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Kiełbowski K, Stańska W, Bakinowska E, Rusiński M, Pawlik A. The Role of Alarmins in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, and Psoriasis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3640-3675. [PMID: 38666958 PMCID: PMC11049642 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alarmins are immune-activating factors released after cellular injury or death. By secreting alarmins, cells can interact with immune cells and induce a variety of inflammatory responses. The broad family of alarmins involves several members, such as high-mobility group box 1, S100 proteins, interleukin-33, and heat shock proteins, among others. Studies have found that the concentrations and expression profiles of alarmins are altered in immune-mediated diseases. Furthermore, they are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions. The aim of this narrative review is to present the current evidence on the role of alarmins in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and psoriasis. We discuss their potential involvement in mechanisms underlying the progression of these diseases and whether they could become therapeutic targets. Moreover, we summarize the impact of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of these diseases on the expression of alarmins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajetan Kiełbowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Wiktoria Stańska
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Estera Bakinowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Marcin Rusiński
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (E.B.); (M.R.)
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Bartels YL, van Lent PLEM, van der Kraan PM, Blom AB, Bonger KM, van den Bosch MHJ. Inhibition of TLR4 signalling to dampen joint inflammation in osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:608-618. [PMID: 37788083 PMCID: PMC10907820 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Local and systemic low-grade inflammation, mainly involving the innate immune system, plays an important role in the development of OA. A receptor playing a key role in initiation of this inflammation is the pattern-recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In the joint, various ligands for TLR4, many of which are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are present that can activate TLR4 signalling. This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators that cause joint damage. In this narrative review, we will first discuss the involvement of TLR4 ligands and signalling in OA. Furthermore, we will provide an overview of methods for inhibit, TLR4 signalling by RNA interference, neutralizing anti-TLR4 antibodies, small molecules and inhibitors targeting the TLR4 co-receptor MD2. Finally, we will focus on possible applications and challenges of these strategies in the dampening of inflammation in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L Bartels
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly M Bonger
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Roebuck MM, Jamal J, Lane B, Wood A, Santini A, Wong PF, Bou-Gharios G, Frostick SP. Cartilage debris and osteoarthritis risk factors influence gene expression in the synovium in end stage osteoarthritis. Knee 2022; 37:47-59. [PMID: 35679783 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression in healthy synovium remains poorly characterised. Thus, synovial functional activity changes associated with osteoarthritis (OA) are difficult to define. This study sought to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG) of end-stage OA and assess the influence of OA risk factors on these DEG. METHODS Anonymised patient clinical data and x-ray images were analysed. Osteoarthritic and non-osteoarthritic patients with soft tissue or traumatic knee injuries were matched for body mass index (BMI) and sex. Tissue samples were partitioned for immunocytochemistry (IHC) and microarray analysis. Multiple bioinformatics applications were utilised to determine changes in functional and canonical pathway activation. RESULTS Age, disease-modifying injections and hypertension were confounding factors between patient groups. Inflammation was present in all tissues. Cartilage debris and inflammatory aggregates were noted in many osteoarthritic patient tissues. IHC and expression analyses revealed upregulation of synoviolin 1 (SYVN1) in osteoarthritic synovium. Significant differential expression was noted in 2084 genes. Osteoarthritic synovium displayed a significant upregulation of 95% of DEG coding for proteins, relative to non-osteoarthritic synovium tissues. Unfolded protein response (UPR)-related genes were upregulated in osteoarthritic synovium; gene expression of molecules within many canonical pathways including protein ubiquitination and UPR pathways was modified by BMI and sex. CONCLUSIONS The synovium of all three pathologies exhibited elements of an inflammatory response. Cartilage debris, age, BMI and sex influence DEG of osteoarthritic synovium. UPR pathway is the top deregulated canonical pathway identified in osteoarthritic synovium regardless of BMI and sex, while typical OA-associated inflammatory and matrix gene responses were minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Roebuck
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Juliana Jamal
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Brian Lane
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Wood
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Santini
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Life Science, The University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Pooi-Fong Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Frostick
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, United Kingdom
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Gullo TR, Golightly YM, Flowers P, Jordan JM, Renner JB, Schwartz TA, Kraus VB, Hannan MT, Cleveland RJ, Nelson AE. Joint hypermobility is not positively associated with prevalent multiple joint osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study of older adults. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:165. [PMID: 30975124 PMCID: PMC6460832 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study evaluated associations of joint hypermobility and multiple joint osteoarthritis (MJOA) in a community-based cohort of adults 45+ years of age. METHODS MJOA and joint hypermobility data were from 1677 participants (mean age 69 years, 68% women) who completed research clinic visits during 2003-2010. Prevalent MJOA was defined in four ways. Radiographic OA (rOA) was defined as Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) > 2 at any included study joint; symptomatic OA (sxOA) required both symptoms and rOA in a joint. Joint hypermobility was defined as a Beighton score of > 4. Separate logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) between joint hypermobility and each MJOA definition, adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index, and baseline visit. RESULTS In this cohort, 4% had Beighton score > 4 and 63% met any definition of MJOA. Joint hypermobility was associated with significantly lower odds of radiographic and symptomatic MJOA-1 (multiple joint OA-definition 1: involvement of > 1 IP (interphalangeal) nodes and > 2 sites of hip, knee, and spine; 74 and 58% lower, respectively). However, for the other MJOA definitions (i.e., MJOA-2:involvement of > 2 IP joints, > 1 carpometacarpal [CMC] joints, and knee or hip sites; MJOA-3: involvement of > 5 joint sites from among distal interphalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, CMC, hip, knee, or spine sites; and MJOA-4:involvement of > 2 lower body sites (hip, knee, or spine), there were no statistically significant associations. For associations between site-specific hypermobility and any MJOA definition, most adjusted ORs were less than one, but few were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Overall, joint hypermobility was not positively associated with any definition of prevalent MJOA in this cohort, and an inverse association existed with one definition of MJOA. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the contribution of hypermobility to the incidence and progression of MJOA outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese R Gullo
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yvonne M Golightly
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, 3300 Doc J. Thurston Building, Campus Box #7280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7280, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
- Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Portia Flowers
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, 3300 Doc J. Thurston Building, Campus Box #7280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7280, USA
| | - Joanne M Jordan
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, 3300 Doc J. Thurston Building, Campus Box #7280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7280, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Jordan B Renner
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, 3300 Doc J. Thurston Building, Campus Box #7280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7280, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Todd A Schwartz
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, 3300 Doc J. Thurston Building, Campus Box #7280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7280, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Marian T Hannan
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Cleveland
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, 3300 Doc J. Thurston Building, Campus Box #7280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7280, USA
| | - Amanda E Nelson
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, 3300 Doc J. Thurston Building, Campus Box #7280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7280, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
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Ruan G, Xu J, Wang K, Zheng S, Wu J, Ren J, Bian F, Chang B, Zhu Z, Han W, Ding C. Associations between serum S100A8/S100A9 and knee symptoms, joint structures and cartilage enzymes in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:99-105. [PMID: 30240939 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal studies suggest that S100A8/S100A9 may be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA); however, there has been no clinical study examining the associations between serum S100A8/S100A9 and knee symptoms, joint structures and cartilage degradation enzymes in knee OA patients so far. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the cross-sectional associations between serum levels of S100A8/S100A9 and the outcomes in patients with knee OA. DESIGN A total of 141 subjects with clinical knee OA were included. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score was used to assess joint symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure knee structural abnormalities including cartilage defects. Knee radiography was used to assess joint space narrowing (JSN), osteophytes and the radiographic severity of OA. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum levels of S100A8/S100A9, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP10 and MMP13. RESULTS In multivariable analyses, serum S100A8/S100A9 were positively associated with total WOMAC score (β: 0.111 per 10 ng/ml, P = 0.021), WOMAC weight-bearing pain (β: 0.015 per 10 ng/ml, P = 0.043) and WOMAC physical dysfunction (β: 0.091 per 10 ng/ml, P = 0.010), and had positive associations with total cartilage defects and cartilage defects at lateral femoral, lateral tibial and medial femoral sites (ORs: 1.006-1.008 per 10 ng/ml, all P < 0.05) and serum levels of MMP3 (β: 0.002 per 10 ng/ml, P = 0.032) in patients with clinical knee OA. CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of S100A8/S100A9 were positively associated with increased knee symptoms, cartilage defects and serum cartilage degradation enzymes in patients with knee OA, suggesting that S100A8/S100A9 may have a role to play in knee OA. Future longitudinal studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ruan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Arthritis Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - J Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Arthritis Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - K Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Arthritis Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - S Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Arthritis Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - J Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Arthritis Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - J Ren
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Arthritis Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - F Bian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Arthritis Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - B Chang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Arthritis Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Z Zhu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - W Han
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - C Ding
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Arthritis Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Thudium CS, Löfvall H, Karsdal MA, Bay-Jensen AC, Bihlet AR. Protein biomarkers associated with pain mechanisms in osteoarthritis. J Proteomics 2019; 190:55-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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van Dalen SCM, Blom AB, Slöetjes AW, Helsen MMA, Roth J, Vogl T, van de Loo FAJ, Koenders MI, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB, van den Bosch MHJ, van Lent PLEM. Interleukin-1 is not involved in synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction in collagenase-induced osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:385-396. [PMID: 27654963 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an alleged important cytokine in osteoarthritis (OA), although the exact contribution of IL-1 to joint destruction remains unclear. Here we investigated the involvement of IL-1α and IL-1β in joint pathology during collagenase-induced OA (CiOA). METHODS CiOA was induced in wild type (WT) and IL-1αβ-/- mice. Additionally, IL-1 signaling was inhibited in WT mice with CiOA using osmotic pumps containing IL-1RA. Joint pathology was assessed using histology. Activity of cartilage-degrading enzymes was determined using antibodies against aggrecan neo-epitopes VDIPEN and NITEGE. Synovial gene expression was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Serum protein levels were measured with Luminex or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Synovial IL-1β expression was strongly elevated 7 days after induction of CiOA in WT mice but decreased afterwards, whereas S100A8/A9, previously described to aggravate OA, remained elevated for 21 days. Remarkably, synovial inflammation was comparable between WT and IL-1αβ-/- mice on day 7 of CiOA. In line, synovial mRNA expression of genes involved in IL-1 signaling and inflammatory mediators was comparable between WT and IL-1αβ-/- mice, and serum levels for Keratinocyte Chemoattractant (KC)/IL-6/S100A8/S100A9/IL-10 were equal. Synovial matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)/aggrecanase expression and activity in cartilage was not different in WT and IL-1αβ-/- mice on day 7 of CiOA. Cartilage destruction on day 42 was not different between WT and IL-1αβ-/- mice, which was supported by our finding that IL-1RA treatment in WT mice with CiOA did not alter joint destruction. CONCLUSIONS IL-1α and IL-1β are not involved in synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction during CiOA, implicating that other mediators are responsible for the joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C M van Dalen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - A B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - A W Slöetjes
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M M A Helsen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - J Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - T Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - F A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M I Koenders
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - W B van den Berg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M H J van den Bosch
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Bay-Jensen AC, Reker D, Kjelgaard-Petersen CF, Mobasheri A, Karsdal MA, Ladel C, Henrotin Y, Thudium CS. Osteoarthritis year in review 2015: soluble biomarkers and the BIPED criteria. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:9-20. [PMID: 26707988 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and summarize biomarker data published from April 2014 to May 2015 to provide insight to the ongoing work in the field of osteoarthritis (OA). Furthermore, to summarize the BIPED criteria and set it in context of the medical needs of 2015. METHODS PubMed was used as searching machine: Time period 2014/04/01-2015/05/01, MeSH term [Biomarker] AND [Osteoarthritis], Language; English, Full text available. Reviews were excluded. Only papers describing protein based biomarkers measured in human body fluids from OA patients were included. RESULTS Biomarkers of joint tissue turnover, cytokines, chemokines and peptide arrays were measured in different cohorts and studies. Amongst those were previously tested biomarkers such as osteocalcin, Carboxy-terminal cross-linked fragment of type II collagen (CTX-II) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). A majority of the biomarker were classified as I, B or B biomarkers according to the BIPED criteria. Work is continuing on testing biomarkers in OA. There is still a huge, unmet medical need to identify, test, validate and qualify novel and well-known biomarkers. A pre-requisite for this is better characterization and classification of biomarkers to their needs, which may not be reached before higher understanding of OA phenotypes has been gained. In addition, we provide some references to some recent guidelines from Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) on qualification and usage of biomarkers for drug development and personalized medicine, which may provide value to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bay-Jensen
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - D Reker
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - A Mobasheri
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, United Kingdom; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Karsdal
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | - C Ladel
- OA Research & Early Clinical Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Y Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropole Liège, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, Liège, Belgium
| | - C S Thudium
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
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Ometto F, Friso L, Astorri D, Botsios C, Raffeiner B, Punzi L, Doria A. Calprotectin in rheumatic diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:859-873. [PMID: 27895095 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216681551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin is a heterodimer formed by two proteins, S100A8 and S100A9, which are mainly produced by activated monocytes and neutrophils in the circulation and in inflamed tissues. The implication of calprotectin in the inflammatory process has already been demonstrated, but its role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and monitoring of rheumatic diseases has gained great attention in recent years. Calprotectin, being stable at room temperature, is a candidate biomarker for the follow-up of disease activity in many autoimmune disorders, where it can predict response to treatment or disease relapse. There is evidence that a number of immunomodulators, including TNF-α inhibitors, may reduce calprotectin expression. S100A8 and S100A9 have a potential role as a target of treatment in murine models of autoimmune disorders, since the direct or indirect blockade of these proteins results in amelioration of the disease process. In this review, we will go over the biologic functions of calprotectin which might be involved in the etiology of rheumatic disorders. We will also report evidence of its potential use as a disease biomarker. Impact statement Calprotectin is an acute-phase protein produced by monocytes and neutrophils in the circulation and inflamed tissues. Calprotectin seems to be more sensitive than CRP, being able to detect minimal residual inflammation and is a candidate biomarker in inflammatory diseases. High serum levels are associated with some severe manifestations of rheumatic diseases, such as glomerulonephritis and lung fibrosis. Calprotectin levels in other fluids, such as saliva and synovial fluid, might be helpful in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. Of interest is also the potential role of calprotectin as a target of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ometto
- Medicine Department - DIMED, Rheumatology Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Lara Friso
- Medicine Department - DIMED, Rheumatology Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Davide Astorri
- Medicine Department - DIMED, Rheumatology Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Costantino Botsios
- Medicine Department - DIMED, Rheumatology Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Bernd Raffeiner
- Medicine Department - DIMED, Rheumatology Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Leonardo Punzi
- Medicine Department - DIMED, Rheumatology Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Medicine Department - DIMED, Rheumatology Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
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Inflammation in joint injury and post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1825-34. [PMID: 26521728 PMCID: PMC4630675 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a variable feature of osteoarthritis (OA), associated with joint symptoms and progression of disease. Signs of inflammation can be observed in joint fluids and tissues from patients with joint injuries at risk for development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Furthermore, inflammatory mechanisms are hypothesized to contribute to the risk of OA development and progression after injury. Animal models of PTOA have been instrumental in understanding factors and mechanisms involved in chronic progressive cartilage degradation observed after a predisposing injury. Specific aspects of inflammation observed in humans, including cytokine and chemokine production, synovial reaction, cellular infiltration and inflammatory pathway activation, are also observed in models of PTOA. Many of these models are now being utilized to understand the impact of post-injury inflammatory response on PTOA development and progression, including risk of progressive cartilage degeneration and development of chronic symptoms post-injury. As evidenced from these models, a vigorous inflammatory response occurs very early after joint injury but is then sustained at a lower level at the later phases. This early inflammatory response contributes to the development of PTOA features including cartilage erosion and is potentially modifiable, but specific mediators may also play a role in tissue repair. Although the optimal approach and timing of anti-inflammatory interventions after joint injury are yet to be determined, this body of work should provide hope for the future of disease modification tin PTOA.
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