1
|
Park H, Kim JS, Hong S, Ha ES, Nie H, Zhou QT, Kim MS. Tableting process-induced solid-state polymorphic transition. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
2
|
Kavanagh ON, Wang C, Walker GM, Sun CC. Modulation of the powder properties of lamotrigine by crystal forms. Int J Pharm 2021; 595:120274. [PMID: 33486026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of powders determine the ease of manufacture and ultimately the quality of the oral solid dosage forms. Although poor mechanical properties of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) can be mitigated by using suitable excipients in a formulation, the effectiveness of that approach is limited for high dose drugs or multidrug tablets. In this context, improving the mechanical properties of the APIs through solid form optimisation is a good strategy to address such a challenge. This work explores the powder and tableting properties of various lamotrigine (LAM) solid forms with the aim to facilitate direct compression by overcoming the poor tabletability of LAM. The two drug-drug crystals of LAM with nicotinamide and valproic acid demonstrate superior flowability and tabletability over LAM. The improved powder properties are rationalised by structure analysis using energy framework, scanning electron microscopy, and Heckel analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oisín N Kavanagh
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gavin M Walker
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Changquan Calvin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park H, Nie H, Dhiman A, Tomar V, Zhou QT. Understanding Dynamics of Polymorphic Conversion during the Tableting Process Using In Situ Mechanical Raman Spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3043-3052. [PMID: 32633984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejun Park
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Haichen Nie
- Oral Formulation Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Abhijeet Dhiman
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Vikas Tomar
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jeon SH, Sohn YT. The solid state of rebamipide: preparation, characterization, and dissolution. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:508-515. [PMID: 26897596 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rebamipide is marketed as a peptic ulcer agent under the trade name Mucosta(R). The objective of this work was to investigate the existence of polymorphs and pseudopolymorphs of rebamipide. Two crystal forms of rebamipide were isolated by recrystallization and characterized by differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), powder X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The DTA curve of Form 1 showed one endothermic peak at 305.2 °C, and that of Form 2 showed one endothermic peak at 307.3 °C. The TG curve of Form 1 showed a single weight loss at 305.2 °C, which corresponded to melting. The TG curve of Form 2 also showed a single weight loss at 307.3 °C, which corresponded to melting. The melting point of Form 2 was higher than that of Form 1. In the dissolution studies in pH 6.8 buffer at 37 ± 0.5 °C, the two crystal forms showed no significant differences in dissolution. After 3 months of storage at 0, 52, and 95% RH, the two crystal forms were not transformed. After milling with a Specamill for 2 h, the two crystal forms were not transformed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hyeon Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, 419, Ssangmun-Dong, Dobong-Gu, Seoul, 132-714, Korea
| | - Young Taek Sohn
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, 419, Ssangmun-Dong, Dobong-Gu, Seoul, 132-714, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tatini LK, Krishna Reddy KVSR, Someswara Rao N. Vapor-induced phase transformations in docetaxel. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:548-55. [PMID: 22476972 PMCID: PMC3364386 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vapor-induced transformations of docetaxel anhydrous (form D(A)) under ambient conditions have been studied using methanol, ethanol, and water as the solvent media. The online vapor-induced transformations were monitored by powder X-ray diffractometry. New solid forms (solvates/hydrates/anhydrous) of docetaxel anhydrous were obtained in stoichiometric ratios which were characterized completely using powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis, and spectroscopic ((13)C solid-state nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, solution (1)H NMR, and Fourier transform infrared) techniques. The new forms namely methanol solvate (D(M)), ethanol solvate (D(E)), monohydrate (D(MH)), trihydrate (D(TH)), and anhydrous (D(AN-I) and D(AN-II)) were identified through structural analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kumar Tatini
- Analytical Development, Aptuit Laurus Pvt. Ltd., ICICI Knowledge Park, Turkapally, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, 500 078, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Li H, Wen H, Stowell JG, Morris KR, Byrn SR. Crystal Quality and Physical Reactivity in the Case of Flufenamic Acid (FFA). J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:3839-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
8
|
Xie Y, Tao W, Morrison H, Chiu R, Jona J, Fang J, Cauchon N. Quantitative determination of solid-state forms of a pharmaceutical development compound in drug substance and tablets. Int J Pharm 2008; 362:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Li H, Stowell JG, He X, Morris KR, Byrn SR. Investigations on Solid–Solid Phase Transformation of 5-Methyl-2-[(4-Methyl-2-Nitrophenyl)Amino]-3- Thiophenecarbonitrile. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:1079-89. [PMID: 17455331 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Solid-solid transformation of 5-methyl-2-[(4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile from the dark-red to the red form was investigated. By controlled crystallization, the dark-red form was prepared and the crystals were sieved into fractions: coarse (>250 microm), medium (125-177 microm), and fine (<88 microm). The transformation rate order (fastest to slowest) of the different fractions is coarse > medium > fine. However, milling accelerates the transformation, that is, smaller particles generated by milling transforms faster. Furthermore, ethanol vapor annealing slows both the transformation of the coarse and medium fractions, especially the latter. Therefore, the mechanism of transformation is not directly related to the crystal-size and most likely related to the amount and activity of the defects in the crystals. The three-dimensional (3-D) Avrami-Erofe'ev model, know as "random nucleation and growth" model, fits the kinetics of coarse fraction best. Higher relative humidity accelerates the transformation dramatically even though the compound is highly-hydrophobic. With minimal hydrogen bonding interaction involved, it appears even small amounts of water can serve as a nucleation catalyst by binding to the crystal surface, especially at defect sites, thus increasing the molecular mobility of these sites, promoting the transformation to the second phase and thereby increasing the transformation rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2091, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wildfong PLD, Morris KR, Anderson CA, Short SM. Demonstration of a Shear-Based Solid-State Phase Transformation in a Small Molecular organic System: Chlorpropamide. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:1100-13. [PMID: 17455336 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the mechanisms for mechanically activated phase transformations of API are necessary for progress in materials and process understanding. The mechanically induced solid-state transformation between the A and C enantiotropes of the anti-diabetic drug chlorpropamide (C(10)H(13)ClN(2)O(3)S) was investigated. The structure of the high temperature stable phase (form C) was solved using powder X-ray data. Transmission powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman spectroscopy were used for in situ quantification and analysis of the phase interconversion that occurs as a function of applied pressure during compaction. Each polymorph was observed to undergo a solid-state transition, which increased with pressure to a maximum extent that corresponded with the consolidation limit of the respective bulk powder. Neither form was observed to convert under hydrostatic pressure, suggesting a shear dependence for interconversion at compaction pressures. Examination of the two crystallographic structures indicated that both forms have a common slip system and preserved molecular positions. It is suggested that the transformation of either form is allowed when resolved shear stresses initiate deformation, causing lattice distortion, which allows the simultaneous reconformation of molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L D Wildfong
- Duquesne University Mylan School of Pharmacy, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Okumura T, Ishida M, Takayama K, Otsuka M. Polymorphic Transformation of Indomethacin Under High Pressures**The previous affiliation when this study was done, Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:689-700. [PMID: 16432876 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To study the effect of pressure on polymorphic transformation, intact powder, and ethanol slurry of alpha, gamma, and amorphous forms of indomethacin (IMC) were compressed under high pressures. A quantifying method for the percentages of these three constituents in sample powder was established. Using this method, analysis of compressed samples revealed that alpha form, which is difficult to prepare in stable form under atmospheric pressure, was easily obtained in stable form from the ethanol slurry of the amorphous IMC, which does not include any specific crystalline forms. In the ethanol slurry of gamma form, transformation to alpha form was observed: a reciprocal phenomenon under atmospheric pressure. These results can be rationally explained as follows: alpha form is more easily crystallized than gamma form in the ethanol solution, the more closely-packed crystal structure of alpha form is thermodynamically predominant over gamma form under high pressure, and pressure-induced amorphization occurs. This study indicates that crystallization experiments from the slurry of amorphous samples under various pressures can be useful in screening polymorphic or other solid states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Okumura
- Technology Research & Development Center, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Qiu Z, Stowell JG, Cao W, Morris KR, Byrn SR, Carvajal MT. Effect of milling and compression on the solid-state Maillard reaction. J Pharm Sci 2006; 94:2568-80. [PMID: 16200560 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effects of milling and compression on the solid-state Maillard reaction between metoclopramide hydrochloride and lactose were investigated. Anhydrous metoclopramide hydrochloride was milled for various times, and then mixed with amorphous lactose. The mixtures were stored at 105 degrees C and 0% RH. The reactivity of metoclopramide hydrochloride towards the Maillard reaction increased with milling time, as the result of increased surface area, formation of amorphous content, and creation of defects. Metoclopramide hydrochloride anhydrate and lactose were mixed and the mixtures were compressed into tablets under pressure varied from 70 to 350 MPa. Both tablets and mixtures were stored at 105 degrees C and 0% RH for 9 days. For all three types of lactose used, spray-dried anhydrous lactose, spray-dried lactose monohydrate, and amorphous lactose, tablets exhibited higher reaction rate toward the Maillard reaction than the powder mixtures. Tablets containing metoclopramide hydrochloride and amorphous lactose prepared at higher pressure showed higher reaction rates than those prepared at lower pressure. This is due to increased contact between reactants and an increased amount of water retained in the tablets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Qiu
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, K-11-2-J4, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07076, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The aim of this study was to confirm the hypothesis that tableting using excipients with greater elastic deformation results in improved performance of pressure-sensitive drugs relative to the excipients with low elastic deformation. Tableting with highly elastic deforming excipients and the resultant minimization of the process damage is referred to in this article as "soft tableting." Carrageenans, chitosans, and polyethylene oxides were tested as potentially useful tableting excipients. alpha-Amylase, amorphous indomethacin, theophylline monohydrate, and enteric-coated pellets were used as models for pressure-sensitive materials. Three-dimensional modeling of the tableting data and elastic recovery of the tablets were the tools for mechanical characterization. The crushing force of the tablets was analyzed. Inactivation of alpha-amylase was determined by using the starch iodine reaction method. Pseudopolymorphic and polymorphic changes were analyzed using Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy. The effects of pressure on the integrity of the pellets were tested by release studies and scanning electron microscopy. The process of tablet formation was characterized for potentially useful tableting excipients. The results were compared with the results of traditional excipients as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). A ranking order for soft tableting was deduced from the mechanical properties. The tableting excipients were ranked according to their general plasticity (GP): GP(carrageenans)<GP(chitosans)<GP(MCC)<GP(HPMC)<GP(polyethylene oxides). This theoretical order of suitability has been experimentally proven to be valid for the pressure-sensitive materials. In conclusion, the new concept for soft tableting is valid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Picker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Datta S, Grant DJW. Crystal structures of drugs: advances in determination, prediction and engineering. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 3:42-57. [PMID: 14708020 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Datta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0343, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brittain HG, Medek A. Polymorphic and solvatomorphic impurities. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(03)80005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
16
|
Cao W, Mullarney MP, Hancock BC, Bates S, Morris KR. Modeling of Transmitted X-ray Intensity Variation with Sample Thickness and Solid Fraction in Glycine Compacts. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:2345-53. [PMID: 14603480 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The previous paper in this series introduced an X-ray diffraction quantitation method for the polymorphic content in tablets made of pure components. Before the method could be transferred, further studies were required to explain the commonly observed X-ray intensity variation in analyzing compacts. The literature typically attributes the variation to partial amorphization under compression and/or to preferred orientation, without much viable explanation or compelling evidence. In this study, changes in intensity in compacts analyzed in transmission geometry were found to be primarily a function of sample thickness and solid fraction. A theoretical model was developed to describe the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) intensity as a function of solid fraction, mass absorption coefficient, and thickness. The model was tested on two sets of glycine compacts: one with varying thickness at constant solid fraction, and the other with various solid fractions at a given thickness. The results show that the model predicts the XRPD intensity at any given sample thickness and solid fraction. With this model, the intensity variation of compacts made under different compression conditions can be normalized, making the method transferable to various tablet geometries and facilitating the analysis over expected ranges of formulation and process variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cao
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 1336 Robert E Heine Pharmacy Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1336, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Newman AW, Byrn SR. Solid-state analysis of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in drug products. Drug Discov Today 2003; 8:898-905. [PMID: 14554018 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The solid form of a drug substance is important when developing a new chemical entity. The crystalline form used in development is significant based on possible manufacturability, solubility, bioavailability and stability differences between the solid forms. Regulatory issues require that the form present in a solid dosage form or liquids containing undissolved drug substance be identified. Drug product samples can be analyzed by a variety of techniques to determine the crystal form present or changes that occur during the manufacture of a drug product. The form present will affect development, regulatory and intellectual property issues.
Collapse
|
18
|
Brittain HG. X-ray diffraction of pharmaceutical materials. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2003; 30:271-319. [PMID: 22469547 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(03)30010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry G Brittain
- Center for Pharmaceutical Physics 10 Charles Road Milford, NJ 08848, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cao W, Bates S, Peck GE, Wildfong PLD, Qiu Z, Morris KR. Quantitative determination of polymorphic composition in intact compacts by parallel-beam X-ray powder diffractometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:1111-9. [PMID: 12408902 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper details the development of a method using parallel-beam X-ray powder diffractometry as a novel means of determining polymorphic composition in intact compacts. Two polymorphic systems, chlorpropamide and glycine, were selected. The polymorphic components were weighed, mixed, and compressed using a Carver press with 3/8-in. concave tooling. The compacts were then analyzed using parallel-beam X-ray powder diffractometry in transmission geometry. The data were processed using the profile-fitting module in the Shimadzu XRD-6000 software V 4.1 (for NT 4.0/98). The integrated intensity ratio of a selected peak for each crystal form was used for quantitation of each polymorph. Excellent linear correlation was observed for both polymorphic systems. The convex shape of the compact surface had no effect on the XRD patterns. Since parallel-beam X-ray diffractometry is not sensitive to the shape of the sample surface, it provides a simple method for quantifying polymorphs in intact compacts. Further work to extend this to formulated tablets is ongoing. The relatively larger variation in one of the peaks in the chlorpropamide study was found to be consistent with the computational analysis of the slip behavior of the stable polymorph. This method provides the first reported non-invasive X-ray diffraction pattern quantitation of crystal forms in intact compacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cao
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, 1336 Robert E. Heine Pharmacy Building, Purdue University, 47907-1336, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
One factor that must be considered during drug development process is that various types of pharmaceutical manufacturing can alter the physical characteristics of the drug entity. These effects become particularly important during scale-up of processing operations, because new and unanticipated results can become manifest in systems of insufficient characterization. Any transformed drug substance or altered dosage form could exhibit an altered solubility or dissolution rate that might produce an undesirable bioavailability profile. Some of the more interesting mechanical manipulations that have the potential to yield problems include particle size reduction and compression, and such investigations are the focus of this minireview.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry G Brittain
- Center for Pharmaceutical Physics, 10 Charles Road, Milford, New Jersey 08848, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Souillac PO, Dave P, Rytting JH. The use of solution calorimetry with micellar solvent systems for the detection of polymorphism. Int J Pharm 2002; 231:185-96. [PMID: 11755271 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of multiple polymorphic forms in seven batches of raw material of a model compound having poor wettability properties (cimetidine) was studied by solution calorimetry. Due to the large number of polymorphic forms described in the literature ('Gazz. Chim. Ital., 109 (1979) 535'; 'J. Pharm. Sci., 73 (1983) 1436'; 'J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 3 (1985) 303') and its poor wettability characteristics, cimetidine was chosen as a model compound to illustrate the possible use of solution calorimetry in the detection of polymorphism using surfactant systems as solvents for dissolution. Due to the closeness of the melting points of the different polymorphic forms of cimetidine, DSC was not the best investigational tool. As initially suspected, the measurement of enthalpy of solution values in water of the cimetidine batches was not possible. However, the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and polysorbate 20 (Tween 20(R)) at concentrations above their respective cmc values permitted the detection of significant differences in enthalpy of solution among several batches. The presence of different polymorphic forms was confirmed by microscopy, X-ray powder diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre O Souillac
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Morris KR, Griesser UJ, Eckhardt CJ, Stowell JG. Theoretical approaches to physical transformations of active pharmaceutical ingredients during manufacturing processes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 48:91-114. [PMID: 11325478 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Processing-induced transformations (PITs) during pharmaceutical manufacturing are well known but difficult to predict and often difficult to control. This review of the concepts of transformations is couched in terms of the issues associated with identifying rate-controlling events from the materials side and the processing side. Specifically, the approach is reconciling the characteristic time scale of the structural change(s) in the material with the time scale of the processing-induced stress. This is definitely a model (or rather a melding of a group of existing theories) in development. This overview is a 'snapshot' of the authors' attempts to identify the categories of existing theories needed to encompass all of the relevant events for each possible PIT. The ultimate goal is to establish a framework of concepts and theories for consideration, discussion, and modeling of PITs as well as to locate much of the relevant literature in the framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Morris
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1336, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|