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Youse MS, Abutaleb NS, Nocentini A, S Abdelsattar A, Ali F, Supuran CT, Seleem MN, Flaherty DP. Optimization of Ethoxzolamide Analogs with Improved Pharmacokinetic Properties for In Vivo Efficacy against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Med Chem 2024; 67:15537-15556. [PMID: 39141375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Drug-resistant gonorrhea is caused by the bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, for which there is no recommended oral treatment. We have demonstrated that the FDA-approved human carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ethoxzolamide potently inhibits N. gonorrhoeae; however, is not effective at reducing N. gonorrhoeae bioburden in a mouse model. Thus, we sought to optimize the pharmacokinetic properties of the ethoxzolamide scaffold. These efforts resulted in analogs with improved activity against N. gonorrhoeae, increased metabolic stability in mouse liver microsomes, and improved Caco-2 permeability compared to ethoxzolamide. Improvement in these properties resulted in increased plasma exposure in vivo after oral dosing. Top compounds were investigated for in vivo efficacy in a vaginal mouse model of gonococcal genital tract infection, and they significantly decreased the gonococcal burden compared to vehicle and ethoxzolamide controls. Altogether, results from this study provide evidence that ethoxzolamide-based compounds have the potential to be effective oral therapeutics against gonococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Youse
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze 50122, Italy
| | - Abdallah S Abdelsattar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Farman Ali
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze 50122, Italy
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Zhao Q, Telu S, Jana S, Morse CL, Pike VW. Isotopologues of potassium 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxide for applications in positron emission tomography and beyond. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5798. [PMID: 38987549 PMCID: PMC11237122 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy group increasingly features in drugs and potential tracers for biomedical imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Herein, we describe a rapid and transition metal-free conversion of fluoroform with paraformaldehyde into highly reactive potassium 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxide (CF3CH2OK) and demonstrate robust applications of this synthon in one-pot, two-stage 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxylations of both aromatic and aliphatic precursors. Moreover, we show that these transformations translate easily to fluoroform that has been labeled with either carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) or fluorine-18 (t1/2 = 109.8 min), so allowing the appendage of complex molecules with a no-carrier-added 11C- or 18F- 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy group. This provides scope to create candidate PET tracers with radioactive and metabolically stable 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy moieties. We also exemplify syntheses of isotopologues of potassium 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxide and show their utility for stable isotopic labeling which can be of further benefit for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunchao Zhao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Sanjay Telu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA.
| | - Susovan Jana
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Cheryl L Morse
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA.
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3
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Shim SY. Late-Stage C-H Activation of Drug (Derivative) Molecules with Pd(ll) Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302620. [PMID: 37846586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
This review comprehensively analyses representative examples of Pd(II)-catalyzed late-stage C-H activation reactions and demonstrates their efficacy in converting C-H bonds at multiple positions within drug (derivative) molecules into diverse functional groups. These transformative reactions hold immense potential in medicinal chemistry, enabling the efficient and selective functionalization of specific sites within drug molecules, thereby enhancing their pharmacological activity and expanding the scope of potential drug candidates. Although notable articles have focused on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug-like molecules using transition-metal catalysts, reviews specifically focusing on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug (derivative) molecules using Pd(II) catalysts are required owing to their prominence as the most widely utilized metal catalysts for C-H activation and their ability to introduce a myriad of functional groups at specific C-H bonds. The utilization of Pd-catalyzed C-H activation methodologies demonstrates impressive success in introducing various functional groups, such as cyano (CN), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), aromatic rings, olefin, alkyl, alkyne, and hydroxyl groups, to drug (derivative) molecules with high regioselectivity and functional-group tolerance. These breakthroughs in late-stage C-H activation reactions serve as invaluable tools for drug discovery and development, thereby offering strategic options to optimize drug candidates and drive the exploration of innovative therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yong Shim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
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4
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Park SH, Lee S. Selective Synthesis of ( Z)- and ( E)-β-Fluoro-α,β-Unsaturated Amides Using Palladium-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation. Org Lett 2023; 25:6925-6930. [PMID: 37690119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The selective synthesis of (Z)- and (E)-β-fluoro-α,β-unsaturated amides via the palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of 1-fluoro-2,2-diiodovinylarenes is described in the present study. Using {Pd(allyl)Cl}2 as a catalyst and DBU as a base in DMF, the primary product is (Z)-isomers. Conversely, the use of a Xantphos ligand along with {Pd(allyl)Cl}2 and Et3N as the bases in 1,4-dioxane leads to the selective formation of (E)-isomers. Notably, 1-fluoro-2,2-diiodovinylarenes with various substituents on the phenyl ring react with various secondary amines, producing the corresponding (Z)-isomeric amides with a high yield and selectivity. In contrast, (E)-isomeric amides exhibit lower yields and restricted applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Chiodi D, Ishihara Y. "Magic Chloro": Profound Effects of the Chlorine Atom in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2023; 66:5305-5331. [PMID: 37014977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is one of the most common atoms present in small-molecule drugs beyond carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. There are currently more than 250 FDA-approved chlorine-containing drugs, yet the beneficial effect of the chloro substituent has not yet been reviewed. The seemingly simple substitution of a hydrogen atom (R = H) with a chlorine atom (R = Cl) can result in remarkable improvements in potency of up to 100,000-fold and can lead to profound effects on pharmacokinetic parameters including clearance, half-life, and drug exposure in vivo. Following the literature terminology of the "magic methyl effect" in drugs, the term "magic chloro effect" has been coined herein. Although reports of 500-fold or 1000-fold potency improvements are often serendipitous discoveries that can be considered "magical" rather than planned, hypotheses made to explain the magic chloro effect can lead to lessons that accelerate the cycle of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Tian Q, Yin X, Sun R, Wu X, Li Y. The lower the better: Efficient carbonylative reactions under atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxide. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Jia Q, Ni Y, Liu Z, Gu X, Cui Z, Fan M, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Ma J. Fast Prediction of Lipophilicity of Organofluorine Molecules: Deep Learning-Derived Polarity Characters and Experimental Tests. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:4928-4936. [PMID: 36223527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fast and accurate estimation of lipophilicity for organofluorine molecules is in great demand for accelerating drug and materials discovery. A lipophilicity data set of organofluorine molecules (OFL data set), containing 1907 samples, is constructed through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental measurements. An efficient and interpretable model, called PoLogP, is developed to predict the n-octanol/water partition coefficient, log Po/w, of organofluorine molecules on the basis of the descriptors of polarization, which is a combination of polarity descriptors, including the molecular polarity index and molecular polarizability (α), and hydrogen bond (HBs) index, consisting of the number of donors (NHBD) and acceptors (NHBA and NHB-FA). The present PoLogP with a combination of polarity descriptors is demonstrated to perform better than the dipole moment (μ) alone for the F-contained molecules. With the aid of a multilevel attention graph convolutional neural network model, the fast generation of polarity descriptors of organofluorine molecules could be achieved with the DFT accuracy based only on a topological molecular graph structure. The performance of PoLogP is further validated on synthesized organofluorine molecules and 2626 non-fluorinated molecules with satisfactory accuracy, highlighting the potential usage of PoLogP in high-throughput screening of the functional molecules with the desired solubility in various solvent media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ziteng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Fan
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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8
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Harry SA, Kazim M, Nguyen PM, Zhu A, Xiang MR, Catazaro J, Siegler M, Lectka T. The Close Interaction of a C-F Bond with an Amide Carbonyl: Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207966. [PMID: 35716396 PMCID: PMC9544880 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The putative interaction of a C-F bond with an amide carbonyl has been an intriguing topic of interest in this century for reasons spanning basic physical organic chemistry to biochemistry. However, to date, there exist no examples of a close, well-defined interaction in which its unique aspects can be identified and exploited. Herein, we finally present an engineered system possessing an exceptionally tight C-F-amide interaction, allowing us to obtain spectroscopic, crystallographic, and kinetic details of a distinctive, biochemically relevant chemical system for the first time. In turn, we also explore Lewis acid coordination, C-F bond promotion of amide isomerization, enantiomerization, and ion protonation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Andrew Harry
- Department of ChemistryJohns Hopkins University3400 N. Charles St.BaltimoreMD 21218USA
| | - Muhammad Kazim
- Department of ChemistryJohns Hopkins University3400 N. Charles St.BaltimoreMD 21218USA
| | - Phuong Minh Nguyen
- Department of ChemistryJohns Hopkins University3400 N. Charles St.BaltimoreMD 21218USA
| | | | - Michael Richard Xiang
- Department of ChemistryJohns Hopkins University3400 N. Charles St.BaltimoreMD 21218USA
| | - Jonathan Catazaro
- Department of ChemistryJohns Hopkins University3400 N. Charles St.BaltimoreMD 21218USA
| | - Maxime Siegler
- Department of ChemistryJohns Hopkins University3400 N. Charles St.BaltimoreMD 21218USA
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of ChemistryJohns Hopkins University3400 N. Charles St.BaltimoreMD 21218USA
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9
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Structural, spectroscopic and biological study of trifluoroethyl methansulfonate (methylsulfonyl), TFMSMS. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Pirnot MT, Mao E, Lam YH, Limanto J, Cohen RD, Chung CK, Phillips EM. A Diastereoselective Method for the Construction of syn-2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoronucleosides. Org Lett 2022; 24:4860-4864. [PMID: 35793545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A general and diastereoselective fluorination/glycosylation strategy for the synthesis of 2'-fluorinated nucleosides has been developed. Electrophilic fluorination of a glycal with NFSI provided the 1',2'-difunctionalized furanoside intermediate with high diastereoselectivity. The TBS-protected 2'-deoxyfluorosulfonimide sugar was prepared on an 80 g scale and isolated as a crystalline, bench-stable single diastereomer. This intermediate was found to undergo a subsequent glycosylation reaction with a variety of heteroaryl nucleophiles with generally good diastereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Pirnot
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Edna Mao
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John Limanto
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ryan D Cohen
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cheol K Chung
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric M Phillips
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Harry SA, Kazim M, Nguyen PM, Zhu A, Xiang MR, Catazaro J, Siegler M, Lectka T. The Close Interaction of a C‐F Bond with an Amide Carbonyl: Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Andrew Harry
- Johns Hopkins University Chemistry 3400 n Charles 21212 Baltimore UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Andrea Zhu
- Johns Hopkins University chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Lectka
- Johns Hopkins University Chemistry 3400 N. Charles Street 21218-2685 Baltimore UNITED STATES
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12
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Tris(5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)antimony dicarboxylates (2-MeO-5-ClC6H3)3Sb[OC(O)R]2 (R = CF2Br, C6H3F2-2,5) as highly coordinated antimony compounds. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Sheng C, Ling Z, Ahmad T, Xie F, Zhang W. Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective [3+3] Annulations of Alkynyl Ketimines with
α
‐Cyano Ketones: the Synthesis of Polysubstituted 4
H
‐Pyran Derivatives with a CF
3
‐Containing Quaternary Center. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200128. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zheng Ling
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Fang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
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Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Isolation Using Graphene Oxide for Alternative Radiopharmaceutical Spillage Decontamination in PET Scan. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals (RPC) used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in nuclear medicine may contaminate surface areas due to spillage during its preparation or accident during RPC transfer from laboratory to the treatment room. Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is the most common RPC for positron emission tomography (PET) scan in nuclear medicine due to its ideal annihilation converted energy at 511 keV and short half-life at 109.8 min. Ineffective medical waste management of 18F-FDG may pose a risk to the environment or cause unnecessary radiation doses to the personnel and public. Depending on the incident rate of these events, simple decontamination methods such as the use of chemicals and swabs might not be cost-effective and sustainable in the environment. This study aims to propose an alternative method to decontaminate 18F-FDG by using graphene oxide (GO). GO was synthesised using the Hummers method while the physical morphology was analysed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). 18F-FDG adsorption efficiency rate using GO nanolayers was analysed based on the kinetic study of the GO:18F-FDG mixtures. The chemical adsorbability of the material was analysed via UV–vis spectrophotometer to interlink the microstructures of GO with the sorption affinity interaction. Resultantly, the adsorption rate was effective at a slow decay rate and the optical adsorption of GO with 18F-FDG was dominated by the π → π* plasmon peak, which was near 230 nm. By elucidating the underlining GO special features, an alternative technique to isolate 18F-FDG for the decontamination process was successfully proven.
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15
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Sharutin VV, Sharutina OK. Synthesis and Structures of Tri(meta-tolyl)antimony Derivatives (3-MeC6H4)3Sb[OC(O)R]2 (R = CH2C6H4F-3, CH=CHPh, C≡CPh) and [(3-MeC6H4)3SbOSO2CF3]2O. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328422010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Sharutin VV, Sharutina OK, Khaybullina OA. Tris(2-methoxy-5-chlorophenyl)antimony Dicarboxylates as Novel Hypercoordinate Antimony Compounds. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221090164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Chacko SA, Yang W, Wang Y, Tian Y, Hong Y, Wallace M, Wang B, Ewing WR, Luettgen JM, Shu YZ, Christopher LJ. Preclinical metabolism and disposition of an orally bioavailable macrocyclic FXIa inhibitor. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:933-948. [PMID: 34151691 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1943565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
FXIa-6f is a high affinity, orally bioavailable macrocyclic FXIa inhibitor with antithrombotic activity in preclinical species.The objectives of this study were to characterize the in vitro metabolism, determine circulating metabolites in pre-clinical species, and examine the disposition of the compound in a bile duct-cannulated rat study (BDC) study to inform clinical development of the compound and the medicinal chemistry approach to identify molecules with improved properties.Across species, metabolic pathways included several oxidative metabolites, including hydroxylated metabolites on the macrocycle or P1 region, descarbamoylation of the methyl carbamate side chain, and a glutathione conjugate on the 2,6-difluoro-3-chlorophenyl ring.In BDC rat, the absorbed dose of [3H]FXIa-6f was cleared mainly by metabolism, with excretion of drug-related material in the bile, mostly as metabolites.In all preclinical species, the parent drug was the primary drug-related component in circulation, but the species differences in the metabolic pathways observed in vitro were reflected in the plasma, where M6, a descarbamoylated metabolite, was more prominent in rat plasma, and M9, a hydroxylated metabolite, was more prominent in monkey plasma. Based on the available data, the human metabolism appears to be most similar to monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvi A Chacko
- Department of Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Wu Yang
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yang Hong
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Wallace
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Bonnie Wang
- Department of Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - William R Ewing
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph M Luettgen
- Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Department of Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Lisa J Christopher
- Department of Nonclinical Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
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18
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Analysis of the effects of trifluoromethyl group on the conformational properties of meta substituted thioacetanilide. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Nwabufo CK, Aigbogun OP, Allen KJH, Owens MN, Lee JS, Phenix CP, Krol ES. Employing in vitro metabolism to guide design of F-labelled PET probes of novel α-synuclein binding bifunctional compounds. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:885-900. [PMID: 34187286 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1943566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A challenge in the development of novel 18F-labelled positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probes is identification of metabolically stable sites to incorporate the 18F radioisotope. Metabolic loss of 18F from PET probes in vivo can lead to misleading biodistribution data as displaced 18F can accumulate in various tissues.In this study we report on in vitro hepatic microsomal metabolism of novel caffeine containing bifunctional compounds (C8-6-I, C8-6-N, C8-6-C8) that can prevent in vitro aggregation of α-synuclein, which is associated with the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. The metabolic profile obtained guided us to synthesize stable isotope 19F-labelled analogues in which the fluorine was introduced at the metabolically stable N7 of the caffeine moiety.An in vitro hepatic microsomal metabolism study of the 19F-labelled analogues resulted in similar metabolites to the unlabelled compounds and demonstrated that the fluorine was metabolically stable, suggesting that these analogues are appropriate PET imaging probes. This straightforward in vitro strategy is valuable for avoiding costly stability failures when designing radiolabelled compounds for PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso K Nwabufo
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Kevin J H Allen
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Madeline N Owens
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jeremy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Ed S Krol
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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20
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Assessment of the molecular structure and spectroscopic properties of CF3-substituted sulfinylaniline derivatives. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Sharutin VV, Sharutina OK. Tris(m-tolyl)antimony Derivatives (3-MeC6H4)3Sb[OC(O)R]2 (R = CH2Cl, C6H3F2-2,3) and [(3-MeC6H4)3SbOSO2C6H3(NO2)2-2,4]2O: Synthesis and Structure. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221040150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Sharutin VV, Sharutina OK. Tris(2-metoxy-5-chlorophenyl)antimony Dicarboxylates (5-Cl-2-MeO-C6H3)3Sb[OC(O)R]2, Where R = CH2Br, CH2C6H4F-3, and C6H3F2-2,3: Synthesis and Structure. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023621030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Onyeagusi CI, Malcolmson SJ. Strategies for the Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethyl Amines. ACS Catal 2020; 10:12507-12536. [PMID: 34306806 PMCID: PMC8302206 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The exploitation of the α-trifluoromethylamino group as an amide surrogate in peptidomimetics and drug candidates has been on the rise. In a large number of these cases, this moiety bears stereochemistry with the stereochemical identity having important consequences on numerous molecular properties, such as the potency of the compound. Yet, the majority of stereoselective syntheses of α-CF3 amines rely on diastereoselective couplings with chiral reagents. Concurrent with the rapid expansion of fluorine into pharmaceuticals has been the development of catalytic enantioselective means of preparing α-trifluoromethyl amines. In this work, we outline the strategies that have been employed for accessing these enantioenriched amines, including normal polarity approaches and several recent developments in imine umpolung transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibueze I Onyeagusi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Steven J Malcolmson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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24
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Lorion MM, Koch V, Nieger M, Chen HY, Lei A, Bräse S, Cossy J. Cobalt-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Substituted α-Bromo α-Fluoro β-Lactams with Diaryl Zinc Reagents: Generalization to Functionalized Bromo Derivatives. Chemistry 2020; 26:13163-13169. [PMID: 32359179 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling of α-bromo α-fluoro β-lactams with diarylzinc or diallylzinc reagents is herein disclosed. The protocol proved to be general, chemoselective and operationally simple allowing the C4 functionalization of β-lactams. The substrate scope was expanded to α-bromo lactams and amides, α-bromo lactones and esters as well as N- and O-containing heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie M Lorion
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials (C3M), ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Vanessa Koch
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials (C3M), ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France.,Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Hi-Yung Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Janine Cossy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials (C3M), ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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25
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Johnson BM, Shu YZ, Zhuo X, Meanwell NA. Metabolic and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Fluorinated Compounds. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6315-6386. [PMID: 32182061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The applications of fluorine in drug design continue to expand, facilitated by an improved understanding of its effects on physicochemical properties and the development of synthetic methodologies that are providing access to new fluorinated motifs. In turn, studies of fluorinated molecules are providing deeper insights into the effects of fluorine on metabolic pathways, distribution, and disposition. Despite the high strength of the C-F bond, the departure of fluoride from metabolic intermediates can be facile. This reactivity has been leveraged in the design of mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors and has influenced the metabolic fate of fluorinated compounds. In this Perspective, we summarize the literature associated with the metabolism of fluorinated molecules, focusing on examples where the presence of fluorine influences the metabolic profile. These studies have revealed potentially problematic outcomes with some fluorinated motifs and are enhancing our understanding of how fluorine should be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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26
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Synthesis and antitumor activity of bis(arylsulfonyl)dihydroimidazolinone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126776. [PMID: 31704206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel bis(arylsulfonyl)dihydroimidazolinones with different aryl substitution patterns were readily synthesized and evaluated for their antitumor activities. Some of the newly synthesized compounds exhibited cytotoxicity at micromolar range against multiple cancer cell lines, including A549, HepG2, HuCCA-1, and MOLT-3. The most potent analogue contained pentafluorobenzenesulfonyl groups, which could be chemically elaborated to serve as a potential pharmacophore.
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27
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Ermert J, Benešová M, Hugenberg V, Gupta V, Spahn I, Pietzsch HJ, Liolios C, Kopka K. Radiopharmaceutical Sciences. Clin Nucl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Meanwell NA. Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5822-5880. [PMID: 29400967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1365] [Impact Index Per Article: 227.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543-4000 , United States
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29
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Huang JQ, Nairoukh Z, Marek I. Electrophilic fluorination of stereodefined disubstituted silyl ketene hemiaminals en route to tertiary α-fluorinated carbonyl derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1079-1082. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00067k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly diastereoselective synthesis of tertiary α-fluoro carbonyl compounds is reported in only two chemical steps from a simple alkyne through the reaction of stereodefined fully substituted silyl ketene hemiaminal derivatives with Selectfluor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiang Huang
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa, 32000
- Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa, 32000
- Israel
| | - Ilan Marek
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa, 32000
- Israel
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30
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Rakesh KP, Shantharam CS, Sridhara MB, Manukumar HM, Qin HL. Benzisoxazole: a privileged scaffold for medicinal chemistry. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:2023-2039. [PMID: 30108720 PMCID: PMC6072331 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00449d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The benzisoxazole analogs represent one of the privileged structures in medicinal chemistry and there has been an increasing number of studies on benzisoxazole-containing compounds. The unique benzisoxazole scaffold also exhibits an impressive potential as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-glycation agents and so on. This review examines the state of the art in medicinal chemistry as it relates to the comprehensive and general summary of the different benzisoxazole analogs, their use as starting building blocks of multifarious architectures on scales sufficient to drive human drug trials. The number of reports describing benzisoxazole-containing highly active compounds leads to the expectation that this scaffold will further emerge as a potential candidate in the field of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Rakesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , School of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Life Science , Wuhan University of Technology , 205 Luoshi Road , Wuhan , 430073 , PR China .
| | - C S Shantharam
- Department of Chemistry , Pooja Bhagavath Memorial Mahajana Education Centre , Mysuru-570016 , Karnataka , India . ; Tel: +91 8904386977
| | - M B Sridhara
- Department of Chemistry , Rani Channamma University , Vidyasangama , Belagavi-591156 , Karnataka , India
| | - H M Manukumar
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology , University of Mysore , Manasagangotri , Mysuru-570006 , Karnataka , India
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , School of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Life Science , Wuhan University of Technology , 205 Luoshi Road , Wuhan , 430073 , PR China .
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31
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Mori S, Shibata N. Synthesis and application of trifluoroethoxy-substituted phthalocyanines and subphthalocyanines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2273-2296. [PMID: 29114331 PMCID: PMC5669247 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalocyanines and subphthalocyanines are attracting attention as functional dyes that are applicable to organic solar cells, photodynamic therapy, organic electronic devices, and other applications. However, phthalocyanines are generally difficult to handle due to their strong ability to aggregate, so this property must be controlled for further applications of phthalocyanines. On the other hand, trifluoroethoxy-substituted phthalocyanines are known to suppress aggregation due to repulsion of the trifluoroethoxy group. Furthermore, the electronic characteristics of phthalocyanines are significantly changed by the strong electronegativity of fluorine. Therefore, it is expected that trifluoroethoxy-substituted phthalocyanines can be applied to new industrial fields. This review summarizes the synthesis and application of trifluoroethoxy-substituted phthalocyanine and subphthalocyanine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Mori
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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32
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Fernandes RS, de Aguiar Ferreira C, Soares DCF, Maffione AM, Townsend DM, Rubello D, de Barros ALB. The role of radionuclide probes for monitoring anti-tumor drugs efficacy: A brief review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:469-476. [PMID: 28865367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the development of new therapeutic agents and diagnostic imaging modalities, cancer is still one of the main causes of death worldwide. A better understanding of the molecular signature of cancer has promoted the development of a new generation of anti-cancer drugs and diagnostic agents that specifically target molecular components such as genes, ligands, receptors and signaling pathways. However, intrinsic heterogeneity of tumors has hampered the overall success of target therapies even among patients with similar tumor types but unpredictable different responses to therapy. In this sense, post-treatment response monitoring becomes indispensable and nuclear medicine imaging modalities could provide the tools for an early indication of therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we briefly discuss the current role of PET and SPECT imaging in monitoring cancer therapy together with an update on the current radiolabeled probes that are currently investigated for tumor therapy response assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Salgado Fernandes
- Laboratório de radioisótopos, Departamento de análises Clinicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Cristian Ferreira Soares
- Laboratório de Bioengenharia, Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Rua Irmã Ivone Drumond, 200, Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anna Margherita Maffione
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, Medical Physics and Clinical Pathology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Domenico Rubello
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, Medical Physics and Clinical Pathology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy.
| | - André Luís Branco de Barros
- Laboratório de radioisótopos, Departamento de análises Clinicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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33
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Qi X, Yu F, Chen P, Liu G. Intermolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Fluorocarbonylation of Unactivated Alkenes: Efficient Access to β‐Fluorocarboxylic Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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34
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Qi X, Yu F, Chen P, Liu G. Intermolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Fluorocarbonylation of Unactivated Alkenes: Efficient Access to β‐Fluorocarboxylic Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12692-12696. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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35
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Çakır S, Türkmen G, Türkmen H. Palladium(II) complexes bearing N
-alkylpiperidoimidazolin-2-ylidene derivatives: Effect of alkyl chain length of ligands on catalytic activity. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Çakır
- Department of Chemistry; Ege University; 35100 Bornova-Izmir Turkey
| | - Gülşah Türkmen
- Department of Chemistry; Ege University; 35100 Bornova-Izmir Turkey
| | - Hayati Türkmen
- Department of Chemistry; Ege University; 35100 Bornova-Izmir Turkey
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36
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Fischer T, Riedl R. Targeted Fluoro Positioning for the Discovery of a Potent and Highly Selective Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:192-195. [PMID: 28413749 PMCID: PMC5390795 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of fluorine atoms into functional molecules is of wide interest in synthetic organic chemistry as well as cognate disciplines. In particular, in medicinal chemistry, there is a strong desire to positively influence the physicochemical molecular properties of drug compounds by introducing fluorine into biologically active molecules. Here, we present targeted fluoro positioning as the key design principle of converting a weak matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13) inhibitor into a very potent (IC50=6 nm) and highly selective (selectivity factors of >1000 over MMP‐1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14) inhibitor with excellent plasma and microsomal stability, and no binding to the hERG channel (hERG: human ether‐a‐go‐go related gene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fischer
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) Einsiedlerstrasse 318820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - Rainer Riedl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) Einsiedlerstrasse 318820 Wädenswil Switzerland
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37
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Baillie TA, Dalvie D, Rietjens IMCM, Cyrus Khojasteh S. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions – 2015 literature highlights. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:113-38. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1195404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepak Dalvie
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - S. Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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38
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Buckingham F, Gouverneur V. Asymmetric 18F-fluorination for applications in positron emission tomography. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1645-1652. [PMID: 28808536 PMCID: PMC5535067 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is becoming more frequently used by medicinal chemists to facilitate the selection of the most promising lead compounds for further evaluation. For PET, this entails the preparation of 11C- or 18F-labeled drugs or radioligands. With the importance of chirality and fluorine substitution in drug development, chemists can be faced with the challenge of preparing enantiopure molecules featuring the 18F-tag on a stereogenic carbon. Asymmetric 18F-fluorination is an emerging field of research that provides an alternative to resolution or conventional SN2-based radiochemistry. To date, both transition metal complexes and organomediators have been successfully employed for 18F-incorporation at a stereogenic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye Buckingham
- University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory , 12 Mansfield Road , OX1 3UQ , Oxford , UK .
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory , 12 Mansfield Road , OX1 3UQ , Oxford , UK .
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39
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Dang H, Whittaker AM, Lalic G. Catalytic activation of a single C-F bond in trifluoromethyl arenes. Chem Sci 2015; 7:505-509. [PMID: 29861997 PMCID: PMC5952311 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic activation of a single C–F bond in a trifluoromethyl group was used to accomplish highly selective monodefluorination of trifluoromethyl arenes. An investigation of the reaction mechanism suggests the formation of an unexpected intermediate and provides evidence for an unusual reaction pathway responsible for the observed selectivity.
Synthetic methods for the direct transformation of ArCF3 to ArCF2R would enable efficient diversification of trifluoromethyl arenes and would be of great utility in medicinal chemistry. Unfortunately, the development of such methods has been hampered by the fundamental properties of C–F bonds, which are exceptionally strong and become stronger with increased fluorination of the carbon atom. Here, we describe a method for the catalytic reduction of ArCF3 to ArCF2H through a highly selective activation of a single C–F bond. Mechanistic studies reveal separate reaction pathways for the formation of ArCF2H and ArCH3 products and point to the formation of an unexpected intermediate as the source of the unusual selectivity for the mono-reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Dang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , USA .
| | - Aaron M Whittaker
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , USA .
| | - Gojko Lalic
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , USA .
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Methods to Increase the Metabolic Stability of (18)F-Radiotracers. Molecules 2015; 20:16186-220. [PMID: 26404227 PMCID: PMC6332123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds incorporating radiotracers that are considered foreign to the body undergo metabolic changes in vivo. Metabolic degradation of these drugs is commonly caused by a system of enzymes of low substrate specificity requirement, which is present mainly in the liver, but drug metabolism may also take place in the kidneys or other organs. Thus, radiotracers and all other pharmaceuticals are faced with enormous challenges to maintain their stability in vivo highlighting the importance of their structure. Often in practice, such biologically active molecules exhibit these properties in vitro, but fail during in vivo studies due to obtaining an increased metabolism within minutes. Many pharmacologically and biologically interesting compounds never see application due to their lack of stability. One of the most important issues of radiotracers development based on fluorine-18 is the stability in vitro and in vivo. Sometimes, the metabolism of 18F-radiotracers goes along with the cleavage of the C-F bond and with the rejection of [18F]fluoride mostly combined with high background and accumulation in the skeleton. This review deals with the impact of radiodefluorination and with approaches to stabilize the C-F bond to avoid the cleavage between fluorine and carbon.
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Thompson AM, Blaser A, Palmer BD, Franzblau SG, Wan B, Wang Y, Ma Z, Denny WA. Biarylmethoxy 2-nitroimidazooxazine antituberculosis agents: Effects of proximal ring substitution and linker reversal on metabolism and efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3804-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The role of fluorine in drug design and development is expanding rapidly as we learn more about the unique properties associated with this unusual element and how to deploy it with greater sophistication. The judicious introduction of fluorine into a molecule can productively influence conformation, pKa, intrinsic potency, membrane permeability, metabolic pathways, and pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, (18)F has been established as a useful positron emitting isotope for use with in vivo imaging technology that potentially has extensive application in drug discovery and development, often limited only by convenient synthetic accessibility to labeled compounds. The wide ranging applications of fluorine in drug design are providing a strong stimulus for the development of new synthetic methodologies that allow more facile access to a wide range of fluorinated compounds. In this review, we provide an update on the effects of the strategic incorporation of fluorine in drug molecules and applications in positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Gillis
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kyle J Eastman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Matthew D Hill
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - David J Donnelly
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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Wohlfarth A, Castaneto MS, Zhu M, Pang S, Scheidweiler KB, Kronstrand R, Huestis MA. Pentylindole/Pentylindazole Synthetic Cannabinoids and Their 5-Fluoro Analogs Produce Different Primary Metabolites: Metabolite Profiling for AB-PINACA and 5F-AB-PINACA. AAPS J 2015; 17:660-77. [PMID: 25721194 PMCID: PMC4406957 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas non-fluoropentylindole/indazole synthetic cannabinoids appear to be metabolized preferably at the pentyl chain though without clear preference for one specific position, their 5-fluoro analogs' major metabolites usually are 5-hydroxypentyl and pentanoic acid metabolites. We determined metabolic stability and metabolites of N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA) and 5-fluoro-AB-PINACA (5F-AB-PINACA), two new synthetic cannabinoids, and investigated if results were similar. In silico prediction was performed with MetaSite (Molecular Discovery). For metabolic stability, 1 μmol/L of each compound was incubated with human liver microsomes for up to 1 h, and for metabolite profiling, 10 μmol/L was incubated with pooled human hepatocytes for up to 3 h. Also, authentic urine specimens from AB-PINACA cases were hydrolyzed and extracted. All samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry on a TripleTOF 5600+ (AB SCIEX) with gradient elution (0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile). High-resolution full-scan mass spectrometry (MS) and information-dependent acquisition MS/MS data were analyzed with MetabolitePilot (AB SCIEX) using different data processing algorithms. Both drugs had intermediate clearance. We identified 23 AB-PINACA metabolites, generated by carboxamide hydrolysis, hydroxylation, ketone formation, carboxylation, epoxide formation with subsequent hydrolysis, or reaction combinations. We identified 18 5F-AB-PINACA metabolites, generated by the same biotransformations and oxidative defluorination producing 5-hydroxypentyl and pentanoic acid metabolites shared with AB-PINACA. Authentic urine specimens documented presence of these metabolites. AB-PINACA and 5F-AB-PINACA produced suggested metabolite patterns. AB-PINACA was predominantly hydrolyzed to AB-PINACA carboxylic acid, carbonyl-AB-PINACA, and hydroxypentyl AB-PINACA, likely in 4-position. The most intense 5F-AB-PINACA metabolites were AB-PINACA pentanoic acid and 5-hydroxypentyl-AB-PINACA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Wohlfarth
- />Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 USA
| | - Marisol S. Castaneto
- />Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 USA
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- />Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 USA
| | | | - Karl B. Scheidweiler
- />Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 USA
| | - Robert Kronstrand
- />Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758 Linköping, Sweden
- />Division of Drug Research, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- />Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 USA
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Xing L, Blakemore DC, Narayanan A, Unwalla R, Lovering F, Denny RA, Zhou H, Bunnage ME. Fluorine in Drug Design: A Case Study with Fluoroanisoles. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:715-26. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Venkataraman S, Chadha A. Preparation of enantiomerically enriched (S)-ethyl 3-hydroxy 4,4,4-trifluorobutanoate using whole cells of Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jacobson O, Kiesewetter DO, Chen X. Fluorine-18 radiochemistry, labeling strategies and synthetic routes. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 26:1-18. [PMID: 25473848 PMCID: PMC4306521 DOI: 10.1021/bc500475e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-18 is the most frequently used radioisotope in positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals in both clinical and preclinical research. Its physical and nuclear characteristics (97% β(+) decay, 109.7 min half-life, 635 keV positron energy), along with high specific activity and ease of large scale production, make it an attractive nuclide for radiochemical labeling and molecular imaging. Versatile chemistry including nucleophilic and electrophilic substitutions allows direct or indirect introduction of (18)F into molecules of interest. The significant increase in (18)F radiotracers for PET imaging accentuates the need for simple and efficient (18)F-labeling procedures. In this review, we will describe the current radiosynthesis routes and strategies for (18)F labeling of small molecules and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Bloom S, Sharber SA, Holl MG, Knippel JL, Lectka T. Metal-catalyzed benzylic fluorination as a synthetic equivalent to 1,4-conjugate addition of fluoride. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11082-6. [PMID: 24073747 DOI: 10.1021/jo401796g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We explore in detail the iron-catalyzed benzylic fluorination of substrates containing aromatic rings and electron-withdrawing groups positioned β to one another, thus providing direct access to β-fluorinated adducts. This operationally convenient process can be thought of not only as a contribution to the timely problem of benzylic fluorination but also as a functional equivalent to a conjugate addition of fluoride, furnishing products in moderate to good yields and in excellent selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bloom
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Shah RR, Morganroth J, Shah DR. Cardiovascular Safety of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: With a Special Focus on Cardiac Repolarisation (QT Interval). Drug Saf 2013; 36:295-316. [DOI: 10.1007/s40264-013-0047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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50
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Bloom S, Pitts CR, Woltornist R, Griswold A, Holl MG, Lectka T. Iron(II)-catalyzed benzylic fluorination. Org Lett 2013; 15:1722-4. [PMID: 23527764 DOI: 10.1021/ol400424s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Direct C-F functionalization of benzylic sp(3) C-H bonds is a synthetic challenge that has yet to be propitiously overcome. A mild, one-pot synthesis of monofluorinated benzylic substrates is reported with commercially available iron(II) acetylacetonate and Selectfluor in good to excellent yields and selectivity. A convenient route to β-fluorinated products of 3-aryl ketones is also highlighted, providing a synthetic equivalent to the difficult to accomplish conjugate addition of fluoride to α,β-unsaturated ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bloom
- Depatment of Chemistry, New Chemistry Building, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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