Design of a timed and controlled release osmotic pump system of atenolol

Osmotic Pump Drug Delivery Systems-A Comprehensive Review

In the last couple of years, novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) have attracted much attention in the food and pharmaceutical industries. NDDS is a broad term that encompasses many dosage forms, one of which is osmotic pumps. Osmotic pumps are considered to be the most reliable source of controlled drug delivery, both in humans and in animals. These pumps are osmotically controlled and release active agents through osmotic pressure. To a large extent, drug release from such a system is independent of gastric fluids. Based on such unique properties and advantages, osmotic pumps have made their mark on the pharmaceutical industry. This review summarizes the available osmotic devices for implantation and osmotic tablets for oral administration.

SeDeM tool-driven full factorial design for osmotic drug delivery of tramadol HCl: Formulation development, physicochemical evaluation, and in-silico PBPK modeling for predictive pharmacokinetic evaluation using GastroPlus™

The study is based on using SeDeM expert system in developing controlled-release tramadol HCl osmotic tablets and its in-silico physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling for in-vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation. A Quality by Design (QbD) based approach in developing SeDEM-driven full factorial osmotic drug delivery was applied. A 2⁴ Full-factorial design was used to make the trial formulations of tramadol HCl osmotic tablets using NaCl as osmogen, Methocel K4M as rate controlling polymer, and avicel pH 101 as diluent. The preformulation characteristics of formulations (F1-F16) were determined by applying SeDeM Expert Tool. The formulation was optimized followed by in-vivo predictive pharmacokinetic assessment using PBPK “ACAT” model of GastroPlus™. The FTIR results showed no interaction among the ingredients. The index of good compressibility (ICG) values of all trial formulation blends were ≥5, suggesting direct compression is the best-suited method. Formulation F3 and F4 were optimized based on drug release at 2, 10, and 16 h with a zero-order kinetic release (r² = 0.992 and 0.994). The SEM images confirmed micropores formation on the surface of the osmotic tablet after complete drug release. F3 and F4 were also stable (shelf life 29.41 and 23.46 months). The in vivo simulation of the pharmacokinetics of the PBPK in-silico model revealed excellent relative bioavailability of F3 and F4 with reference to tramadol HCl 50 mg IR formulations. The SeDeM expert tool was best utilized to evaluate the compression characteristics of selected formulation excipients and their blends for direct compression method in designing once-daily osmotically controlled-release tramadol HCl tablets. The in-silico GastroPlus™ PBPK modeling provided a thorough pharmacokinetic assessment of the optimized formulation as an alternative to tramadol HCl in vivo studies.

Quality by Design (QbD)-Based Numerical and Graphical Optimization Technique for the Development of Osmotic Pump Controlled-Release Metoclopramide HCl Tablets

PURPOSE

To develop the osmotically controlled-release gastroprokinetic metoclopramide HCl tablets, using quality by design (QbD)-numerical and graphical optimization technique for the treatment of gastroparesis and prophylaxis of delayed nausea and vomiting induced by low-high emetogenic chemotherapy.

METHODS

Formulations were designed by central composite design using Design Expert version 11.0.0, with osmogen concentration (X1), orifice size (X2), and tablet weight gain after coating (X3) as input and in-vitro drug release at 1hr. (Y1), 6 hrs. (Y2), and 12 hrs. (Y3), and the regression coefficient of drug release data fitted to zero-order, RSQ zero (Y4) as output variables. Core tablets prepared by direct compression were coated with Opadry® CA. The experimental design was validated by the polynomial equation. A correlation between predicted and observed values was evaluated by random checkpoint analysis. The optimized formulations were characterized for drug release, pH effect, osmolarity, agitation intensity, surface morphology, and stability study, and were subjected to accelerated studies according to ICH guidelines.

RESULTS

The interaction charts and response surface plots deduced a significant simultaneous effect of X variables on in vitro drug release and RSQ zero. The numerical optimization model predicted >90% drug release with X1 (13.30%), X2 (0.6 mm), and X3 (7.96%). Random checkpoint analysis showed a good correlation between predicted and observed values. The optimized formulation followed zero-order kinetics (r2=0.9703) drug release. Shelf life calculated was 2.8 years as per ICH guidelines.

CONCLUSION

The QbD-based approach was found successful in developing controlled release osmotic tablets of metoclopramide HCl, for reducing the dosage frequency, better emetic control, and improve patient compliance.

Visualized analysis and evaluation of simultaneous controlled release of metformin hydrochloride and gliclazide from sandwiched osmotic pump capsule

The aim of this study was to develop the Metformin Hydrochloride and Gliclazide (MH-GZ) sandwiched osmotic pump capsule which could overcome the problems associated with short half-life and burst release. The system could deliver drugs with different solubility simultaneously at zero-order rate, in which MH-GZ were filled in both sides of the push layer respectively. The single factor and orthogonal test were employed to obtain the optimized formulation with the evaluation index of similarity factor (ƒ₂). R language was used to visualized analyze the main influence factors of drug release and their correlations. Pharmacokinetic study was performed in beagle dogs compared to the marketed conventional product, which showed decreased C_max, prolonged T_max, and improved bioavailability, independent of pH and agitational speed but related to osmotic pressure differences across the semi permeable membrane. The designed sandwiched osmotic pump capsule proposed a promising substitute for the marketed product for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Ion-pair approach coupled with nanoparticle formation to increase bioavailability of a low permeability charged drug

Atenolol is a drug widely used for the treatment of hypertension. However, the great drawback it presents is a low bioavailability after oral administration. To obtain formulations that allow to improve the bioavailability of this drug is a challenge for the pharmaceutical technology. The objective of this work was to increase the rate and extent of intestinal absorption of atenolol as model of a low permeability drug, developing a double technology strategy. To increase atenolol permeability an ion pair with brilliant blue was designed and the sustained release achieved through encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). The in vitro release studies showed a pH-dependent release from NPs, (particle size 437.30 ± 8.92) with a suitable release profile of drug (atenolol) and counter ion (brilliant blue) under intestinal conditions. Moreover, with the in vivo assays, a significant increase (2-fold) of atenolol bioavailability after administering the ion-pair NPs by oral route was observed. In conclusion, the combination of ion-pair plus polymeric NPs have proved to be a simple and very useful approach to achieve a controlled release and to increase the bioavailability of a low permeability charged drugs.

A time-adjustable pulsatile release system for ketoprofen: In vitro and in vivo investigation in a pharmacokinetic study and an IVIVC evaluation

A time-adjustable pulsatile release system (TAPS) containing ketoprofen (KF) as an active pharmaceutical agent was developed having been designed for bedtime dosing and releasing drug in the early morning to control the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The formulation involved a tablet core (KF) and a control-release layer, and the coating membrane was composed of EC and Eudragit L100. A single-factor study, a central composite design and a response surface method were selected to optimize the formula and the optimum prescription was as follows: tablet core (KF 50mg, MCC 70mg, lactose 40mg, L-HPC 38mg), and film (EC 7.8g, Eudragit L100 4.2g, PEG 6000 1.8g in 95% alcohol each 200ml). The in vivo release behavior of the tablets was evaluated in Beagle dogs after a parallel oral administration of KF TAPS tablets and commercial KF capsules, when it was found that the KF TAPS tablets released the drug after a lag-time of 3.458h and the T_max was 5.833h. The relative bioavailability was 85.01%, and the two formulations were bioequivalent in terms of C_max and AUC_0-t and the in vitro- in vivo correlations indicated that test formulation had a good in vivo-in vitro correlation (r=0.9703). These results show that the novel drug delivery system (TAPS) has the potential to be used as a KF preparation with chronophamacokinetics characteristics.

Development and uniform evaluation of ropinirole osmotic pump tablets with REQUIP XL both in vitro and in beagle dogs

REQUIP XL, prolonged release formulation of ropinirole hydrochloride (RH) in market, could release ropinirole constantly and showed satisfactory therapeutic effect and good compliance. REQUIP XL was composed of more than 10 kinds of excipients and prepared by Geomatrix technology, which was complex and laborious. The purpose of this study was to obtain a dosage form of RH with similar in vitro release profile and bioequivalence in vivo compared to REQUIP XL. Osmotic pump tablet combined with fast release phase was selected as the delivery system of RH and similar release curves were obtained in different media. The tablets were also administered to beagle dogs and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental model. C_max, t_max, mean residence time (MRT), and area under the curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC_0-24) were 3.97 ± 0.53 ng/mL, 3.58 ± 0.49 h, 8.29 ± 0.93 h, and 35.20 ± 8.11 ng/mL ċ h for ropinirole osmotic pump tablets (ROPT) and 4.15 ± 1.07 ng/mL, 2.92 ± 0.49 h, 7.84 ± 1.09 h, and 34.34 ± 10.06 ng/mL ċ h for REQUIP XL. The log-transformed mean C_max and AUC_0-24 of ROPT were about 92.15% and 102.49% relative to that of REQUIP XL, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals of C_max and AUC_0-24 for ROPT were 75.69-115.31% and 88.89-122.30%, respectively. So it could be concluded that ROPT was uniform with REQUIP XL both in vitro and in beagles and the release profiles of Geomatrix technology may be obtained by osmotic pump combined with fast release technology.