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Lv Y, Wu W, Corpstein CD, Li T, Lu Y. Biological and Intracellular Fates of Drug Nanocrystals through Different Delivery Routes: Recent Development Enabled by Bioimaging and PK Modeling. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114466. [PMID: 35905948 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystals have contributed to exciting improvements in the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. The biological and intracellular fates of nanocrystals are currently under debate. Due to the remarkable commercial success in enhancing oral bioavailability, nanocrystals have originally been regarded as a simple formulation approach to enhance dissolution. However, the latest findings from novel bioimaging tools lead to an expanded view. Intact nanocrystals may offer long-term durability in the body and offer drug delivery capabilities like those of other nano-carriers. This review renews the understanding of the biological fates of nanocrystals administered via oral, intravenous, and parenteral (e.g., dermal, ocular, and pulmonary) routes. The intracellular pathways and dissolution kinetics of nanocrystals are explored. Additionally, the future trends for in vitro and in vivo quantification of nanocrystals, as well as factors impacting the biological and intracellular fates of nanocrystals are discussed. In conclusion, nanocrystals present a promising and underexplored therapeutic opportunity with immense potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiu Lv
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Clairissa D Corpstein
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Tonglei Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China.
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2
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Patel D, Zode SS, Bansal AK. Formulation aspects of intravenous nanosuspensions. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119555. [PMID: 32562654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) route is preferred for rapid onset of action, avoiding first pass metabolism and achieving site specific delivery. Development of IV formulations for poorly water soluble drugs poses significant challenges. Formulation approaches like salt formation, co-solvents, surfactants and inclusion complexation using cyclodextrins are used for solubilisation. However, these approaches are not applicable universally and have limitations in extent of solubilisation, hypersensitivity, toxicity and application to only specific type of molecules. IV nanosuspension have been attracting attention as a viable strategy for development of IV formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs. Nanosuspension consists of nanocrystals of poorly water soluble drug suspended in aqueous media and stabilized using minimal concentration of stabilizers. Recent years have witnessed their potential in formulations for toxicological studies and clinical trials. However various challenges are associated with the translational development of IV nanosuspensions. Therefore, the objective of the current review is to provide a holistic view of formulation development and desired properties of IV nanosuspensions. It will also focus on advancements in characterization tools, manufacturing techniques and post-production processing. Challenges associated with translational development and regulatory aspects of IV nanosuspension will be addressed. Additionally, their role in preclinical evaluation and special applications like targeting will also be discussed with the help of case studies. The applications of IV nanosuspensions shall expand as their applications move from preclinical phase to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipeekakumari Patel
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sandeep S Zode
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
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3
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State of the Art of Pharmaceutical Solid Forms: from Crystal Property Issues to Nanocrystals Formulation. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:8-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nanocrystals of Poorly Soluble Drugs: Drug Bioavailability and Physicochemical Stability. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030134. [PMID: 30134537 PMCID: PMC6161002 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many approaches have been developed over time to overcome the bioavailability limitations of poorly soluble drugs. With the advances in nanotechnology in recent decades, science and industry have been approaching this issue through the formulation of drugs as nanocrystals, which consist of “pure drugs and a minimum of surface active agents required for stabilization”. They are defined as “carrier-free submicron colloidal drug delivery systems with a mean particle size in the nanometer range, typically between 10–800 nm”. The primary importance of these nanoparticles was the reduction of particle size to nanoscale dimensions, with an increase in the particle surface area in contact with the dissolution medium, and thus in bioavailability. This approach has been proven successful, as demonstrated by the number of such drug products on the market. Nonetheless, despite the definition that indicates nanocrystals as a “carrier-free” system, surface active agents are necessary to prevent colloidal particles aggregation and thus improve stability. In addition, in more recent years, nanocrystal properties and technologies have attracted the interest of researchers as a means to obtain colloidal particles with modified biological properties, and thus their interest is now also addressed to modify the drug delivery and targeting. The present work provides an overview of the achievements in improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs according to their administration route, describes the methods developed to overcome physicochemical and stability-related problems, and in particular reviews different stabilizers and surface agents that are able to modify the drug delivery and targeting.
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Baskaran M, Baskaran P, Arulsamy N, Thyagarajan B. Preparation and Evaluation of PLGA-Coated Capsaicin Magnetic Nanoparticles. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1255-1263. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Lu Y, Li Y, Wu W. Injected nanocrystals for targeted drug delivery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:106-13. [PMID: 27006893 PMCID: PMC4788714 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystals are pure drug crystals with sizes in the nanometer range. Due to the advantages of high drug loading, platform stability, and ease of scaling-up, nanocrystals have been widely used to deliver poorly water-soluble drugs. Nanocrystals in the blood stream can be recognized and sequestered as exogenous materials by mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) cells, leading to passive accumulation in MPS-rich organs, such as liver, spleen and lung. Particle size, morphology and surface modification affect the biodistribution of nanocrystals. Ligand conjugation and stimuli-responsive polymers can also be used to target nanocrystals to specific pathogenic sites. In this review, the progress on injected nanocrystals for targeted drug delivery is discussed following a brief introduction to nanocrystal preparation methods, i.e., top-down and bottom-up technologies.
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Chin WWL, Parmentier J, Widzinski M, Tan EH, Gokhale R. A brief literature and patent review of nanosuspensions to a final drug product. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2980-99. [PMID: 25099918 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Particle size reduction can be used for enhancing the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs in order to enhance bioavailability. In nanosuspensions, the particle size of the drug is reduced to nanometer size. Nanosuspensions after downstream processing into drug products have successfully shown its impact on formulation design, the augmentation of product life cycle, patent life, and therapeutic efficacy. Formulation considerations for the nanosuspension formulation, its processing into a solid form, and aspects of material characterization are discussed. Technology assessments and feasibility of upstream processes for nanoparticle creation, and subsequently transformation into a drug product via the downstream processes have been reviewed. This paper aims to bridge formulation and process considerations along with patent reviews and may provide further insight into understanding the science and the white space. An analysis of current patent outlook and future trends is described to fully understand the limitations and opportunities in intellectual property generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wei Lim Chin
- AbbVie Pte Ltd., Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #05-06, 138667, Singapore
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Fuhrmann K, Gauthier MA, Leroux JC. Targeting of Injectable Drug Nanocrystals. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1762-71. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Fuhrmann
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc A. Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Énergie
Matériaux Télécommunication Research Center (INRS-EMT), 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Leleux J, Williams RO. Recent advancements in mechanical reduction methods: particulate systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:289-300. [PMID: 23988193 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.828217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The screening of new active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has become more streamlined and as a result the number of new drugs in the pipeline is steadily increasing. However, a major limiting factor of new API approval and market introduction is the low solubility associated with a large percentage of these new drugs. While many modification strategies have been studied to improve solubility such as salt formation and addition of cosolvents, most provide only marginal success and have severe disadvantages. One of the most successful methods to date is the mechanical reduction of drug particle size, inherently increasing the surface area of the particles and, as described by the Noyes-Whitney equation, the dissolution rate. Drug micronization has been the gold standard to achieve these improvements; however, the extremely low solubility of some new chemical entities is not significantly affected by size reduction in this range. A reduction in size to the nanometric scale is necessary. Bottom-up and top-down techniques are utilized to produce drug crystals in this size range; however, as discussed in this review, top-down approaches have provided greater enhancements in drug usability on the industrial scale. The six FDA approved products that all exploit top-down approaches confirm this. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches will be discussed in addition to specific top-down techniques and the improvements they contribute to the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardin Leleux
- Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , TX , USA and
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Talekar M, Ganta S, Amiji M, Jamieson S, Kendall J, Denny WA, Garg S. Development of PIK-75 nanosuspension formulation with enhanced delivery efficiency and cytotoxicity for targeted anti-cancer therapy. Int J Pharm 2013; 450:278-89. [PMID: 23632263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PIK-75 is a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor that shows selectivity toward p110-α over the other PI3K class Ia isoforms p110-β and p110-δ, but it lacks solubility, stability and other kinase selectivity. The purpose of this study was to develop folate-targeted PIK-75 nanosuspension for tumor targeted delivery and to improve therapeutic efficacy in human ovarian cancer model. High pressure homogenization was used to prepare the non-targeted and targeted PIK-75 nanosuspensions which were characterized for size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, morphology, saturation solubility and dissolution velocity. In vitro analysis of drug uptake, cell viability and cell survival was conducted in SKOV-3 cells. Drug pharmacokinetics and pAkt expression were determined in SKOV-3 tumor bearing mice. PIK-75 nanosuspensions showed an improvement in dissolution velocity and an 11-fold increase in saturation solubility over pre-milled PIK-75. In vitro studies in SKOV-3 cells indicated a 2-fold improvement in drug uptake and 0.4-fold decrease in IC50 value of PIK-75 following treatment with targeted nanosuspension compared to non-targeted nanosuspension. The improvement in cytotoxicity was attributed to an increase in caspase 3/7 and hROS activity. In vivo studies indicated a 5-10-fold increased PIK-75 accumulation in the tumor with both the nanosuspension formulations compared to PIK-75 suspension. The targeted nanosuspension showed an enhanced downregulation of pAkt compared to non-targeted formulation system. These results illustrate the opportunity to formulate PIK-75 as a targeted nanosuspension to enhance uptake and cytotoxicity of the drug in tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Talekar
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Gao L, Liu G, Ma J, Wang X, Zhou L, Li X. Drug nanocrystals: In vivo performances. J Control Release 2012; 160:418-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Modi J, Joshi G, Sawant K. Chitosan based mucoadhesive nanoparticles of ketoconazole for bioavailability enhancement: formulation, optimization, in vitro and ex vivo evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:540-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.666978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jigar Modi
- TIFAC Centre of Relevance and Excellence in NDDS, Centre of PG Studies and Research, Pharmacy Department, The M. S. University of Baroda,
Fatehgunj, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Garima Joshi
- TIFAC Centre of Relevance and Excellence in NDDS, Centre of PG Studies and Research, Pharmacy Department, The M. S. University of Baroda,
Fatehgunj, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Krutika Sawant
- TIFAC Centre of Relevance and Excellence in NDDS, Centre of PG Studies and Research, Pharmacy Department, The M. S. University of Baroda,
Fatehgunj, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Ho H, Lee J. Redispersible drug nanoparticles prepared without dispersant by electro-spray drying. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:744-51. [PMID: 22010908 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.624522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The redispersibility of drug nanoparticles is critical in the formulation development of oral solid dosage forms from drug nanosuspensions. To address this issue, various drying techniques such as, spray drying, fluidized bed drying, etc. have been developed based on freeze drying. In this work, redispersible dried powders were successfully prepared from drug nanosuspensions without the use of dispersant by applying an electrical potential to the nozzle during the spray drying process. The applied voltage, not the concentration of the nanosuspension, was critical in determining the redispersibility. Despite the high electric field, the particle morphology and crystallinity were not dependent on the applied voltage, which suggests that the drug crystals were not damaged. This novel technique could broaden the applicability of spray drying technology and allow for novel formulations of drug nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanki Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, and Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea (South)
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Daldrup-Link HE, Golovko D, Ruffell B, Denardo DG, Castaneda R, Ansari C, Rao J, Tikhomirov GA, Wendland MF, Corot C, Coussens LM. MRI of tumor-associated macrophages with clinically applicable iron oxide nanoparticles. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5695-704. [PMID: 21791632 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in breast cancer correlates strongly with poor outcome. The purpose of this study was to develop a clinically applicable, noninvasive diagnostic assay for selective targeting and visualization of TAMs in breast cancer, based on magnetic resonanceI and clinically applicable iron oxide nanoparticles. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN F4/80-negative mammary carcinoma cells and F4/80-positive TAMs were incubated with iron oxide nanoparticles and were compared with respect to magnetic resonance signal changes and iron uptake. MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice harboring mammary carcinomas underwent nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) up to 1 hour and 24 hours after injection. The tumor enhancement on MRIs was correlated with the presence and location of TAMs and nanoparticles by confocal microscopy. RESULTS In vitro studies revealed that iron oxide nanoparticles are preferentially phagocytosed by TAMs but not by malignant tumor cells. In vivo, all tumors showed an initial contrast agent perfusion on immediate postcontrast MRIs with gradual transendothelial leakage into the tumor interstitium. Twenty-four hours after injection, all tumors showed a persistent signal decline on MRIs. TAM depletion via αCSF1 monoclonal antibodies led to significant inhibition of tumor nanoparticle enhancement. Detection of iron using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine-enhanced Prussian Blue staining, combined with immunodetection of CD68, localized iron oxide nanoparticles to TAMs, showing that the signal effects on delayed MRIs were largely due to TAM-mediated uptake of contrast agent. CONCLUSION These data indicate that tumor enhancement with clinically applicable iron oxide nanoparticles may serve as a new biomarker for long-term prognosis, related treatment decisions, and the evaluation of new immune-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike E Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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Gahtori P, Ghosh SK. Design, synthesis and SAR exploration of hybrid 4-chlorophenylthiazolyl-s-triazine as potential antimicrobial agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 27:281-93. [PMID: 21657948 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.587418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Gahtori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University,
Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Surajit K. Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University,
Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Chen J, Li S, Shen Q, He H, Zhang Y. Enhanced cellular uptake of folic acid–conjugated PLGA–PEG nanoparticles loaded with vincristine sulfate in human breast cancer. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:1339-46. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.575162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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