC cells, both positive for ACVRIB. This inhibition was accompanied by a decrease in expression of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein fibronectin and podoplanin, which is often expressed at the leading edge during invasion. Endothelial tube formation was disrupted in the presence of conditioned media from fibroblasts overexpressing Activin A. Interestingly, ACVRIB-negative TE-11 cells did not show the prior observed effects in the context of Activin A overexpression, indicating a dependence on the presence of ACVRIB. Conclusions We describe the first observation of an inhibitory role for Activin A in ESCC progression that is dependent on the expression of ACVRIB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2920-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holli A Loomans
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shanna A Arnold
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laura L Quast
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Claudia D Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Building 20, BMS 223, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The histopathological structure of malignant tumours involves two essential compartments - the tumour parenchyma with the actual transformed cells, and the supportive tumour stroma. The latter consists of specialized mesenchymal cells, such as fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes and vascular cells, as well as of their secreted products, including components of the extracellular matrix, matrix modifying enzymes and numerous regulatory growth factors and cytokines. In consequence, the tumour stroma has the ability to influence virtually all aspects of tumour development and progression, including therapeutic response. AIM In this article we review the current knowledge of tumor stroma interactions in urothelial carcinoma and present various experimental systems that are currently in use to unravel the biological basis of these heterotypic cell interactions. RESULTS For urothelial carcinoma, an extensive tumour stroma is quite typical and markers of activated fibroblasts correlate significantly with clinical parameters of advanced disease. Another clinically important variable is provided by the stromal expression of syndecan-1. CONCLUSION Integration of markers of activated stroma into clinical risk evaluation could aid to better stratification of urothelial bladder carcinoma patients. Elucidation of biological mechanisms underlying tumour-stroma interactions could provide new therapeutical targets.
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Kuninty PR, Schnittert J, Storm G, Prakash J. MicroRNA Targeting to Modulate Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2016; 6:3. [PMID: 26835418 PMCID: PMC4717414 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between stromal cells and tumor cells initiates tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Stromal cells include cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated macrophages, pericytes, endothelial cells, and infiltrating immune cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in the tumor microenvironment have emerged as key players involved in the development of cancer and its progression. miRNAs are small endogenous non-protein-coding RNAs that negatively regulate the expression of multiple target genes at post-transcriptional level and thereby control many cellular processes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of miRNAs dysregulated in different stromal cells and their impact on the regulation of intercellular crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss the therapeutic significance potential of miRNAs to modulate the tumor microenvironment. Since miRNA delivery is quite challenging and the biggest hurdle for clinical translation of miRNA therapeutics, we review various non-viral miRNA delivery systems that can potentially be used for targeting miRNA to stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneeth R Kuninty
- Targeted Therapeutics Section, Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede , Netherlands
| | - Jonas Schnittert
- Targeted Therapeutics Section, Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede , Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Targeted Therapeutics Section, Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Targeted Therapeutics Section, Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede , Netherlands
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17
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Carver K, Ming X, Juliano RL. Tumor cell-targeted delivery of nanoconjugated oligonucleotides in composite spheroids. Nucleic Acid Ther 2015; 24:413-9. [PMID: 25238564 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard tissue culture has often been a poor model for predicting the efficacy of anti-cancer agents including oligonucleotides. In contrast to the simplicity of monolayer tissue cultures, a tumor mass includes tightly packed tumor cells, tortuous blood vessels, high levels of extracellular matrix, and stromal cells that support the tumor. These complexities pose a challenge for delivering therapeutic agents throughout the tumor, with many drugs limited to cells proximal to the vasculature. Multicellular tumor spheroids are superior to traditional monolayer cell culture for the assessment of cancer drug delivery, since they possess many of the characteristics of metastatic tumor foci. However, homogeneous spheroids comprised solely of tumor cells do not account for some of the key aspects of metastatic tumors, particularly the interaction with host cells such as fibroblasts. Further, homogeneous culture does not allow for the assessment of targeted delivery to tumor versus host cells. Here we have evaluated delivery of targeted and untargeted oligonucleotide nanoconjugates and of oligonucleotide polyplexes in both homogeneous and composite tumor spheroids. We find that inclusion of fibroblasts in the spheroids reduces delivery efficacy of the polyplexes. In contrast, targeted multivalent RGD-oligonucleotide nanoconjugates were able to effectively discriminate between melanoma cells and fibroblasts, thus providing tumor-selective uptake and pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Carver
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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18
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Horie M, Saito A, Yamaguchi Y, Ohshima M, Nagase T. Three-dimensional Co-culture model for tumor-stromal interaction. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25741617 DOI: 10.3791/52469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression (initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis) occurs through interactions between malignant cells and the surrounding tumor stromal cells. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of a variety of cell types, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular endothelial cells, pericytes and bone-marrow-derived cells, embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have a pro-tumorigenic role through the secretion of soluble factors, angiogenesis and ECM remodeling. The experimental models for cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion have mostly relied on two-dimensional monocellular and monolayer tissue cultures or Boyden chamber assays. However, these experiments do not precisely reflect the physiological or pathological conditions in a diseased organ. To gain a better understanding of tumor stromal or tumor matrix interactions, multicellular and three-dimensional cultures provide more powerful tools for investigating intercellular communication and ECM-dependent modulation of cancer cell behavior. As a platform for this type of study, we present an experimental model in which cancer cells are cultured on collagen gels embedded with primary cultures of CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Horie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Akira Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo;
| | - Yoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Mitsuhiro Ohshima
- Department of Biochemistry, Ohu University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Takahide Nagase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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19
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Translation in solid cancer: are size-based response criteria an anachronism? Clin Transl Oncol 2014; 17:1-10. [PMID: 25073600 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-014-1207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of translation is the development of effective medicinal products based on validated science. A parallel objective is to obtain marketing authorization for the translated product. Unfortunately, in solid cancer, these two objectives are not mutually consistent as evidenced by the contrast between major advances in science and the continuing dismal record of pharmaceutical productivity. If the problem is unrelated to science, then the process of translation may require a closer examination, namely, the criteria for regulatory approval. This realization is important because, in this context, the objective of translation is regulatory approval, and science does not passively translate into useful medicinal products. Today, in solid cancer, response criteria related to tumor size are less useful than during the earlier cytotoxic drugs era; advanced imaging and biomarkers now allow for tracking of the natural history of the disease in the laboratory and the clinic. Also, it is difficult to infer clinical benefit from tumor shrinkage since it is rarely sustained. Accordingly, size-based response criteria may represent an anachronism relative to translation in solid cancer and it may be appropriate to align preclinical and clinical effort and shift the focus to local invasion and metastasis. The shift from a cancer cell-centric model to a stroma centric model offers novel opportunities not only to interupt the natural history of the disease, but also to rethink the relevance of outdated criteria of clinical response. Current evidence favors the opinion that, in solid cancer, a different, broader, and contextual approach may lead to interventions that could delay local invasion and metastasis. All elements supporting this shift, especially advanced imaging, are in place.
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20
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Akagawa S, Ohuchida K, Torata N, Hattori M, Eguchi D, Fujiwara K, Kozono S, Cui L, Ikenaga N, Ohtsuka T, Aishima S, Mizumoto K, Oda Y, Tanaka M. Peritoneal myofibroblasts at metastatic foci promote dissemination of pancreatic cancer. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:113-20. [PMID: 24756180 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts in the stroma of pancreatic cancers promote tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis by increasing extracellular matrix and secretion of several growth factors. In contrast, the role of myofibroblasts at peritoneally disseminated sites of pancreatic cancer has not yet been determined. This study was designed to assess the role of myofibroblasts at peritoneally disseminated sites of pancreatic cancer. Three primary cultures of human peritoneal myofibroblasts (hPMFs) were established from disseminated sites of pancreatic cancer and their interactions with the SUIT-2 and CAPAN-1 human pancreatic cancer cell lines were analyzed in vitro. Using a model in BALB/c nu/nu mice, we compared the dissemination ability of intraperitoneally implanted pancreatic cancer cells, with and without hPMFs, and examined the presence of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled hPMFs at peritoneally disseminated sites in mice. hPMFs significantly promoted the migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells (P<0.05), while the cancer cells significantly promoted the migration and invasion of hPMFs (P<0.05). In vivo, the number of peritoneally disseminated nodules, more than 3 mm in size, was significantly greater in mice implanted with cancer cells plus hPMFs compared to mice implanted with cancer cells alone, with GFP-labeled hPMFs surviving in the peritoneal cavity of the former. hPMFs promote the peritoneal dissemination of pancreatic cancer. The cancer-stromal cell interaction in the peritoneal cavity may be a new therapeutic target to prevent the dissemination of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Akagawa
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenoki Ohuchida
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Torata
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masami Hattori
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Eguchi
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Fujiwara
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Kozono
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Lin Cui
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Ikenaga
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Ohtsuka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Mizumoto
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masao Tanaka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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21
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Håkanson M, Cukierman E, Charnley M. Miniaturized pre-clinical cancer models as research and diagnostic tools. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:52-66. [PMID: 24295904 PMCID: PMC4019677 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Consequently, important resources are directed towards bettering treatments and outcomes. Cancer is difficult to treat due to its heterogeneity, plasticity and frequent drug resistance. New treatment strategies should strive for personalized approaches. These should target neoplastic and/or activated microenvironmental heterogeneity and plasticity without triggering resistance and spare host cells. In this review, the putative use of increasingly physiologically relevant microfabricated cell-culturing systems intended for drug development is discussed. There are two main reasons for the use of miniaturized systems. First, scaling down model size allows for high control of microenvironmental cues enabling more predictive outcomes. Second, miniaturization reduces reagent consumption, thus facilitating combinatorial approaches with little effort and enables the application of scarce materials, such as patient-derived samples. This review aims to give an overview of the state-of-the-art of such systems while predicting their application in cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Håkanson
- CSEM SA, Section for Micro-Diagnostics, 7302 Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Edna Cukierman
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | - Mirren Charnley
- Centre for Micro-Photonics and Industrial Research Institute Swinburne, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia.
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22
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Porretti JC, Mohamad NA, Martín GA, Cricco GP. Fibroblasts induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition in breast tumor cells which is prevented by fibroblasts treatment with histamine in high concentration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:29-38. [PMID: 24685678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells is an essential process in cancer progression. Cancer cells that undergone EMT loose cell-cell contacts, acquire mesenchymal properties and develop migratory and invasive abilities. In previous studies we have demonstrated that histamine may modify the invasive phenotype of pancreatic and mammary tumor cells. In this work we proposed to investigate whether histamine may also influence the interaction between tumor cells and normal fibroblasts. The potential activation of normal CCD-1059Sk fibroblasts by histamine and EMT phenotypic changes induced in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells by the conditioned media (CM) derived from fibroblasts were evaluated. Initially, we determined the presence of H1, H2 and H4 histamine receptors and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) mRNA in CCD-1059Sk fibroblasts. MMP2 gelatinolytic activity, cell migration and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression were increased in fibroblasts by low doses (<1μM) and decreased by high doses (20μM) of histamine. MCF-7 cells cultured with CM from fibroblasts exhibited spindle-shaped morphology, cell spreading and cytoplasmic expression of β-catenin but there was no change in MMP2 activity and cell migration. MDA-MB-231 cells cultured with CM from fibroblasts showed a more elongated phenotype, cell spreading, cytoplasmic β-catenin, increased MMP2 activity and endogenous TGF-β1 expression, and enhanced cell migration and invasion. Notably, all these features were reversed when mammary tumor cells were cultured with CM from fibroblasts treated with 20μM histamine. In conclusion, high doses of histamine may prevent the activation of fibroblasts and also avert the EMT related changes induced in epithelial tumor cells by fibroblasts CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Porretti
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora A Mohamad
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Martín
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela P Cricco
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAB Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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23
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Augsten M. Cancer-associated fibroblasts as another polarized cell type of the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2014; 4:62. [PMID: 24734219 PMCID: PMC3973916 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor- or cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most abundant stromal cell types in different carcinomas and comprise a heterogeneous cell population. Classically, CAFs are assigned with pro-tumorigenic effects stimulating tumor growth and progression. More recent studies demonstrated also tumor-inhibitory effects of CAFs suggesting that tumor-residing fibroblasts exhibit a similar degree of plasticity as other stromal cell types. Reciprocal interactions with the tumor milieu and different sources of origin are emerging as two important factors underlying CAF heterogeneity. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of CAF biology and proposes to expand the term of cellular “polarization,” previously introduced to describe different activation states of various immune cells, onto CAFs to reflect their phenotypic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Augsten
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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24
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Paulsson J, Micke P. Prognostic relevance of cancer-associated fibroblasts in human cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 25:61-8. [PMID: 24560651 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prognostication is an integral part of cancer diagnostic and helps oncologists to guide treatment decisions and therapy intensity. Accumulating evidence suggest that the stroma compartment also contains independent prognostic information, best exemplified by the impact of immune cells and cells of the vasculature on cancer progression. Similarly, strong experimental evidence exist that stromal fibroblasts, often designated cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), are actively involved in tumorigenesis. Thus, it can be anticipated that the molecular repertoire of CAFs is likewise important for the clinical behavior of the tumor. In this review we present recent studies addressing the prognostic impact of CAFs, with the focus on human lung and breast cancer. Several single markers have been suggested, either CAF specific or CAF derived, that in immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated independent association with survival. This includes members of the platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family, CAF-markers like podoplanin and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as well as transcription factors (FoxF1) and secreted factors (matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), SPARC). However, most studies are based on explorative evaluations on single patient cohorts and require further validation. Using a more comprehensive approach, microarray studies have been employed to create gene expression signatures that detect an activated fibroblast state. These "stroma signatures" have been applied to identify specific CAF features associated with prognosis in several independent data sets of breast and lung cancer patients. Early studies in breast cancer have also demonstrated that fibroblast features influence therapy response. Thus, many strategies have been used to present encouraging proof-of-concept findings that CAFs could be exploited for prognostication. However, these studies also highlight the difficulties to conclusively define an "activated stroma" and to identify the individual factors involved in clinically relevant tumor-stroma interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Paulsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Effects of activated fibroblasts on phenotype modulation, EGFR signalling and cell cycle regulation in OSCC cells. Exp Cell Res 2014; 322:402-14. [PMID: 24394543 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells is suggested to mediate phenotype transition of cancer cells as a prerequisite for tumour progression, to predict patients' outcome, and to influence the efficacy of EGFR inhibitor therapies. Here we investigate the influence of activated fibroblasts as a model for CAFs on phenotype and EGFR signalling in OSCC cells in vitro. For this, immortalised hTERT-BJ1 fibroblasts were activated with TGFβ1 and PDGFAB to generate a myofibroblast or proliferative phenotype, respectively. Conditioned media (FCMTGF, FCMPDGF) were used to stimulate PE/CA-PJ15 OSCC cells. Results were compared to the effect of conditioned media of non-stimulated fibroblasts (FCMB). FCMTGF stimulation leads to an up-regulation of vimentin in the OSCC cells and an enhancement of invasive behaviour, indicating EMT-like effects. Similarly, FCMTGF≫FCMPDGF induced up-regulation of EGFR, but not of ErbB2/ErbB3. In addition, we detected an increase in basal activities of ERK, PI3K/Akt and Stat3 (FCMTGF>FCMPDGF) accompanied by protein interaction of vimentin with pERK. These effects are correlated with an increased proliferation. In summary, our results suggest that the activated myofibroblast phenotype provides soluble factors which are able to induce EMT-like phenomena and to increase EGFR signalling as well as cell proliferation in OSCC cells. Our results indicate a possible influence of activated myofibroblasts on EGFR-inhibitor therapy. Therefore, CAFs may serve as promising novel targets for combined therapy strategies.
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26
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Schellerer VS, Langheinrich M, Hohenberger W, Croner RS, Merkel S, Rau TT, Stürzl M, Naschberger E. Tumor-associated fibroblasts isolated from colorectal cancer tissues exhibit increased ICAM-1 expression and affinity for monocytes. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:255-61. [PMID: 24253852 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) is strongly associated with inflammation and other desmoplastic reactions in the tumor cell-surrounding tissue. We successfully isolated fibroblasts from the desmoplastic stroma of human CRC specimens and uninvolved colon tissue of patients treated surgically for CRC and investigated potential functional capacities. All of the isolated fibroblasts were vimentin-positive and CK-20/CD45-negative confirming the fibroblast phenotype. Differential expression patterns were detected between tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) and normal tissue-associated fibroblasts (NAFs) regarding intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. In 11 of 12 TAF cultures, basal ICAM-1 expression was increased as compared to corresponding NAF cultures (p=0.001). After stimulation of the cultures with interleukin-1β, 8 of the 12 TAF cultures presented higher ICAM-1 levels when compared with the level in the corresponding NAF cultures (p=0.001). Moreover, the adhesive capacity of these cultures for U937 was increased in 8 out of 10 unstimulated and in 10 out of 10 stimulated cultures when TAFs and NAFs were compared. In corresponding tumor tissue sections from the same patients, the amount of ICAM-1-positive fibroblasts was significantly higher than that in the corresponding normal colon mucosa, indicating a tumor-specific effect that was maintained in the isolated cultures. These results indicate that fibroblasts from CRC tissue exhibit an increased affinity for monocytic cells. This increased intercellular interaction may contribute to elongated residence times of monocytes in CRC tissue. Therefore, these isolated fibroblasts are a useful tool for further functional investigation of desmoplastic tissue reactions in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera S Schellerer
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Ehnman M, Östman A. Therapeutic targeting of platelet-derived growth factor receptors in solid tumors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 23:211-26. [PMID: 24206431 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.847086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic aberrations that are associated with platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) activity are frequently found in glioblastomas (10 - 15%), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (≤ 100%) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (5%). Sequencing studies have also identified mutations at lower frequency in common cancer types. Preclinical evidence further suggests tumor stimulatory roles of PDGFRs expressed by tumor stroma cells and indicates a deleterious effect of stromal PDGFRs on intratumoral drug uptake. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the present understanding of PDGF signaling in solid tumors based on experimental studies and clinical findings. It also provides a discussion of selected ongoing efforts to develop novel cancer therapies involving PDGFR inhibition with tyrosine kinase inhibitors or PDGFR-targeting monoclonal antibodies. EXPERT OPINION An increased molecular understanding of response and resistance mechanisms will be essential for therapeutic advances in PDGFR-directed cancer therapy. Further developments rely on clinical studies where systematic analyses of target status in malignant cells and in cells of the tumor stroma are included. Studies with combination therapies will be facilitated by selective PDGFR inhibitors with reduced side effects. Finally, development of improved companion diagnostics is of critical importance for patient selection and monitoring of therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ehnman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology-Pathology , SE-17177 Stockholm , Sweden
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28
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Costa EC, Gaspar VM, Marques JG, Coutinho P, Correia IJ. Evaluation of nanoparticle uptake in co-culture cancer models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70072. [PMID: 23922909 PMCID: PMC3724604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-culture models are currently bridging the gap between classical cultures and in vivo animal models. Exploring this novel approach unlocks the possibility to mimic the tumor microenvironment in vitro, through the establishment of cancer-stroma synergistic interactions. Notably, these organotypic models offer a perfect platform for the development and pre-clinical evaluation of candidate nanocarriers loaded with anti-tumoral drugs in a high throughput screening mode, with lower costs and absence of ethical issues. However, this evaluation was until now limited to co-culture systems established with precise cell ratios, not addressing the natural cell heterogeneity commonly found in different tumors. Therefore, herein the multifunctional nanocarriers efficiency was characterized in various fibroblast-MCF-7 co-culture systems containing different cell ratios, in order to unravel key design parameters that influence nanocarrier performance and the therapeutic outcome. The successful establishment of the co-culture models was confirmed by the tissue-like distribution of the different cells in culture. Nanoparticles incubation in the various co-culture systems reveals that these nanocarriers possess targeting specificity for cancer cells, indicating their suitability for being used in this illness therapy. Additionally, by using different co-culture ratios, different nanoparticle uptake profiles were obtained. These findings are of crucial importance for the future design and optimization of new drug delivery systems, since their real targeting capacity must be addressed in heterogenous cell populations, such as those found in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete C Costa
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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29
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Raz Y, Erez N. An inflammatory vicious cycle: Fibroblasts and immune cell recruitment in cancer. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1596-603. [PMID: 23567181 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been established as a key component of the crosstalk between tumor cells and their microenvironment. The ability of CAFs to orchestrate tumor-promoting inflammation is central to their role in facilitating tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Here we review pathways by which CAFs and their soluble mediators provide multiple complex signals that modulate the recruitment, functional activation status, and retention of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Raz
- Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sorasky Medical Center, affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
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30
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Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts are a promising therapeutic target. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:149-69. [PMID: 24216702 PMCID: PMC3730310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human carcinomas frequently exhibit significant stromal reactions such as the so-called "desmoplastic stroma" or "reactive stroma", which is characterised by the existence of large numbers of stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are rich in activated fibroblast populations exemplified by myofibroblasts, are among the predominant cell types present within the tumour-associated stroma. Increased numbers of stromal myofibroblasts are often associated with high-grade malignancies with poor prognoses in humans. CAF myofibroblasts possess abilities to promote primary tumour development, growth and progression by stimulating the processes of neoangiogenesis as well as tumour cell proliferation, survival, migration and invasion. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that CAFs serve as a niche supporting the metastatic colonisation of disseminated carcinoma cells in distant organs. Their contribution to primary and secondary malignancies makes these fibroblasts a potential therapeutic target and they also appear to be relevant to the development of drug resistance and tumour recurrence. This review summarises our current knowledge of tumour-promoting CAFs and discusses the therapeutic feasibility of targeting these cells as well as disrupting heterotypic interactions with other cell types in tumours that may improve the efficacy of current anti-tumour therapies.
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31
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Abstract
Human carcinomas frequently exhibit significant stromal reactions such as the so-called "desmoplastic stroma" or "reactive stroma", which is characterised by the existence of large numbers of stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are rich in activated fibroblast populations exemplified by myofibroblasts, are among the predominant cell types present within the tumour-associated stroma. Increased numbers of stromal myofibroblasts are often associated with high-grade malignancies with poor prognoses in humans. CAF myofibroblasts possess abilities to promote primary tumour development, growth and progression by stimulating the processes of neoangiogenesis as well as tumour cell proliferation, survival, migration and invasion. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that CAFs serve as a niche supporting the metastatic colonisation of disseminated carcinoma cells in distant organs. Their contribution to primary and secondary malignancies makes these fibroblasts a potential therapeutic target and they also appear to be relevant to the development of drug resistance and tumour recurrence. This review summarises our current knowledge of tumour-promoting CAFs and discusses the therapeutic feasibility of targeting these cells as well as disrupting heterotypic interactions with other cell types in tumours that may improve the efficacy of current anti-tumour therapies.
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32
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Servais C, Erez N. From sentinel cells to inflammatory culprits: cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumour-related inflammation. J Pathol 2012; 229:198-207. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Servais
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel 69978
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel 69978
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