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Aligholizadeh D, Johnson M, Hondrogiannis E, Devadas MS. Detection with NO Modification: (N═O)-Au Interactions for Instantaneous Label-Free Detection of N-Nitrosodiphenylamine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7405-7411. [PMID: 38551809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Increasing concerns have been raised about dangerous, yet nearly undetectable levels of nitrosamines in foods, medications, and drinking water. Their ubiquitous presence and carcinogenicity necessitates a method of sensitive and selective detection of these potent toxins. While the detection of two major nitrosamines─N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine─has seen success, low detection limits are scarcer for the other members of this class. One member, N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA), has had little progress not only in its detection in low quantities but also in its detection at all. NDPhA has unique difficulty in its identification due to its aromaticity, making it far more problematic to distinguish in the common GC-MS or LC-MS/MS methods used for nitrosamine sensing. Despite this detection barrier, it has been listed among the top 6 carcinogenic nitrosamines by the Food and Drug Administration as of 2023. Due to its evasive nature, a unique methodology must be applied to facilitate its sensitive identification. Herein, we describe the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the first account of liquid-phase detection of NDPhA using cysteamine-functionalized gold nanostars and a portable Raman spectrometer. Our methodology requires no chemical modification to the nitrosated structure as well as the usage of two well-understood biocompatible materials: cysteamine and gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mansoor Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Ellen Hondrogiannis
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Mary Sajini Devadas
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
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2
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Seo J, Park J, Lee Y, Do B, Lee J, Kwon H. Effect of Cooking Method on the Concentrations of Volatile N‐nitrosamines in Various Food Products. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung‐eun Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Present address: Digital Appliances Business, Samsung Electronics, 129, Samsung‐ro, Yeongtong‐gu Suwon‐si, Gyeonggi‐do 16677 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong‐eun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Present address: Analytics 2 team, Addpharma, 23, Jeongjail‐ro, Bundang‐gu Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Byungkyung Do
- Department of Food and Nutrition Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jee‐yeon Lee
- Bureau of Health Industry Policy Korea Health Industry Development Institute 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2‐ro, Osong‐eup, Chungcheongbuk‐do 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonjeong Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition Seoul National University 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Human Ecology Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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3
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Claimer CS, Mahesh A, Sinilal B, Rao DM, Thangadurai D. Protective Effect of Indigofera Aspalathoides Roots on N-Nitrosodiethylamine-induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Mice. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 74:157-60. [PMID: 23325997 PMCID: PMC3546333 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemopreventive effect of ethanol root extract of Indigofera aspalathoides was evaluated in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced experimental liver tumor in mice. Pretreatment with ethanol root extract (100 mg/kg, p.o.) for three weeks significantly reduced the impact of N-nitrosodiethylamine toxicity (50 mg/kg, i.p.) on the serum markers of liver damage, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. Protective effect was reconfirmed the elevated serum total protein levels were significantly restored towards normalization by the extracts, and this was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Histological examination of the liver of animals treated with ethanol root extract of Indigofera aspalathoides showed the reduction of necrosis. These results suggest that ethanol root extract of Indigofera aspalathoides possess protective effect against N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Claimer
- Department of Plant Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, India
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4
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Zhao L, Ma X, Zhong R. Comparative theoretical investigation of the formation of DNA interstrand crosslinks induced by two kinds ofN-nitroso compounds: nitrosoureas and nitrosamines. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Zhao
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing; 100124; P. R. China
| | - Xinyan Ma
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing; 100124; P. R. China
| | - Rugang Zhong
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing; 100124; P. R. China
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5
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Voutchkova AM, Osimitz TG, Anastas PT. Toward a Comprehensive Molecular Design Framework for Reduced Hazard. Chem Rev 2010; 110:5845-82. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adelina M. Voutchkova
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and Science Strategies LLC, 600 East Water St., Charlottesville, VA 22902
| | - Thomas G. Osimitz
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and Science Strategies LLC, 600 East Water St., Charlottesville, VA 22902
| | - Paul T. Anastas
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and Science Strategies LLC, 600 East Water St., Charlottesville, VA 22902
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6
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Jeffrey AM, Iatropoulos MJ, Williams GM. Nasal cytotoxic and carcinogenic activities of systemically distributed organic chemicals. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 34:827-52. [PMID: 17178686 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601042494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity and carcinogenicity in the mucosa of the nasal passages in rodents has been produced by a variety of organic chemicals which are systemically distributed. In this review, 14 such chemicals or classes were identified that produced rodent nasal cytotoxicity, but not carcinogenicity, and 11 were identified that produced nasal carcinogenicity. Most chemicals that affect the nasal mucosa were either concentrated in that tissue or readily activated there, or both. All chemicals with effects in the nasal mucosa that were DNA-reactive, were also carcinogenic, if adequately tested. None of the rodent nasal cytotoxins has been identified as a human systemic nasal toxin. This may reflect the lesser biotransformation activity of human nasal mucosa compared to rodent and the much lower levels of human exposures. None of the rodent carcinogens lacking DNA reactivity has been identified as a nasal carcinogen or other cancer hazard to humans. Some DNA-reactive rodent carcinogens that affect the nasal mucosa, as well as other tissues, have been associated with cancer at various sites in humans, but not the nasal cavity. Thus, findings in only the rodent nasal mucosa do not necessarily predict either a toxic or carcinogenic hazard to that tissue in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Jeffrey
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Wu H, Loeppky RN, Glaser R. Nitrosation Chemistry of Pyrroline, 2-Imidazoline, and 2-Oxazoline: Theoretical Curtin−Hammett Analysis of Retro-Ene and Solvent-Assisted C−X Cleavage Reactions of α-Hydroxy-N-Nitrosamines. J Org Chem 2005; 70:6790-801. [PMID: 16095298 DOI: 10.1021/jo050856s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The results are presented of a theoretical study of the nitrosation chemistry of pyrroline 1 (X = CH2), imidazoline 2 (X = NH), and 2-oxazoline 3 (X = O). Imines 1-3 are converted to the alpha-hydroxy-N-nitrosamines 7-9 via the N-nitrosoiminium ions 4-6. The NN-cis isomers of 7-9 may undergo retro-ene reactions to the delta-oxoalkyl diazotic acids 10-12. With the opportunity for microsolvation, C-X cleavage becomes possible for 8 and 9 and leads to the formation of N-(2-aminoethyl)- and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-nitrosoformamides 15 and 16, respectively. The NN-isomerization barriers are comparable to the barriers for the ring-opening reactions, and the consideration of two Curtin-Hammett scenarios is required: CH-I for the NN-trans-rotamers of 7-9 to undergo C-X cleavage or NN-isomerization and CH-II for the NN-cis-rotamers to undergo C-X cleavage, C-N cleavage, or NN-isomerization. We determined all stereoisomers of the substrates, the products, and of all transition states structures for the retro-ene reactions of 7-9, the C-X cleavages of microsolvated 8 and 9, and the NN-isomerizations of 8 and 9. The potential energy surfaces were explored at the B3LYP/6-31G level, and the results are discussed with emphasis on the comparison of the kinetics and thermodynamics of C-N versus C-X cleavage. The study shows all decompositions to be very fast with activation barriers below 21 kcal.mol(-1), and the comparative analysis predicts that the chemical toxicologies of 1 and 3 should be similar and remarkably different from that of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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8
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Lewis DFV. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) within the cytochrome P450 system: QSARs describing substrate binding, inhibition and induction of P450s. Inflammopharmacology 2004; 11:43-73. [PMID: 15035734 DOI: 10.1163/156856003321547112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) within substrates, inducers and inhibitors of cytochromes P450 involved in xenobiotic metabolism are reported, together with QSARs associated with induction, inhibition and metabolic rate. The importance of frontier orbitals and shape descriptors, such as planarity (estimated by the area/depth(2) parameter) and rectangularity (estimated by the length/width parameter) is discussed, particularly in the context of the COMPACT system which discriminates between several P450 families associated with the activation and detoxication of xenobiotics. The use of parameters, particularly those derived from homology modelling of mammalian (especially human) P450s that are involved in exogenous metabolism, in generating QSARs for P450 substrates is discussed in the context of explaining differences in the binding affinities of human P450 substrates which are pharmacologically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F V Lewis
- School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the single most common cause of death, and almost all of it is due to tobacco smoking. Before the widespread use of cigarettes in this century, lung cancer was a rare illness. Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of numerous mutagens and carcinogens. Over the last 40 years, the type of cigarettes most frequently used has been changing, namely the increased use of low tar and nicotine cigarettes. This has been accompanied by an increased risk of lung cancer due to a smokers' need to maintain blood nicotine levels, which in turn causes the need for smoking more cigarettes per day and deeper inhalation. This phenomena has led to the increasing rates of lung adenocarcinoma, compared to squamous cell carcinoma. It also probably explains, in part, the greater risk of lung cancer in women compared to men (in addition to some biological differences). The study of lung cancer involves many types of biomarkers, including those that measure exposure, the biologically effective dose and harm. The use of these has allowed us to understand many parts of lung carcinogenesis. Genetic susceptibilities play a large role in lung cancer risk. They govern smoking behavior (affecting dopamine reward mechanisms due to nicotine and nicotine metabolism), carcinogen metabolism and detoxification, DNA repair, cell cycle control and other cellular responses. The need for the study of lung cancer is highlighted by the need to improve cessation rates and reduce exposure among persons who cannot quit smoking, for better prevention strategies for former smokers and an understanding of environmental tobacco smoke risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Shields
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, The Research Building, W315, 3970 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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10
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Hansch C, Hoekman D, Leo A, Weininger D, Selassie CD. Chem-bioinformatics: comparative QSAR at the interface between chemistry and biology. Chem Rev 2002; 102:783-812. [PMID: 11890757 DOI: 10.1021/cr0102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corwin Hansch
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711, USA
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11
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Meskar A, Plee-Gautier E, Amet Y, Berthou F, Lucas D. [Alcohol-xenobiotic interactions. Role of cytochrome P450 2E1]. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2001; 49:696-702. [PMID: 11762131 DOI: 10.1016/s0369-8114(01)00235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol and xenobiotics share the same oxidative microsomal pathway, which is mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. This pathway involves enzymes that belong to the super family of cytochrome P450 and allows to explain a lot of pharmacokinetic or toxic interactions between alcohol and xenobiotics. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is the key enzyme of the microsomal pathway of ethanol oxidation. It is inducible by chronic ethanol consumption and its activity is increased by three to five fold in liver from alcoholics subjects. This induction involves to a lesser extent cytochromes P450 3A4 and 1A2 and contributes to the metabolic tolerance of alcohol and drugs observed in alcoholics. The metabolic tolerance persits several days after ethanol withdrawal. Furthermore, CYP2E1 has a high capacity to activate numerous xenobiotics into toxic or carcinogenic compounds. Drugs currently used such as paracetamol, anesthetics (enflurane, halothane), industrial solvents (benzene or its derivatives), halogenated solvents (CCl4, trichlorethylene) and nitrosamines which are present in food or tobacco smoke are included. Therefore, heavy consumption of alcohol, which results in CYP2E1 induction, increases individual susceptibility to the toxic or carcinogenic effects of these xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meskar
- Laboratoire de biochimie, EA 948, CHU, faculté de médecine de Brest, 29285 Brest, France
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12
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Cooper MT, Porter TD. Mutagenicity of nitrosamines in methyltransferase-deficient strains of Salmonella typhimurium coexpressing human cytochrome P450 2E1 and reductase. Mutat Res 2000; 454:45-52. [PMID: 11035158 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although dialkylnitrosamines are environmentally significant carcinogens, the use of short-term bioassays to assess the mutagenic potential of these compounds is problematic. The Ames test, a mutagenicity assay based on the reversion of Salmonella typhimurium histidine auxotrophs, is the most widely used bioassay in genetic toxicology, but the traditional Ames tester strains are largely insensitive to dialkylnitrosamine mutagenicity. We have constructed two mutagenicity tester strains that co-express full-length human cytochrome P450 2E1 and P450 reductase in S. typhimurium lacking ogt and ada methyltransferases (YG7104ER, ogt- and YG7108ER, ogt-, ada-). These new strains are susceptible to dialkylnitrosamine mutagenicity in the absence of an exogenous metabolic activating system (S9 fraction). Mutagenicity is dependent upon the coexpression of P450 2E1 with P450 reductase and is similar to or greater than that obtained with the parental strains in the presence of S9 fraction from ethanol-induced rat liver. These strains were also sensitive to nitrosamines with longer alkyl side chains including diethylnitrosamine, dipropylnitrosamine and dibutylnitrosamine. Mutagenicity decreased with alkyl chain length, consistent with the stringency of the ada-encoded enzyme for methyl and ethyl DNA adducts. These new strains may prove useful in the evaluation of nitrosamine contamination of food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cooper
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA
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13
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Lewis DF. Frontier orbitals in chemical and biological activity: quantitative relationships and mechanistic implications. Drug Metab Rev 1999; 31:755-816. [PMID: 10461548 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-100101943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D F Lewis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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14
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Lewis DF, Dickins M, Lake BG, Eddershaw PJ, Tarbit MH, Goldfarb PS. Molecular modelling of the human cytochrome P450 isoform CYP2A6 and investigations of CYP2A substrate selectivity. Toxicology 1999; 133:1-33. [PMID: 10413191 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(98)00149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
(1) The generation of a homology model of CYP2A6, the major catalyst of human hepatic coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity, involves the use of the recently published substrate-bound CYP102 crystal structure as a template. (2) A substantial number of structurally diverse CYP2A6 substrates are found to dock satisfactorily within the putative active site of the enzyme, leading to the formulation of a structural template (or pharmacophore) for CYP2A6 specificity/selectivity. (3) The CYP2A6 model is consistent with available evidence from site-directed mutagenesis studies carried out on CYP2A subfamily isoforms, and enables some explanation of species differences in CYP2A-mediated metabolism of certain substrates. (4) Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis of CYP2A5 (the mouse orthologue) mutants yields statistically significant correlations between various properties of amino acid residues and coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Lewis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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