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Wei YP, Yao LY, Wu YY, Liu X, Peng LH, Tian YL, Ding JH, Li KH, He QG. Critical Review of Synthesis, Toxicology and Detection of Acyclovir. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216566. [PMID: 34770975 PMCID: PMC8587948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) is an effective and selective antiviral drug, and the study of its toxicology and the use of appropriate detection techniques to control its toxicity at safe levels are extremely important for medicine efforts and human health. This review discusses the mechanism driving ACV’s ability to inhibit viral coding, starting from its development and pharmacology. A comprehensive summary of the existing preparation methods and synthetic materials, such as 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide, guanine and its derivatives, and other purine derivatives, is presented to elucidate the preparation of ACV in detail. In addition, it presents valuable analytical procedures for the toxicological studies of ACV, which are essential for human use and dosing. Analytical methods, including spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), electrochemical sensors, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), and flow injection–chemiluminescence (FI-CL) are also highlighted. A brief description of the characteristics of each of these methods is also presented. Finally, insight is provided for the development of ACV to drive further innovation of ACV in pharmaceutical applications. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the past life and future challenges of ACV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Wei
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.-P.W.); (Y.-Y.W.); (L.-H.P.); (Y.-L.T.)
- Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 412001, China; (X.L.); (J.-H.D.)
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China;
| | - Liang-Yuan Yao
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China;
| | - Yi-Yong Wu
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.-P.W.); (Y.-Y.W.); (L.-H.P.); (Y.-L.T.)
| | - Xia Liu
- Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 412001, China; (X.L.); (J.-H.D.)
| | - Li-Hong Peng
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.-P.W.); (Y.-Y.W.); (L.-H.P.); (Y.-L.T.)
| | - Ya-Ling Tian
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.-P.W.); (Y.-Y.W.); (L.-H.P.); (Y.-L.T.)
| | - Jian-Hua Ding
- Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 412001, China; (X.L.); (J.-H.D.)
| | - Kang-Hua Li
- Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 412001, China; (X.L.); (J.-H.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.-H.L.); (Q.-G.H.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-2218-3426 (Q.-G.H.)
| | - Quan-Guo He
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.-P.W.); (Y.-Y.W.); (L.-H.P.); (Y.-L.T.)
- Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 412001, China; (X.L.); (J.-H.D.)
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China;
- Correspondence: (K.-H.L.); (Q.-G.H.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-2218-3426 (Q.-G.H.)
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Zhang P, Shadambikar G, Almutairi M, Bandari S, Repka MA. Approaches for developing acyclovir gastro-retentive formulations using hot melt extrusion technology. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lowinger MB, Maier EY, Williams RO, Zhang F. Hydrophilic Poly(urethanes) Are an Effective Tool for Gastric Retention Independent of Drug Release Rate. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1967-1977. [PMID: 32087181 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acyclovir is a poorly permeable, short half-life drug with poor colonic absorption, and current conventional controlled release formulations are unable to decrease the frequency of administration. We designed acyclovir dosage forms to be administered less frequently by being retained in the stomach and releasing drug over an extended duration. We developed a conventional modified-release matrix tablet to sustain the release of acyclovir and surrounded it with a hydrophilic poly(urethane) layer. When hydrated, the porous poly(urethane) swells to a size near or beyond that of the relaxed pylorus diameter and does not affect drug release rate. We demonstrated that the formulation is retained in the stomach for extended durations as it slowly releases drug, allowing for similar area under the curve but delayed tmax relative to a nongastroretentive control tablet. Unlike many other gastroretentive formulations, this dosage form design decouples drug release rate from gastric retention time, allowing them to be modulated independently. It also effectively retains in the stomach regardless of the prandial state, differentiating from other approaches. Our direct observation of excised rat stomachs allowed for a rigorous assessment of the impact of polymer swelling extent and the prandial state on both the dosage form integrity and retention time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Lowinger
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, Texas 78712; MRL, Merck & Co, Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Esther Y Maier
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Robert O Williams
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Feng Zhang
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, Texas 78712.
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Shin S, Kim TH, Jeong SW, Chung SE, Lee DY, Kim DH, Shin BS. Development of a gastroretentive delivery system for acyclovir by 3D printing technology and its in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation in Beagle dogs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216875. [PMID: 31091273 PMCID: PMC6519832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroretentive (GR) systems are designed to prolong gastric residence time to allow sustained absorption and improve the oral bioavailability of drugs with a narrow absorption window in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. The present study aimed to develop a GR system for acyclovir using 3D printing technology and evaluate its in vivo pharmacokinetics after oral administration in Beagle dogs. The system consisted of a gastro-floating device, which can float in the gastric fluid, prepared by a fused deposition modeling 3D printer and conventional acyclovir sustained-release (SR) tablet. The acyclovir SR tablet was inserted to the floating device to allow sustained release of the drug in the stomach. The buoyancy and sustained-release property of the developed GR system were determined using an in vitro dissolution test, in vivo pharmacokinetic study, and abdominal X-ray imaging in Beagle dogs. The in vivo dissolution profiles of the GR system were also predicted based on the in vivo pharmacokinetic data using a population pharmacokinetic (POP-PK) model. In the dissolution test, the sustained-release characteristic of the GR system was identified with a time corresponding to 80% dissolution (T80) of 2.52 h. Following oral administration of the GR system, the time to reach the maximum concentration (Tmax) of acyclovir was significantly prolonged, whereas the maximum concentration (Cmax) decreased and the area under the curve increased compared with those obtained after the administration of immediate-release and SR tablets, indicating prolonged absorption. By X-ray imaging, we showed that the developed GR system stayed in the stomach for more than 12 h. The POP-PK model successfully described the observed plasma concentration-time data and predicted the in vivo biphasic dissolution profiles of the GR system, which was significantly different from the in vitro dissolution. The developed GR system could be applied to various drugs and had great prospects in the design and development of novel controlled-release formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Seok Won Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Da Young Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- KNOTUS Co., Ltd. Research center, Guri, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Liu Y, Li P, Qian R, Sun T, Fang F, Wang Z, Ke X, Xu B. A novel and discriminative method of in vitro disintegration time for preparation and optimization of taste-masked orally disintegrating tablets of carbinoxamine maleate. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018. [PMID: 29521132 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1449854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to mask bitter taste and decrease the disintegration time of carbinoxamine maleate (CAM) orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). In order to screen the prescription of ODTs, a novel modified in vitro disintegration method (MIVDM) was developed to measure the in vitro disintegration time. In this method, different concentrations of ethanol served as disintegration medium in order to delay the in vitro water absorption and disintegration process of tablets. The MIVDM demonstrated good in vitro and in vivo correlation and proved more precise and discriminative than other reported methods. In this research, ion exchange resins (IERs) were used to mask bitter taste for improving mouthfeel. The drug-resin ratio and reaction temperature were investigated to obtain the optimum carbinoxamine resin complexes (CRCs). The characterization of CRCs revealed an amorphous state. ODTs were prepared by direct compression. Superdisintegrants and diluents of ODTs were screened first. Further optimization was carried out by using Box-Behnken design. The effect of (X1) mannitol/microcrystalline cellulose ratio, (X2) the amount of low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose and (X3) the hardness was investigated for achieving the lowest (Y) in vitro disintegration time. Technological characterization, wetting time, water absorption ratio, and roughness degree were evaluated. The CRCs and ODTs proved successful taste-masking efficiency. The end product improved patients' compliance. The developed MIVDM was practical for commercial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Liu
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Peng Li
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Rong Qian
- c Department of Pharmaceutics , Xiangbei Welman Pharmaceutical Company , Nanjing , China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- c Department of Pharmaceutics , Xiangbei Welman Pharmaceutical Company , Nanjing , China
| | - Fangzhi Fang
- c Department of Pharmaceutics , Xiangbei Welman Pharmaceutical Company , Nanjing , China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- c Department of Pharmaceutics , Xiangbei Welman Pharmaceutical Company , Nanjing , China
| | - Xue Ke
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Bohui Xu
- b School of Pharmacy , Nantong University , Nantong , China
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Bejgum BC, Johnson PR, Stagner WC. Acyclovir chemical kinetics with the discovery and identification of newly reported degradants and degradation pathways involving formaldehyde as a degradant and reactant intermediate. Int J Pharm 2018; 535:172-179. [PMID: 29061324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to determine acyclovir (ACV) acidic degradation kinetics which is relevant to gastric retentive device product design. A stability-indicating method revealed two unknown degradation products which have been identified by mass spectrometry as ACV and guanine formaldehyde adducts. In addition to the formation of these adducts, a proposed degradation scheme identifies the formation of methyl acetal ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, ethylene glycol, and guanine as additional ACV degradation products. pH-rate profiles were explained by using a rate law which assumed acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of protonated and unprotonated ACV. The predicted and observed rate constants were in good agreement. Data-driven excipient selection recommendations were based on the chemical kinetic study results, degradation scheme, and pH-rate profiles. The average activation energy for the degradation reaction was determined to be 31.3±1.6kcal/mol. The predicted ACV t90% at 37°C and pH 1.2 was calculated to be 7.2days. As a first approximation, this suggests that ACV gastric retentive devices designed to deliver drug for 7days should have acceptable drug product stability in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu C Bejgum
- Campbell University, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PO Box 1090, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Paul R Johnson
- Campbell University, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PO Box 1090, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA; Campbell University, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Education & Research Center, 130 Burt Street, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - William C Stagner
- Campbell University, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PO Box 1090, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA.
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Jivani RR, Patel CN, Jivani NP. Statistical Design of Experiments on Fabrication of Bilayer Tablet of Narrow Absorption Window Drug: Development and In vitro characterisation. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 74:302-11. [PMID: 23626385 PMCID: PMC3630725 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.107049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study involves the fabrication of oral bioadhesive bilayer matrices of narrow absorption window drug baclofen and the optimisation of their in vitro drug release and characterisation. Statistical design of experiments, a computer-aided optimisation technique, was used to identify critical factors, their interactions and ideal process conditions that accomplish the targeted response(s). A central composite design was employed to systematically optimise the drug delivery containing a polymer, filler and compression force. The values of ratio of different grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and compression force were varied to be fitted in design. Drug release at 1 h (Q1), 4 h (Q4), 8 h (Q8), 12 h (Q12), and hardness were taken as responses. Tablets were prepared by direct compression methods. The compressed tablets were evaluated for their hardness, weight variation, friability, content uniformity and diameter. Counter plots were drawn and optimum formulation was selected by desirability function. The formulations were checked for their ex vivo mucoadhesion. The experimental value of Q1, Q4, Q8, Q12 and hardness for check-point batch was found to be 31.64, 45.82, 73.27, 98.95% and 4.4 kg/cm2, respectively. The release profile indicates Highuchi kinetics (Fickian transport) mechanism. The results of the statistical analysis of the data demonstrated significant interactions amongst the formulation variables, and the desirability function was demonstrated to be a powerful tool to predict the optimal formulation for the bilayer tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Jivani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy and Research, Wadhwan-363 030, India
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Shen Y, Lu Y, Jv M, Hu J, Li Q, Tu J. Enhancing effect of Labrasol on the intestinal absorption of ganciclovir in rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:1415-21. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.582874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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