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Elbanna K, Alsulami FS, Neyaz LA, Abulreesh HH. Poly (γ) glutamic acid: a unique microbial biopolymer with diverse commercial applicability. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1348411. [PMID: 38414762 PMCID: PMC10897055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biopolymers have emerged as promising solutions for environmental pollution-related human health issues. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a natural anionic polymeric compound, is composed of highly viscous homo-polyamide of D and L-glutamic acid units. The extracellular water solubility of PGA biopolymer facilitates its complete biodegradation and makes it safe for humans. The unique properties have enabled its applications in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, water treatment, foods, and other domains. It is applied as a thickener, taste-masking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, moisturizer, bitterness-reducing agent, probiotics cryoprotectant, and protein crystallization agent in food industries. γ-PGA is employed as a biological adhesive, drug carrier, and non-viral vector for safe gene delivery in tissue engineering, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. It is also used as a moisturizer to improve the quality of hair care and skincare cosmetic products. In agriculture, it serves as an ideal stabilizer, environment-friendly fertilizer synergist, plant-growth promoter, metal biosorbent in soil washing, and animal feed additive to reduce body fat and enhance egg-shell strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elbanna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Fatimah S Alsulami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena A Neyaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein H Abulreesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Kalia VC, Patel SKS, Karthikeyan KK, Jeya M, Kim IW, Lee JK. Manipulating Microbial Cell Morphology for the Sustainable Production of Biopolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:410. [PMID: 38337299 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The total rate of plastic production is anticipated to surpass 1.1 billion tons per year by 2050. Plastic waste is non-biodegradable and accumulates in natural ecosystems. In 2020, the total amount of plastic waste was estimated to be 367 million metric tons, leading to unmanageable waste disposal and environmental pollution issues. Plastics are produced from petroleum and natural gases. Given the limited fossil fuel reserves and the need to circumvent pollution problems, the focus has shifted to biodegradable biopolymers, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polylactic acid, and polycaprolactone. PHAs are gaining importance because diverse bacteria can produce them as intracellular inclusion bodies using biowastes as feed. A critical component in PHA production is the downstream processing procedures of recovery and purification. In this review, different bioengineering approaches targeted at modifying the cell morphology and synchronizing cell lysis with the biosynthetic cycle are presented for product separation and extraction. Complementing genetic engineering strategies with conventional downstream processes, these approaches are expected to produce PHA sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin C Kalia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjay K S Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kugalur K Karthikeyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Marimuthu Jeya
- Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai 600100, India
| | - In-Won Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Nair P, Navale GR, Dharne MS. Poly-gamma-glutamic acid biopolymer: a sleeping giant with diverse applications and unique opportunities for commercialization. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2023; 13:4555-4573. [PMID: 33824848 PMCID: PMC8016157 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-021-01467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable, non-toxic, ecofriendly, and non-immunogenic biopolymer. Its phenomenal properties have gained immense attention in the field of regenerative medicine, the food industry, wastewater treatment, and even in 3D printing bio-ink. The γ-PGA has the potential to replace synthetic non-degradable counterparts, but the main obstacle is the high production cost and lower productivity. Extensive research has been carried out to reduce the production cost by using different waste; however, it is unable to match the commercialization needs. This review focuses on the biosynthetic mechanism of γ-PGA, its production using the synthetic medium as well as different wastes by L-glutamic acid-dependent and independent microbial strains. Furthermore, various metabolic engineering strategies and the recovery processes for γ-PGA and their possible applications are discussed. Finally, highlights on the challenges and unique approaches to reduce the production cost and to increase the productivity for commercialization of γ-PGA are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Nair
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Govinda R. Navale
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Mahesh S. Dharne
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
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4
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Parati M, Khalil I, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Adamus G, Mendrek B, Hill R, Radecka I. Building a circular economy around poly(D/L-γ-glutamic acid)- a smart microbial biopolymer. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Zhang Z, He P, Cai D, Chen S. Genetic and metabolic engineering for poly-γ-glutamic acid production: current progress, challenges, and prospects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:208. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fjodorova J, Held R, Hublik G, Esteban Vazquez JM, Walhorn V, Hellweg T, Anselmetti D. Tuning Xanthan Viscosity by Directed Random Coil-to-Helix Transition. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4493-4503. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Fjodorova
- Experimental Biophysics, Physics Faculty, Bielefeld University, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Robin Held
- Experimental Biophysics, Physics Faculty, Bielefeld University, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gerd Hublik
- Jungbunzlauer Austria AG, Pernhofen 1, 2064Wulzeshofen, Austria
| | - Jorge M. Esteban Vazquez
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Chemistry Faculty, Bielefeld University, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker Walhorn
- Experimental Biophysics, Physics Faculty, Bielefeld University, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Chemistry Faculty, Bielefeld University, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics, Physics Faculty, Bielefeld University, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
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7
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Dev MJ, Warke RG, Warke GM, Mahajan GB, Patil TA, Singhal RS. Advances in fermentative production, purification, characterization and applications of gellan gum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 359:127498. [PMID: 35724911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple microbial exopolysaccharides have been reported in recent decade with their structural and functional features. Gellan gum (GG) is among these emerging biopolymers with versatile properties. Low production yield, high downstream cost, and abundant market demand have made GG a high cost material. Hence, an understanding on the various possibilities to develop cost-effective gellan gum bioprocess is desirable. This review focuses on details of upstream and downstream process of GG from an industrial perspective. It emphasizes on GG producing Sphingomonas spp., updates on biosynthesis, strain and media engineering, kinetic modeling, bioreactor design and scale-up considerations. Details of the downstream operations with possible modifications to make it cost-effective and environmentally sustainable have been discussed. The updated regulatory criteria for GG as a food ingredient and analytical tools required to validate the same have been briefly discussed. Derivatives of GG and their applications in various industrial segments have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj J Dev
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul G Warke
- Microbiology Division, Hi-Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Gangadhar M Warke
- Microbiology Division, Hi-Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Girish B Mahajan
- Microbiology Division, Hi-Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Tanuja A Patil
- Microbiology Division, Hi-Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Rekha S Singhal
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India.
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Haas S, Desombre M, Kirschhöfer F, Huber MC, Schiller SM, Hubbuch J. Purification of a Hydrophobic Elastin-Like Protein Toward Scale-Suitable Production of Biomaterials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:878838. [PMID: 35814018 PMCID: PMC9257828 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.878838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastin-like proteins (ELPs) are polypeptides with potential applications as renewable bio-based high-performance polymers, which undergo a stimulus-responsive reversible phase transition. The ELP investigated in this manuscript—ELP[V2Y-45]—promises fascinating mechanical properties in biomaterial applications. Purification process scalability and purification performance are important factors for the evaluation of potential industrial-scale production of ELPs. Salt-induced precipitation, inverse transition cycling (ITC), and immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) were assessed as purification protocols for a polyhistidine-tagged hydrophobic ELP showing low-temperature transition behavior. IMAC achieved a purity of 86% and the lowest nucleic acid contamination of all processes. Metal ion leakage did not propagate chemical modifications and could be successfully removed through size-exclusion chromatography. The simplest approach using a high-salt precipitation resulted in a 60% higher target molecule yield compared to both other approaches, with the drawback of a lower purity of 60% and higher nucleic acid contamination. An additional ITC purification led to the highest purity of 88% and high nucleic acid removal. However, expensive temperature-dependent centrifugation steps are required and aggregation effects even at low temperatures have to be considered for the investigated ELP. Therefore, ITC and IMAC are promising downstream processes for biomedical applications with scale-dependent economical costs to be considered, while salt-induced precipitation may be a fast and simple alternative for large-scale bio-based polymer production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Haas
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Molecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Monika Desombre
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Molecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Kirschhöfer
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matthias C. Huber
- Center for Biosystems Analysis, Albert‐Ludwigs‐University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Schiller
- Center for Biosystems Analysis, Albert‐Ludwigs‐University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Molecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jürgen Hubbuch,
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Restaino OF, Hejazi S, Zannini D, Giosafatto CVL, Di Pierro P, Cassese E, D’ambrosio S, Santagata G, Schiraldi C, Porta R. Exploiting Potential Biotechnological Applications of Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Low Molecular Weight Fractions Obtained by Membrane-Based Ultra-Filtration. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061190. [PMID: 35335520 PMCID: PMC8949788 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the potentialities of applications of low molecular weight poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) chains have been so far only partially explored, the separation of diverse molecular families of them, as well as their characterization for potential bioactivity and ability to form films, were investigated. Two different approaches based on organic solvent precipitation or on ultra- and nano-filtration membrane-based purification of inexpensive commercial material were employed to obtain size-specific γ-PGA fractions, further characterized by size exclusion chromatography equipped with a triple detector array and by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography to assess their average molecular weight and their concentration. The γ-PGA low molecular weight fractions, purified by ultra-filtration, have been shown both to counteract the desiccation and the oxidative stress of keratinocyte monolayers. In addition, they were exploited to prepare novel hydrocolloid films by both solvent casting and thermal compression, in the presence of different concentrations of glycerol used as plasticizer. These biomaterials were characterized for their hydrophilicity, thermal and mechanical properties. The hot compression led to the attainment of less resistant but more extensible films. However, in all cases, an increase in elongation at break as a function of the glycerol content was observed. Besides, the thermal analyses of hot compressed materials demonstrated that thermal stability was increased with higher γ-PGA distribution po-lymer fractions. The obtained biomaterials might be potentially useful for applications in cosmetics and as vehicle of active molecules in the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Francesca Restaino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (E.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Sondos Hejazi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (S.H.); (C.V.L.G.)
| | - Domenico Zannini
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Council of Research, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (D.Z.); (G.S.)
| | | | - Prospero Di Pierro
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Cassese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (E.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Sergio D’ambrosio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (E.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Gabriella Santagata
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Council of Research, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (D.Z.); (G.S.)
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (O.F.R.); (E.C.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-081-566-7654 (C.S.); +39-081-252-9470 (R.P.)
| | - Raffaele Porta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (S.H.); (C.V.L.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-081-566-7654 (C.S.); +39-081-252-9470 (R.P.)
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10
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Recovery Techniques Enabling Circular Chemistry from Wastewater. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041389. [PMID: 35209179 PMCID: PMC8877087 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era where it becomes less and less accepted to just send waste to landfills and release wastewater into the environment without treatment, numerous initiatives are pursued to facilitate chemical production from waste. This includes microbial conversions of waste in digesters, and with this type of approach, a variety of chemicals can be produced. Typical for digestion systems is that the products are present only in (very) dilute amounts. For such productions to be technically and economically interesting to pursue, it is of key importance that effective product recovery strategies are being developed. In this review, we focus on the recovery of biologically produced carboxylic acids, including volatile fatty acids (VFAs), medium-chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs), long-chain dicarboxylic acids (LCDAs) being directly produced by microorganisms, and indirectly produced unsaturated short-chain acids (USCA), as well as polymers. Key recovery techniques for carboxylic acids in solution include liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, and membrane separations. The route toward USCA is discussed, including their production by thermal treatment of intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) polymers and the downstream separations. Polymers included in this review are extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Strategies for fractionation of the different fractions of EPS are discussed, aiming at the valorization of both polysaccharides and proteins. It is concluded that several separation strategies have the potential to further develop the wastewater valorization chains.
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Yu F, Zhao C, Su L, Zhang S, Sun X, Li K, Yue Q, Zhao L. Treatment and high value utilization of glutamic acid wastewater. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 52:1119-1133. [PMID: 35133937 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2033990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate wastewater has a high yield in the world and is difficult to be treated due to its high acidity, high COD (chemical oxygen demand, reflecting the pollution degree of reduced substances in the water) and high ammonia nitrogen characteristics. In this study, Bacillus licheniformis M 2020051 was used to treat organic wastewater to ferment polyglutamic acid, which reduced the pollution of industrial wastewater and produced polyglutamic acid at a low cost. Firstly, a strain with high salt tolerance and high polyglutamic acid production was isolated from saline soil, and the mechanism of salt tolerance and polyglutamic acid production were also analyzed. Then Single-factor experiment and Response surface methodology (RSM) were used to determine the appropriate fermentation conditions to achieve maximum γ-polyglutamic acid production. After optimization, the yield of polyglutamic acid was increased to 6.91 g·L-1 by shaking fermentation, an increase of 7.13%. Finally, the agronomic experiments were carried out, and the results showed that γ-polyglutamic acid could significantly increase the germination rate of corn seeds and the growth of rapeseed. These studies will lay the foundation for reducing industrial wastewater pollution and exploring the production model of γ-polyglutamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Le Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Kunlun Li
- Jinan Hangchen Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Qiulin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Chenzhang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan, P.R. China
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12
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An integrated strategy for recovery and purification of poly-γ-glutamic acid from fermentation broth and its techno-economic analysis. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Udayakumar GP, Muthusamy S, Selvaganesh B, Sivarajasekar N, Rambabu K, Sivamani S, Sivakumar N, Maran JP, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A. Ecofriendly biopolymers and composites: Preparation and their applications in water-treatment. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 52:107815. [PMID: 34400260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the term polymer has been repeatedly used in several industries for their immense characteristics in different applications. Polymers and their composites which were prepared from chemical monomer sources turned out to be potentially harmful to the environment due to their tedious degradation process. Biopolymers are natural substitutes for synthetic polymers which can be efficiently extricated from natural sources. They are predominantly available as polymeric units as well as monomeric units that are linked covalently. These environment-friendly biopolymers and their composites can be categorized based on their numerous sources, different methods of preparation and their potential form of usage. They were found to be biocompatible and biodegradable which make them exceptionally useful in environment based applications, mainly in the process of water treatment, both potable and wastewater. Further, the biopolymer and biopolymer composites easily fit into different parts of the treatment process by acting as filtration media, adsorbents, coagulants and as flocculants. The primary focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive information of biopolymers and biopolymer composites from synthesis to their usefulness for their productive application in water treatment processes. On the whole, it can be substantiated that the biopolymers were identified to play a notable adversary to the synthetic polymers in treating waters with an indispensable need for an elaborative study in the production of the biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowthama Prabu Udayakumar
- Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subbulakshmi Muthusamy
- Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bharathi Selvaganesh
- Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Sivarajasekar
- Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Selvaraju Sivamani
- Chemical Engineering Section, Engineering Department, Salalah College of Technology, Salalah, Oman.
| | - Nallusamy Sivakumar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - J Prakash Maran
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Periyar University, Salem. India.
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14
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Siddharth T, Sridhar P, Vinila V, Tyagi RD. Environmental applications of microbial extracellular polymeric substance (EPS): A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 287:112307. [PMID: 33798774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, water demand and wastewater generation has increased due to urbanization around the globe which had led to an increase in the utilization of chemicals/synthetic polymers for treating the wastewaters. These synthetic polymers used during the coagulation/flocculation process are non-renewable, non-biodegradable, and have a potential neurotoxic and carcinogenic effect. From the literature it is clear that extracellular polymer substance (EPS) is a potential bioflocculant, moreover it is renewable, biodegradable, eco-friendly, non-toxic as well as economically valued product. The various identification techniques and extraction methods of EPS are elaborated. Further application of EPS as absorbent in removing the dye from the industrial effluent is presented. Moreover EPS as a potential adsorbent for heavy metal removal from the various effluent is discussed. In addition, EPS is also utilized for soil remediation and soil erosion control. Mainly, EPS as bioflocculant in treating raw water, wastewater treatment, leachate and sludge management are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Siddharth
- Water and Environment Division, Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology - Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - P Sridhar
- Water and Environment Division, Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology - Warangal, Telangana, India.
| | - V Vinila
- Water and Environment Division, Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology - Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - R D Tyagi
- Chief Scientific Officer, BOSK Bioproducts, Canada
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Birajdar MS, Joo H, Koh WG, Park H. Natural bio-based monomers for biomedical applications: a review. Biomater Res 2021; 25:8. [PMID: 33795019 PMCID: PMC8015023 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-021-00208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, synthetic and semi-synthetic polymer materials have been widely used in various applications. Especially concerning biomedical applications, their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity have increased the interest of researchers to discover and develop new products for the well-being of humanity. Among the synthetic and semi-synthetic materials, the use of natural bio-based monomeric materials presents a possible novel avenue for the development of new biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic products. The purpose of this article is to review the information on the role of natural bio-based monomers in biomedical applications. Increased eco-friendliness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and intrinsic biological activity are some of the attributes which make itaconic, succinic, citric, hyaluronic, and glutamic acids suitable potential materials for biomedical applications. Herein, we summarize the most recent advances in the field over the past ten years and specifically highlight new and interesting discoveries in biomedical applications. Natural origin acid-based bio-monomers for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallinath S Birajdar
- Department of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Joo
- Department of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- Department of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Feng C, Lotti T, Canziani R, Lin Y, Tagliabue C, Malpei F. Extracellular biopolymers recovered as raw biomaterials from waste granular sludge and potential applications: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142051. [PMID: 33207449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Granular sludge (GS) is a special self-aggregation biofilm. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are mainly associated with the architectural structure, rheological behaviour and functional stability of fine granules, given that their significance to the physicochemical features of the biomass catalysing the biological purification process. This review targets the EPS excretion from GS and introduces newly identified EPS components, EPS distribution in different granules, how to effectively extract and recover EPS from granules, key parameters affecting EPS production, and the potential applications of EPS-based biomaterials. GS-based EPS components are highly diverse and a series of new contents are highlighted. Due to high diversity, emerging extraction standards are proposed and recovery process is capturing particular attention. The major components of EPS are found to be polysaccharides and proteins, which manifest a larger diversity of relative abundance, structures, physical and chemical characteristics, leading to the possibility to sustainably recover raw materials. EPS-based biomaterials not only act as alternatives to synthetic polymers in several applications but also figure in innovative industrial/environmental applications, including gel-forming materials for paper industry, biosorbents, cement curing materials, and flame retardant materials. In the upcoming years, it is foreseen that productions of EPS-based biomaterials from renewable origins would make a significant contribution to the advancement of the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuijie Feng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Lotti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Canziani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Yuemei Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Camilla Tagliabue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Malpei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Recognition and selective extraction of poly-γ-glutamic acid based on molecular imprinting technology. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 172:1-9. [PMID: 33383078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is one of the few bacterial polymers in nature with high added value of biodegradability. Especially, the traditional method of extracting γ-PGA is organic solvent extraction, etc., which has the disadvantages of low extraction rate and serious environmental pollution. With the expansion of γ-PGA industrial fermentation, an efficient and environmentally friendly method is required to be adopted. In this contribution, we report a novel method of separation of γ-PGA from fermentation broth based on molecular imprinting technology. The molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized from chitosan (CS) and glutaraldehyde in the presence of γ-PGA. A nonimprinted polymer (NIP) was also synthesized by the same procedure in the absence of γ-PGA. The chemical structures and morphological structures of both MIP and NIP were examined by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption isotherms showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of MIP was 137.85 mg/g. The maximum adsorption capacity in the adsorption of NIP was 68.92 mg/g, which indicates that MIP shows specific selectivity for γ-PGA. A high saturated absorption capacity (Qmax=140.90 mg/g) was calculated from Freundlich isotherm equation. The imprinting factor of MIP was 4.76, indicating that MIP possess good recognition ability and selectivity for γ-PGA. The adsorption capacity decreased slightly (17.0%), which suggests the satisfactory reusability of γ-PGA after 5 cycles of reuse. Our study indicates that molecularly imprinted polymers present development prospects in the effective and selective separation of γ-PGA from fermentation broth compared with organic solvent precipitation.
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Sha Y, Qiu Y, Zhu Y, Sun T, Luo Z, Gao J, Feng X, Li S, Xu H. CRISPRi-Based Dynamic Regulation of Hydrolase for the Synthesis of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid with Variable Molecular Weights. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2450-2459. [PMID: 32794764 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a decomposable polymer and has been useful in various industries. The biological functions of γ-PGA are closely linked with its molecular weight (MW). In this study, we established an efficient method to produce variable MWs of γ-PGA from renewable biomass (Jerusalem artichoke) by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. First, a systematic engineering strategy was proposed in B. amyloliquefaciens to construct an optimal platform for γ-PGA overproduction, in which 24.95 g/L γ-PGA generation was attained. Second, 27.12 g/L γ-PGA with an MW of 20-30 kDa was obtained by introducing a γ-PGA hydrolase (pgdS) into the platform strain constructed above, which reveals a potential correlation between the expression level of pgdS and MW of γ-PGA. Then, a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats interference (CRISPRi) system was further designed to regulate pgdS expression levels, resulting in γ-PGA with variable MWs. Finally, a combinatorial approach based on three sgRNAs with different repression efficiencies was developed to achieve the dynamic regulation of pgdS and obtain tailor-made γ-PGA production in the MW range of 50-1400 kDa in one strain. This study illustrates a promising approach for the sustainable making of biopolymers with diverse molecular weights in one strain through the controllable expression of hydrolase using the CRISPRi system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sha
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yibin Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
| | - Tao Sun
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhengshan Luo
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohai Feng
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P. R. China
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19
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Radchenkova N, Boyadzhieva I, Hasköylü ME, Atanasova N, Yıldız SY, Kuncheva MJ, Panchev I, Kisov H, Vassilev S, Oner ET, Kambourova MS. High bioreactor production and emulsifying activity of an unusual exopolymer by Chromohalobacter canadensis 28. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:357-367. [PMID: 32774208 PMCID: PMC7401248 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unusual composition of an exopolymer (EP) from an obligate halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter canadensis 28 has triggered an interest in development of an effective bioreactor process for its production. Its synthesis was investigated in 2-L bioreactor at agitation speeds at interval 600-1000 rpm, at a constant air flow rate of 0.5 vvm; aeration rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 vvm were tested at constant agitation rate of 900 rpm. EP production was affected by both, agitation and aeration. As a result twofold increase of EP yield was observed and additionally increased up to 3.08 mg/mL in a presence of surfactants. For effective scale-up of bioreactors mass transfer parameters were estimated and lowest values of KLa obtained for the highest productivity fermentation was established. Emulsification activity of EP exceeded that of trade hydrocolloids xanthan, guar gum, and cellulose. A good synergism between EP and commercial cellulose proved its potential exploration as an enhancer of emulsifying properties of trade emulsions. A pronounced lipophilic effect of EP was established toward olive oil and liquid paraffin. Cultivation of human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) with crude EP and purified γ-polyglutamic acid (PGA) showed higher viability than control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Radchenkova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of MicrobiologyBulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Ivanka Boyadzhieva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of MicrobiologyBulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Merve Erginer Hasköylü
- IBSB, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of EngineeringMarmara UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Nikolina Atanasova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of MicrobiologyBulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Songül Yaşar Yıldız
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesIstanbul Medeniyet UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Margarita J. Kuncheva
- Departments of Organic Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of Food TechnologiesPlovdivBulgaria
| | - Ivan Panchev
- Departments of Organic Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of Food TechnologiesPlovdivBulgaria
| | - Hristo Kisov
- Institute of Optical Materials and TechnologiesBulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Spasen Vassilev
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of MicrobiologyBulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Ebru Toksoy Oner
- IBSB, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of EngineeringMarmara UniversityIstanbulTurkey
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20
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Zikmanis P, Kolesovs S, Semjonovs P. Production of biodegradable microbial polymers from whey. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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21
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Cuellar MC, Straathof AJJ. Downstream of the bioreactor: advancements in recovering fuels and commodity chemicals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 62:189-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Halmschlag B, Hoffmann K, Hanke R, Putri SP, Fukusaki E, Büchs J, Blank LM. Comparison of Isomerase and Weimberg Pathway for γ-PGA Production From Xylose by Engineered Bacillus subtilis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:476. [PMID: 32039180 PMCID: PMC6985040 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a biopolymer consisting of D- and L-glutamic acid monomers, currently relies on L-glutamate, or citrate as carbon substrates. Here we aimed at using plant biomass-derived substrates such as xylose. γ-PGA producing microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis natively metabolize xylose via the isomerase pathway. The Weimberg pathway, a xylose utilization pathway first described for Caulobacter crescentus, offers a carbon-efficient alternative converting xylose to 2-oxoglutarate without carbon loss. We engineered a recombinant B. subtilis strain that was able to grow on xylose with a growth rate of 0.43 h-1 using a recombinant Weimberg pathway. Although ion-pair reversed-phase LC/MS/MS metabolome analysis revealed lower concentrations of γ-PGA precursors such as 2-oxoglutarate, the γ-PGA titer was increased 6-fold compared to the native xylose isomerase strain. Further metabolome analysis indicates a metabolic bottleneck in the phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node causing bi-phasic (diauxic) growth of the recombinant Weimberg strain. Flux balance analysis (FBA) of the γ-PGA producing B. subtilis indicated that a maximal theoretical γ-PGA yield is achieved on D-xylose/ D-glucose mixtures. The results of the B. subtilis strain harboring the Weimberg pathway on such D-xylose/ D-glucose mixtures demonstrate indeed resource efficient, high yield γ-PGA production from biomass-derived substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Halmschlag
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kyra Hoffmann
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - René Hanke
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sastia P Putri
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT-Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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23
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Mahaboob Ali AA, Momin B, Ghogare P. Isolation of a novel poly- γ-glutamic acid-producing Bacillus licheniformis A14 strain and optimization of fermentation conditions for high-level production. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 50:445-452. [PMID: 31873055 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1706560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, bacteria producing poly-γ-glutamic acid were isolated from marine sands, and an efficient producer identified. γ-PGA was rapidly screened by thin-layer chromatography and UV spectrophotometer assay. Media optimization was carried out, and for the cost-effective production of γ-PGA, monosodium glutamate was used as the substrate for the synthesis of γ-PGA instead of glutamic acid. Lastly, Plackett-Buman design (PB) and Response surface methodology (RSM) were used to determine significant media components and their interaction effect to achieve maximum γ-PGA production. With this integrated method, a bacterial strain with a high yield of γ-PGA was obtained rapidly, and the production was increased up to 37.8 g/L after optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Ahmed Mahaboob Ali
- Department of Microbiology, SIES College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Sion West, Mumbai, India
| | - Bilal Momin
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India
| | - Pramod Ghogare
- Department of Microbiology, SIES College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Sion West, Mumbai, India
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24
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Hirose R, Yoshida N, Naito Y, Yoshida T, Bandou R, Daidoji T, Inoue K, Dohi O, Konishi H, Nakaya T, Itoh Y. Development of Sodium Polyacrylate-Based High-Performance Submucosal Injection Material with Pseudoplastic Fluid Characteristics. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6794-6800. [PMID: 33423472 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Wang Y, Ling C, Chen Y, Jiang X, Chen GQ. Microbial engineering for easy downstream processing. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Cell Separation and Disruption, Product Recovery, and Purification. ESSENTIALS IN FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16230-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Xu H, Li J, Wang L, Fu R, Cheng R, Wang S, Zhang J. Purification and characterization of a highly viscous polysaccharide produced by Paenibacillus strain. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Özcan E, Öner ET. Microbial of Extracellular Polysaccharide Production from Biomass Sources. POLYSACCHARIDES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_51-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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29
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Microbial production of poly-γ-glutamic acid. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:173. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Teckentrup J, Al-Hammood O, Steffens T, Bednarz H, Walhorn V, Niehaus K, Anselmetti D. Comparative analysis of different xanthan samples by atomic force microscopy. J Biotechnol 2016; 257:2-8. [PMID: 27919690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The polysaccharide xanthan which is produced by the γ-proteobacterium Xanthomonas campestris is used as a food thickening agent and rheologic modifier in numerous food, cosmetics and technical applications. Its great commercial importance stimulated biotechnological approaches to optimize the xanthan production. By targeted genetic modification the metabolism of Xanthomonas can be modified in such a way that the xanthan production efficiency and/or the shear-thickening potency is optimized. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) the secondary structure of single xanthan polymers produced by the wild type Xanthomonas campestris B100 and several genetically modified variations were analyzed. We found a wide variation of characteristic differences between xanthan molecules produced by different strains. The structures ranged from single-stranded coiled polymers to branched xanthan double-strands. These results can help to get a better understanding of the polymerization- and secretion-machinery that are relevant for xanthan synthesis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the xanthan secondary structure strongly correlates with its viscosifying properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Teckentrup
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Orooba Al-Hammood
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Tim Steffens
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Hanna Bednarz
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Volker Walhorn
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany.
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31
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Banerjee A, Bandopadhyay R. Chapter 1 Bacterial Exopolysaccharides. Microb Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315367880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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32
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Philibert T, Lee BH, Fabien N. Current Status and New Perspectives on Chitin and Chitosan as Functional Biopolymers. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:1314-1337. [PMID: 27787767 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The natural biopolymer chitin and its deacetylated product chitosan are found abundantly in nature as structural building blocks and are used in all sectors of human activities like materials science, nutrition, health care, and energy. Far from being fully recognized, these polymers are able to open opportunities for completely novel applications due to their exceptional properties which an economic value is intrinsically entrapped. On a commercial scale, chitosan is mainly obtained from crustacean shells rather than from the fungal and insect sources. Significant efforts have been devoted to commercialize chitosan extracted from fungal and insect sources to completely replace crustacean-derived chitosan. However, the traditional chitin extraction processes are laden with many disadvantages. The present review discusses the potential bioextraction of chitosan from fungal, insect, and crustacean as well as its superior physico-chemical properties. The different aspects of fungal, insects, and crustacean chitosan extraction methods and various parameters having an effect on the yield of chitin and chitosan are discussed in detail. In addition, this review also deals with essential attributes of chitosan for high value-added applications in different fields and highlighted new perspectives on the production of chitin and deacetylated chitosan from different sources with the concomitant reduction of the environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyishime Philibert
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Byong H Lee
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea. .,Department of Microbiology/Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H9X3V9, Canada.
| | - Nsanzabera Fabien
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
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33
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Steffens T, Vorhölter FJ, Giampà M, Hublik G, Pühler A, Niehaus K. The influence of a modified lipopolysaccharide O-antigen on the biosynthesis of xanthan in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris B100. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:93. [PMID: 27215401 PMCID: PMC4878081 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The exopolysaccharide xanthan is a natural product which is extensively used in industry. It is a thickening agent in many fields, from oil recovery to the food sector. Xanthan is produced by the Gram negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). We analyzed the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of three mutant strains of the Xcc wild type B100 to distinguish if the xanthan production can be increased when LPS biosynthesis is affected. Results The Xcc B100 O-antigen (OA) is composed of a linear main chain of rhamnose residues with N-acetylfucosamine (FucNAc) side branches at every second rhamnose. It is the major LPS constituent. The O-antigen was missing completely in the mutant strain H21012 (deficient in wxcB), since neither rhamnose nor FucNAc could be detected as part of the LPS by MALDI-TOF-MS, and only a slight amount of rhamnose and no FucNAc was found by GC analysis. The LPS of two other mutants was analyzed, Xcc H28110 (deficient in wxcK) and H20110 (wxcN). In both of them no FucNAc could be detected in the LPS fraction, while the rhamnose moieties were more abundant than in wild type LPS. The measurements were carried out by GC and confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS analyses that indicated an altered OA in which the branches are missing, while the rhamnan main chain seemed longer than in the wild type. Quantification of xanthan confirmed our hypothesis that a missing OA can lead to an increased production of the extracellular polysaccharide. About 6.3 g xanthan per g biomass were produced by the Xcc mutant H21012 (wxcB), as compared to the wild type production of approximately 5 g xanthan per g biomass. In the two mutant strains with modified OA however, Xcc H28110 (wxcK) and Xcc H20110 (wxcN), the xanthan production of 5.5 g and 5.3 g, respectively, was not significantly increased. Conclusions Mutations affecting LPS biosynthesis can be beneficial for the production of the extracellular polysaccharide xanthan. However, only complete inhibition of the OA resulted in increased xanthan production. The inhibition of the FucNAc side branches did not lead to increased production, but provoked a novel LPS phenotype. The data suggests an elongation of the linear rhamnan main chain of the LPS OA in both the Xcc H28110 (wxcK) and Xcc H20110 (wxcN) mutant strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0710-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Steffens
- Proteom- und Metabolomforschung, Fakultät für Biologie, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.,Genomforschung industrieller Mikroorganismen, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frank-Jörg Vorhölter
- Proteom- und Metabolomforschung, Fakultät für Biologie, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.,Genomforschung industrieller Mikroorganismen, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.,Present address: MVZ Dr. Eberhard & Partner, Brauhausstr. 4, 44137, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marco Giampà
- Proteom- und Metabolomforschung, Fakultät für Biologie, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gerd Hublik
- Jungbunzlauer Austria AG, Pernhofen 1, 2064, Wulzeshofen, Austria
| | - Alfred Pühler
- Genomforschung industrieller Mikroorganismen, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Proteom- und Metabolomforschung, Fakultät für Biologie, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Rühmann B, Schmid J, Sieber V. Methods to identify the unexplored diversity of microbial exopolysaccharides. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:565. [PMID: 26106372 PMCID: PMC4460557 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are a structurally very diverse class of molecules. A number of them have found their application in rather diverging fields that extend from medicine, food, and cosmetics on the one side to construction, drilling, and chemical industry on the other side. The analysis of microbial strains for their competence in polysaccharide production has therefore been a major issue in the past, especially in the search for new polysaccharide variants among natural strain isolates. Concerning the fact that nearly all microbes carry the genetic equipment for the production of polysaccharides under specific conditions, the naturally provided EPS portfolio seems to be still massively underexplored. Therefore, there is a need for high throughput screening techniques capable of identifying novel variants of bacterial EPS with properties superior to the already described ones, or even totally new ones. A great variety of different techniques has been used in screening approaches for identifying microorganisms that are producing EPS in substantial amounts. Mucoid growth is often the method of choice for visual identification of EPS producing strains. Depending on the thickening characteristics of the polysaccharide, observation of viscosity in culture broth can also be an option to evaluate EPS production. Precipitation with different alcohols represents a common detection, isolation, and purification method for many EPS. A more quantitative approach is found in the total carbohydrate content analysis, normally determined, e.g., by phenol-sulfuric-acid-method. In addition, recently a new and reliable method for the detailed analysis of the monomeric composition and the presence of rare sugars and sugar substitutions has become available, which could give a first hint of the polymer structure of unknown EPS. This minireview will compare available methods and novel techniques and discuss their benefits and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Volker Sieber
- *Correspondence: Volker Sieber, Chemistry of Biogenic Resources (Chair), Technische Universität München, Schulgasse 16, 94315 Straubing, Germany
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Delbarre-Ladrat C, Sinquin C, Lebellenger L, Zykwinska A, Colliec-Jouault S. Exopolysaccharides produced by marine bacteria and their applications as glycosaminoglycan-like molecules. Front Chem 2014; 2:85. [PMID: 25340049 PMCID: PMC4189415 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although polysaccharides are ubiquitous and the most abundant renewable bio-components, their studies, covered by the glycochemistry and glycobiology fields, remain a challenge due to their high molecular diversity and complexity. Polysaccharides are industrially used in food products; human therapeutics fall into a more recent research field and pharmaceutical industry is looking for more and more molecules with enhanced activities. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found in animal tissues play a critical role in cellular physiological and pathological processes as they bind many cellular components. Therefore, they present a great potential for the design and preparation of therapeutic drugs. On the other hand, microorganisms producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) are renewable resources meeting well the actual industrial demand. In particular, the diversity of marine microorganisms is still largely unexplored offering great opportunities to discover high value products such as new molecules and biocatalysts. EPS-producing bacteria from the marine environment will be reviewed with a focus on marine-derived EPS from bacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Information on chemical and structural features, putative pathways of biosynthesis, novel strategies for chemical and enzymatic modifications and potentialities in the biomedical field will be provided. An integrated approach should be used to increase the basic knowledge on these compounds and their applications; new clean environmentally friendly processes for the production of carbohydrate bioactive compounds should also be proposed for a sustainable industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinne Sinquin
- EM3B Laboratory, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer Nantes, France
| | - Lou Lebellenger
- EM3B Laboratory, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer Nantes, France
| | - Agata Zykwinska
- EM3B Laboratory, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer Nantes, France
| | - Sylvia Colliec-Jouault
- EM3B Laboratory, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer Nantes, France
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Effects of cascaded vgb promoters on poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) synthesis by recombinant Escherichia coli grown micro-aerobically. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:10013-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Microbial of Extracellular Polysaccharide Production from Biomass Sources. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_51-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Hellmers F, Ferguson P, Koropatnick J, Krull R, Margaritis A. Characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-loaded γ-polyglutamic acid-chitosan composite nanoparticles. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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