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Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Ma Y, Shi J, Jiang Y, Li Y, Tian G, Wang X. Expression and characterization of recombinant antibodies against H7 subtype avian influenza virus and their diagnostic potential. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1459402. [PMID: 39247689 PMCID: PMC11377330 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1459402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) play a pivotal role in disease diagnosis as well as immunotherapy interventions. Traditional monoclonal antibody generation relies on animal immunization procedures predominantly involving mice; however, recent advances in in-vitro expression methodologies have enabled large-scale production suitable for both industrial applications as well as scientific investigations. Methods In this study, two mAbs against H7 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIV) were sequenced and analyzed, and the DNA sequences encoding heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) were obtained and cloned into pCHO-1.0 expression vector. Then, the HC and LC expression plasmids were transfected into CHO-S cells to establish stable cell lines expressing these mAbs using a two-phase selection scheme with different concentrations of methotrexate and puromycin. Recombinant antibodies were purified from the cell culture medium, and their potential applications were evaluated using hemagglutination inhibition (HI), western blotting (WB), confocal microscopy, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The results indicated that the obtained recombinant antibodies exhibited biological activity similar to that of the parent antibodies derived from ascites and could be used as a replacement for animal-derived mAbs. A kinetic analysis of the two antibodies to the AIV HA protein, conducted using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), showed concordance between the recombinant and parental antibodies. Discussion The data presented in this study suggest that the described antibody production protocol could avoid the use of experimental animals and better conform to animal welfare regulations, and provides a basis for further research and development of mAbs-based diagnostic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yongping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Minatel VM, Prudencio CR, Barraviera B, Ferreira RS. Nanobodies: a promising approach to treatment of viral diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1303353. [PMID: 38322011 PMCID: PMC10844482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1303353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1990s, heavy chain antibodies have garnered significant interest in the scientific community. These antibodies, found in camelids such as llamas and alpacas, exhibit distinct characteristics from conventional antibodies due to the absence of a light chain in their structure. Furthermore, they possess a single antigen-binding domain known as VHH or Nanobody (Nb). With a small size of approximately 15 kDa, these Nbs demonstrate improved characteristics compared to conventional antibodies, including greater physicochemical stability and enhanced biodistribution, enabling them to bind inaccessible epitopes more effectively. As a result, Nbs have found numerous applications in various medical and veterinary fields, particularly in diagnostics and therapeutics. Advances in biotechnology have made the production of recombinant antibodies feasible and compatible with large-scale manufacturing. Through the construction of immune phage libraries that display VHHs and subsequent selection through biopanning, it has become possible to isolate specific Nbs targeting pharmaceutical targets of interest, such as viruses. This review describes the processes involved in nanobody production, from hyperimmunization to purification, with the aim of their application in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Meneghetti Minatel
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Qin Y, Jin J, Zhang J, Wang H, Liu L, Zhang Y, Ling S, Hu J, Li N, Wang J, Lv C, Yang X. A fully human monoclonal antibody targeting Semaphorin 5A alleviates the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115666. [PMID: 37832409 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic autoimmune disease worldwide. Although progress has been made in RA treatment in recent decades, remission cannot be effectively achieved for a considerable proportion of RA patients. Thus, novel potential targets for therapeutic strategies are needed. Semaphorin 5A (SEMA5A) plays a pivotal role in RA progression by facilitating pannus formation, and it is a promising therapeutic target. In this study, we sought to develop an antibody treatment strategy targeting SEMA5A and evaluate its therapeutic effect using a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. We generated SYD12-12, a fully human SEMA5A blocking antibody, through phage display technology. SYD12-12 intervention effectively inhibited angiogenesis and aggressive phenotypes of RA synoviocytes in vitro and dose-dependently inhibited synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, bone destruction in CIA mice. Notably, SYD12-12 also improved the Treg/Th17 imbalance in CIA mice. We confirmed through immunofluorescence and molecular docking that SYD12-12 integrated with the unique TSP-1 domain of SEMA5A. In conclusion, we developed and characterized a fully human SEMA5A-blocking antibody for the first time. SYD12-12 effectively alleviated disease progression in CIA mice by inhibiting pannus formation and improving the Treg/Th17 imbalance, demonstrating its potential for the RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qin
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sunwang Ling
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinzhu Hu
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nuan Li
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianguang Wang
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Chen Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Wickenheisser NE, Craig AM, Kuller JA, Dotters-Katz SK. The Risks and Benefits of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy During Pregnancy and Postpartum: Maternal, Obstetric, and Neonatal Considerations. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2023; 78:429-437. [PMID: 37480293 DOI: 10.1097/ogx.0000000000001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Importance Autoimmune and rheumatologic conditions can lead to multiple adverse maternal, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes, especially if they flare during pregnancy. Although many medications to control these conditions exist, concerns regarding their safety often unnecessarily limit their use. Objective We aim to review the current evidence available describing the use of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics in pregnancy and postpartum and understand the impact of their use on the developing fetus and neonate. Evidence Acquisition Original research articles, review articles, case series and case reports, and pregnancy guidelines were reviewed. Results Multiple retrospective (including 1924 patients) and prospective studies (including 899 patients) of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agent use in pregnancy found no significant increase in rates of miscarriage, preterm birth, or congenital anomalies compared with controls. Most societies, including American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, recommend initiation or continuation of TNF-α inhibitors during pregnancy for patients with autoimmune diseases. An increased risk of mild infections in newborns has been reported, although infections requiring hospitalizations are rare. Data suggest that breastfeeding while taking anti-TNF agents is safe for neonates. Less data exist for the use of other mAbs including anticytokine, anti-integrin, and anti-B-cell agents during pregnancy and postpartum. Conclusions and Relevance Current evidence suggests that the use of mAbs, particularly anti-TNF agents, is safe in pregnancy and postpartum, without significant adverse effects on the pregnant patient or infant. The benefits of ongoing disease control in pregnant patients result in favorable maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah K Dotters-Katz
- Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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Chinta S, Rodriguez-Guerra M, Shaban M, Pandey N, Jaquez-Duran M, Vittorio TJ. COVID-19 therapy and vaccination: a clinical narrative review. Drugs Context 2023; 12:2022-7-2. [PMID: 36793450 PMCID: PMC9914077 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2022-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is the most globally impacting health issue our world has faced over the last century. As of January 7, 2022, around 300 million cases have been reported worldwide, with over 5 million deaths. The SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a hyperactive host immune response leading to an excessive inflammatory reaction with the release of many cytokines - cytokine storm - commonly noticed in acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and fulminant multiorgan failure. Since the beginning of the pandemic, the scientific medical community has worked on therapeutic procedures that interfere with the exaggerated immune response. Thromboembolic complications are widespread in patients who are critically ill with COVID-19. Anticoagulant therapy was initially considered a cornerstone in hospitalized patients and even in the early post-discharge period; however, later trials have aborted the clinical benefits except for suspicion of or confirmed thrombosis. Immunomodulatory therapies are still crucial in moderate to severe COVID-19. Immunomodulator therapies include various medications from steroids to hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab and Anakinra. Anti-inflammatory agents, vitamin supplements and antimicrobial therapy had initial encouraging evidence, but there are limited data to review. Convalescent plasma, immunoglobulins, eculizumab, neutralizing IgG1 monoclonal antibodies and remdesivir have positively impacted inpatient mortality and hospital length of stay. Eventually, wide population vaccination was proven to be the best tool to overcome the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and help humanity return to regular life. Many vaccines and various strategies have been used since December 2020. This review discusses how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has progressed and surged, and summarizes the safety and efficacy of the most used therapies and vaccines in the light of recent evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Chinta
- Department of Medicine, BronxCare Hospital Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Rodriguez-Guerra
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mohammed Shaban
- Department of Medicine, BronxCare Hospital Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Neelanjana Pandey
- Department of Medicine, BronxCare Hospital Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maria Jaquez-Duran
- Department of Medicine, BronxCare Hospital Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J Vittorio
- Division of Cardiology, BronxCare Hospital Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
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Condelipes PGM, Fontes PM, Godinho-Santos A, Brás EJS, Marques V, Afonso MB, Rodrigues CMP, Chu V, Gonçalves J, Conde JP. Towards personalized antibody cancer therapy: development of a microfluidic cell culture device for antibody selection. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4717-4728. [PMID: 36349999 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00918h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibody therapy has been one of the most successful therapies for a wide range of diseases, including cancer. One way of expediting antibody therapy development is through phage display technology. Here, by screening thousands of randomly assembled peptide sequences, it is possible to identify potential therapeutic candidates. Conventional screening technologies do not accommodate perfusion through the system, as is the case of standard plate-based cultures. This leads to a poor translation of the experimental results obtained in vitro when moving to a more physiologically relevant setting, such as the case of preclinical animal models or clinical trials. Microfluidics is a technology that can improve screening efficacy by replicating more physiologically relevant conditions such as shear stress. In this work, a polydimethylsiloxane/polystyrene-based microfluidic system for a continuously perfused culture of cancer cells is reported. Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HCT116) expressing CXCR4 were used as a cell target. Fluorescently labeled M13 phages anti-CXCR4 were used to study the efficiency of the microfluidic system as a tool to study the binding kinetics of the engineered bacteriophages. Using our microfluidic platform, we estimated a dissociation constant of 0.45 pM for the engineered phage. Additionally, a receptor internalization assay was developed using SDF-1α to verify phage specificity to the CXCR4 receptor. Upon receptor internalization there was a signal reduction, proving that the anti-CXCR4 fluorescently labelled M13 phages bound specifically to the CXCR4 receptor. The simplicity and ease of use of the microfluidic device design presented in this work can form the basis of a generic platform that facilitates the study and optimization of therapies based on interaction with biological entities such as mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro G M Condelipes
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Mendes Fontes
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Godinho-Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduardo J S Brás
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), Lisbon, Portugal
- IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanda Marques
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta B Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Virginia Chu
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Pedro Conde
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Marino M, Holt MG. AAV Vector-Mediated Antibody Delivery (A-MAD) in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurol 2022; 13:870799. [PMID: 35493843 PMCID: PMC9039256 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.870799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last four decades, monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives have emerged as a powerful class of therapeutics, largely due to their exquisite targeting specificity. Several clinical areas, most notably oncology and autoimmune disorders, have seen the successful introduction of monoclonal-based therapeutics. However, their adoption for treatment of Central Nervous System diseases has been comparatively slow, largely due to issues of efficient delivery resulting from limited permeability of the Blood Brain Barrier. Nevertheless, CNS diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent as societies age, accounting for ~6.5 million fatalities worldwide per year. Therefore, harnessing the full therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies (and their derivatives) in this clinical area has become a priority. Adeno-associated virus-based vectors (AAVs) are a potential solution to this problem. Preclinical studies have shown that AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery provides protection against a broad range of peripheral diseases, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza and malaria. The parallel identification and optimization of AAV vector platforms which cross the Blood Brain Barrier with high efficiency, widely transducing the Central Nervous System and allowing high levels of local transgene production, has now opened a number of interesting scenarios for the development of AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery strategies to target Central Nervous System proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Marino
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew G. Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Synapse Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Matthew G. Holt
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Xu C, Yu M, Xie Y, Zhong J, Chen W, Lin M, Hu X, Shen Y. Screening and identification of vancomycin anti-idiotypic antibodies for against Staphylococcus aureus from a human phage display domain antibody library. Immunol Lett 2022; 246:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Velazquez EJ, Cress JD, Humpherys TB, Mortimer TO, Bellini DM, Skidmore JR, Smith KR, Robison RA, Weber SK, O’Neill KL. Selection of human single domain antibodies (sdAb) against thymidine kinase 1 and their incorporation into sdAb-Fc antibody constructs for potential use in cancer therapy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264822. [PMID: 35239730 PMCID: PMC8893706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1) is primarily known as a cancer biomarker with good prognostic capabilities for both hematological and solid malignancies. However, recent studies targeting TK1 at protein and mRNA levels have shown that TK1 may be useful as a therapeutic target. In order to examine the use of TK1 as a therapeutic target, it is necessary to develop therapeutics specific for it. Single domain antibodies (sdAbs), represent an exciting approach for the development of immunotherapeutics due to their cost-effective production and higher tumor penetration than conventional antibodies. In this study, we isolated sdAb fragments specific to human TK1 from a human sdAb library. A total of 400 sdAbs were screened through 5 rounds of selection by monoclonal phage ELISA. The most sensitive sdAb fragments were selected as candidates for preclinical testing. The sdAb fragments showed specificity for human TK1 in phage ELISA, Western blot analysis and had an estimated limit of detection of 3.9 ng/ml for the antibody fragments 4-H-TK1_A1 and 4-H-TK1_D1. The antibody fragments were successfully expressed and used for detection of membrane associated TK1 (mTK1) through flow cytometry on cancer cells [lung (~95%), colon (~87%), breast (~53%)] and healthy human mononuclear cells (MNC). The most sensitive antibody fragments, 4-H-TK1_A1 and 4-H-TK1_D1 were fused to an engineered IgG1 Fc fragment. When added to cancer cells expressing mTK1 co-cultured with human MNCs, the anti-TK1-sdAb-IgG1_A1 and D1 were able to elicit a significant antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) response against lung cancer cells compared to isotype controls (P<0.0267 and P<0.0265, respectively). To our knowledge this is the first time that the isolation and evaluation of human anti-TK1 single domain antibodies using phage display technology has been reported. The antibody fragments isolated here may represent a valuable resource for the detection and the targeting of TK1 on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J. Velazquez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Jordan D. Cress
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Tyler B. Humpherys
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Toni O. Mortimer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - David M. Bellini
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R. Skidmore
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Kathryn R. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Scott K. Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Kim L. O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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On the Use of Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Biosensors for Advanced Bioprocess Monitoring. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomanufacturers are being incited by regulatory agencies to transition from a quality by testing framework, where they extensively test their product after their production, to more of a quality by design or even quality by control framework. This requires powerful analytical tools and sensors enabling measurements of key process variables and/or product quality attributes during production, preferably in an online manner. As such, the demand for monitoring technologies is rapidly growing. In this context, we believe surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors can play a role in enabling the development of improved bioprocess monitoring and control strategies. The SPR technique has been profusely used to probe the binding behavior of a solution species with a sensor surface-immobilized partner in an investigative context, but its ability to detect binding in real-time and without a label has been exploited for monitoring purposes and is promising for the near future. In this review, we examine applications of SPR that are or could be related to bioprocess monitoring in three spheres: biotherapeutics production monitoring, vaccine monitoring, and bacteria and contaminant detection. These applications mainly exploit SPR’s ability to measure solution species concentrations, but performing kinetic analyses is also possible and could prove useful for product quality assessments. We follow with a discussion on the limitations of SPR in a monitoring role and how recent advances in hardware and SPR response modeling could counter them. Mainly, throughput limitations can be addressed by multi-detection spot instruments, and nonspecific binding effects can be alleviated by new antifouling materials. A plethora of methods are available for cell growth and metabolism monitoring, but product monitoring is performed mainly a posteriori. SPR-based biosensors exhibit potential as product monitoring tools from early production to the end of downstream processing, paving the way for more efficient production control. However, more work needs to be done to facilitate or eliminate the need for sample preprocessing and to optimize the experimental protocols.
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A Patent Review on the Therapeutic Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111953. [PMID: 34769383 PMCID: PMC8584575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contains spike proteins that assist the virus in entering host cells. In the absence of a specific intervention, efforts are afoot throughout the world to find an effective treatment for SARS-CoV-2. Through innovative techniques, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are being designed and developed to block a particular pathway of SARS-CoV-2 infection. More than 100 patent applications describing the development of MAbs and their application against SARS-CoV-2 have been registered. Most of them target the receptor binding protein so that the interaction between virus and host cell can be prevented. A few monoclonal antibodies are also being patented for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Some of them, like Regeneron® have already received emergency use authorization. These protein molecules are currently preferred for high-risk patients such as those over 65 years old with compromised immunity and those with metabolic disorders such as obesity. Being highly specific in action, monoclonal antibodies offer one of the most appropriate interventions for both the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Technological advancement has helped in producing highly efficacious MAbs. However, these agents are known to induce immunogenic and non-immunogenic reactions. More research and testing are required to establish the suitability of administering MAbs to all patients at risk of developing a severe illness. This patent study is focused on MAbs as a therapeutic option for treating COVID-19, as well as their invention, patenting information, and key characteristics.
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Chikaev AN, Chikaev AN, Rudometov AP, Merkulyeva YA, Karpenko LI. Phage display as a tool for identifying HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:562-572. [PMID: 34595378 PMCID: PMC8453360 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial biology methods offer a good solution for targeting interactions of specif ic molecules
by a high-throughput screening and are widely used for drug development, diagnostics, identif ication of novel
monoclonal antibodies, search for linear peptide mimetics of discontinuous epitopes for the development of
immunogens or vaccine components. Among all currently available techniques, phage display remains one of
the most popular approaches. Despite being a fairly old method, phage display is still widely used for studying
protein-protein, peptide-protein and DNA-protein interactions due to its relative simplicity and versatility. Phage
display allows highly representative libraries of peptides, proteins or their fragments to be created. Each phage
particle in a library displays peptides or proteins fused to its coat protein and simultaneously carries the DNA
sequence encoding the displayed peptide/protein in its genome. The biopanning procedure allows isolation of
specif ic clones for almost any target, and due to the physical link between the genotype and the phenotype of
recombinant phage particles it is possible to determine the structure of selected molecules. Phage display technology
continues to play an important role in HIV research. A major obstacle to the development of an effective
HIV vaccine is an extensive genetic and antigenic variability of the virus. According to recent data, in order to provide
protection against HIV infection, the so-called broadly neutralizing antibodies that are cross-reactive against
multiple viral strains of HIV must be induced, which makes the identif ication of such antibodies a key area of HIV
vaccinology. In this review, we discuss the use of phage display as a tool for identif ication of HIV-specif ic antibodies
with broad neutralizing activity. We provide an outline of phage display technology, brief ly describe the
design of antibody phage libraries and the affinity selection procedure, and discuss the biology of HIV-1-specif ic
broadly neutralizing antibodies. Finally, we summarize the studies aimed at identif ication of broadly neutralizing
antibodies using various types of phage libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A N Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A P Rudometov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - Yu A Merkulyeva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - L I Karpenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
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Wang F, Li N, Zhang Y, Sun X, Hu M, Zhao Y, Fan J. Preparation and Directed Evolution of Anti-Ciprofloxacin ScFv for Immunoassay in Animal-Derived Food. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081933. [PMID: 34441715 PMCID: PMC8394695 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunized mouse phage display scFv library with a capacity of 3.34 × 109 CFU/mL was constructed and used for screening of recombinant anti-ciprofloxacin single-chain antibody for the detection of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in animal-derived food. After four rounds of bio-panning, 25 positives were isolated and identified successfully. The highest positive scFv-22 was expressed in E. coli BL21. Then, its recognition mechanisms were studied using the molecular docking method. The result showed the amino acid residue Val160 was the key residue for the binding of scFv to CIP. Based on the results of virtual mutation, the scFv antibody was evolved by directional mutagenesis of contact amino acid residue Val160 to Ser. After the expression and purification, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) based on the parental and mutant scFv was established for CIP, respectively. The IC50 value of the assay established with the ScFv mutant was 1.58 ng/mL, while the parental scFv was 26.23 ng/mL; this result showed highly increased affinity, with up to 16.6-fold improved sensitivity. The mean recovery for CIP ranged from 73.80% to 123.35%, with 10.46% relative standard deviation between the intra-assay and the inter-assay. The RSD values ranged between 1.49% and 9.81%. The results indicate that we obtained a highly sensitive anti-CIP scFv by the phage library construction and directional evolution, and the scFv-based IC-ELISA is suitable for the detection of CIP residue in animal-derived edible tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 116#Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Y.Z.); (X.S.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, 63#Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (N.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yunshang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 116#Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Y.Z.); (X.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Xuefeng Sun
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 116#Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Y.Z.); (X.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Man Hu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 116#Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Y.Z.); (X.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Yali Zhao
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, 63#Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou 450000, China; (N.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jianming Fan
- China College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100#Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
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Lou Y, Zhao W, Wei H, Chu M, Chao R, Yao H, Su J, Li Y, Li X, Cao Y, Feng Y, Wang P, Xia Y, Shang Y, Li F, Ge P, Zhang X, Gao W, Song G, Du B, Liang T, Qiu Y, Liu M. Cross-neutralization of RBD mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 by convalescent patient derived antibodies. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100207. [PMID: 34379353 PMCID: PMC8420279 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an urgent need for the development of therapeutic interventions. Of which, neutralizing antibodies play a crucial role in the prevention and resolution of viral infection. METHODS We generated antibody libraries from 18 different COVID-19 recovered patients and screened neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and its mutants. After 3 rounds of panning, 456 positive phage clones were obtained with high affinity to RBD (receptor binding domain). Clones were then reconstituted into whole human IgG for epitope binning assay and all 19 IgG were classified into 6 different epitope groups or Bins. RESULTS Although all antibodies were found to bind RBD, the antibodies in Bin2 had superior inhibitory ability of the interaction between spike protein and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2). Most importantly, the antibodies from Bin2 showed stronger binding affinity or ability to mutant RBDs (N501Y, W463R, R408I, N354D, V367F and N354D/D364Y) derived from different SARS-CoV-2 strains as well, suggesting the great potential of these antibodies in preventing infection of SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations. Furthermore, such neutralizing antibodies strongly restricted the binding of RBD to hACE2 overexpressed 293T cells. Consistently, these antibodies effectively neutralized wildtype and more transmissible mutant pseudovirus entry into hACE2 overexpressed 293T cells. In Vero-E6 cells, one of these antibodies can even block the entry of live SARS-CoV-2 into cells at 12.5 nM. DISCUSSION These results indicate that the neutralizing human antibodies from the patient-derived antibody libraries have the potential to fight SARS-CoV-2 and its mutants in this global pandemic. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lou
- State Key Laboratory for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Wenxiang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,SymRay Biopharma Inc., Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Haitao Wei
- SymRay Biopharma Inc., Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Min Chu
- SymRay Biopharma Inc., Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ruihua Chao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,SymRay Biopharma Inc., Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Junwei Su
- State Key Laboratory for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yanan Li
- SymRay Biopharma Inc., Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiulan Li
- SymRay Biopharma Inc., Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yu Cao
- SymRay Biopharma Inc., Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yanyan Feng
- SymRay Biopharma Inc., Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ping Wang
- SymRay Biopharma Inc., Shanghai, 200241, China
| | | | | | - Fengping Li
- SymRay Biopharma Inc., Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Pingju Ge
- Acrobiosystems Inc., Beijing, 100176, China
| | | | | | - Gaojie Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bing Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- State Key Laboratory for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yunqing Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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15
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Min B, Yoo M, Kim H, Cho M, Nam DH, Yoon Y. Semi-Automated Cell Panning for Efficient Isolation of FGFR3-Targeting Antibody. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126240. [PMID: 34207911 PMCID: PMC8229736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display technology is a widely used practical tool for isolating binding molecules against the desired targets in phage libraries. In the case of targeting the membrane protein with its natural conformation, conventional bio-panning has limitations on the efficient screening of the functionally relevant antibodies. To enrich the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) pools for recognizing the natural conformation of the membrane targets, the conventional bio-panning and screening process was modified to include the semi-automated cell panning protocol. Using FGFR3-overexpressing patient-derived cancer cells, biotin-X-DHPE was introduced and coupled to Streptavidin-coated magnetic beads for use in the solution-phage bio-panning procedure. The resulting clones of scFv were compared to the diversity of the binding region, especially on CDR-H3. The clones enriched further by cell-based panning procedure possessed a similar binding site and the CDR-H3 loop structure. The resulting antibodies inhibited cell growth and induced target degradation. This process may be a useful tool for screening biologically related antibodies that recognize natural conformational structure on cell membrane protein. Furthermore, cell-based panning has the potential to further expand to a high-throughput screening (HTS) system and automation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongkwi Min
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea; (B.M.); (H.K.)
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (M.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Minyoung Yoo
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (M.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Hyeree Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea; (B.M.); (H.K.)
- Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Minjung Cho
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (M.Y.); (M.C.)
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea; (B.M.); (H.K.)
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (M.Y.); (M.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-H.N.); (Y.Y.); Tel.: +82-(2)-3410-3497 (D.-H.N.); +82-(2)-2148-7900 (Y.Y.)
| | - Yeup Yoon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea; (B.M.); (H.K.)
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (M.Y.); (M.C.)
- Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-H.N.); (Y.Y.); Tel.: +82-(2)-3410-3497 (D.-H.N.); +82-(2)-2148-7900 (Y.Y.)
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Xu C, He D, Zu Y, Hong S, Hao J, Li J. Microcystin-LR heterologous genetically engineered antibody recombinant and its binding activity improvement and application in immunoassay. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124596. [PMID: 33307449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a high-toxic biohazard that pollutes ecological environment and agroproducts. In this study, a newly recombined genetically engineered antibody (AVHH-MVH) with higher thermal stability and binding activity was designed by chain shuffling and based on our previously obtained anti-MC-LR scFv and nanobody. Based on AVHH-MVH template, a capacity of 8.99 × 105 CFU/mL of phage display AVHH-MVH mutagenesis library was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in MVH-CDR3 region, and then used for ultrasensitive mutants screening. Afterwards, a total of five positive AVHH-MVH mutants were isolated from the mutagenesis library, and their binding activity was higher than AVHH-MVH for MC-LR. The AVHH-MVH mutant 3 was cloned into pET-25b vector for soluble expression, and the concentration of target protein expressed in culture system was 43.5 mg/L. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) was established based on purified AVHH-MVH mutant 3 protein, and it showed ultrasensitive binding activity for MC-LR with the detection limit of 0.0075 μg/L, which was far below the maximum residue limit standard of 1.0 μg/L in drinking water proposed by World Health Organization. The established IC-ELISA shows good accuracy, repeatability, stability and applicability for MC-LR spiked samples, and it is promising for MC-LR ultrasensitive monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxin Xu
- Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Dan He
- Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yao Zu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sujuan Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Hao
- Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Development of a novel, fully human, anti-PCSK9 antibody with potent hypolipidemic activity by utilizing phage display-based strategy. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103250. [PMID: 33647772 PMCID: PMC7921758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by facilitating the degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) and is an attractive therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia intervention. Herein, we generated a novel fully human antibody with favourable druggability by utilizing phage display-based strategy. Methods A potent single-chain variable fragment (scFv) named AP2M21 was obtained by screening a fully human scFv phage display library with hPCSK9, and performing two in vitro affinity maturation processes including CDR-targeted tailored mutagenesis and cross-cloning. Thereafter, it was transformed to a full-length Fc-silenced anti-PCSK9 antibody FAP2M21 by fusing to a modified human IgG1 Fc fragment with L234A/L235A/N297G mutations and C-terminal lysine deletion, thus eliminating its immune effector functions and mitigating mAb heterogeneity. Findings Our data showed that the generated full-length anti-PCSK9 antibody FAP2M21 binds to hPCSK9 with a KD as low as 1.42 nM, and a dramatically slow dissociation rate (koff, 4.68 × 10−6 s−1), which could be attributed to its lower binding energy (-47.51 kcal/mol) than its parent counterpart FAP2 (-30.39 kcal/mol). We verified that FAP2M21 potently inhibited PCSK9-induced reduction of LDL-C uptake in HepG2 cells, with an EC50 of 43.56 nM. Further, in hPCSK9 overexpressed C57BL/6 mice, a single tail i.v. injection of FAP2M21 at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, dose-dependently up-regulated hepatic LDLR levels, and concomitantly reduced serum LDL-C by 3.3% (P = 0.658, unpaired Student's t-test), 30.2% (P = 0.002, Mann-Whitney U-test) and 37.2% (P = 0.002, Mann-Whitney U-test), respectively. Interpretation FAP2M21 with potent inhibitory effect on PCSK9 may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for treating hypercholesterolemia and associated cardiovascular diseases.
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18
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Lai JY, Lim TS. Infectious disease antibodies for biomedical applications: A mini review of immune antibody phage library repertoire. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:640-648. [PMID: 32650013 PMCID: PMC7340592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody phage display is regarded as a critical tool for the development of monoclonal antibodies for infectious diseases. The different classes of antibody libraries are classified based on the source of repertoire used to generate the libraries. Immune antibody libraries are generated from disease infected host or immunization against an infectious agent. Antibodies derived from immune libraries are distinct from those derived from naïve libraries as the host's in vivo immune mechanisms shape the antibody repertoire to yield high affinity antibodies. As the immune system is constantly evolving in accordance to the health state of an individual, immune libraries can offer more than just infection-specific antibodies but also antibodies derived from the memory B-cells much like naïve libraries. The combinatorial nature of the gene cloning process would give rise to a combination of natural and un-natural antibody gene pairings in the immune library. These factors have a profound impact on the coverage of immune antibody libraries to target both disease-specific and non-disease specific antigens. This review looks at the diverse nature of antibody responses for immune library generation and discusses the extended potential of a disease-specified immune library in the context of phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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Ghattas W, Mahy JP, Réglier M, Simaan AJ. Artificial Enzymes for Diels-Alder Reactions. Chembiochem 2020; 22:443-459. [PMID: 32852088 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder (DA) reaction is a cycloaddition of a conjugated diene and an alkene (dienophile) leading to the formation of a cyclohexene derivative through a concerted mechanism. As DA reactions generally proceed with a high degree of regio- and stereoselectivity, they are widely used in synthetic organic chemistry. Considering eco-conscious public and governmental movements, efforts are now directed towards the development of synthetic processes that meet environmental concerns. Artificial enzymes, which can be developed to catalyze abiotic reactions, appear to be important synthetic tools in the synthetic biology field. This review describes the different strategies used to develop protein-based artificial enzymes for DA reactions, including for in cellulo approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadih Ghattas
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), UMR 8182 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405 Cedex 8, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Mahy
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), UMR 8182 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405 Cedex 8, France
| | - Marius Réglier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen, Service 342, Marseille, 13397, France
| | - A Jalila Simaan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen, Service 342, Marseille, 13397, France
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Clonal array profiling of scFv-displaying phages for high-throughput discovery of affinity-matured antibody mutants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14103. [PMID: 32839506 PMCID: PMC7445280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
"Antibody-breeding" approach potentially generates therapeutic/diagnostic antibody mutants with greater performance than native antibodies. Therein, antibody fragments (e.g., single-chain Fv fragments; scFvs) with a variety of mutations are displayed on bacteriophage to generate diverse phage-antibody libraries. Rare clones with improved functions are then selected via panning against immobilized or tagged target antigens. However, this selection process often ended unsuccessful, mainly due to the biased propagation of phage-antibody clones and the competition with a large excess of undesirable clones with weaker affinities. To break radically from such panning-inherent problems, we developed a novel method, clonal array profiling of scFv-displaying phages (CAP), in which colonies of the initial bacterial libraries are examined one-by-one in microwells. Progenies of scFv-displaying phages generated are, if show sufficient affinity to target antigen, captured in the microwell via pre-coated antigen and detected using a luciferase-fused anti-phage scFv. The advantage of CAP was evidenced by its application with a small error-prone-PCR-based library (~ 105 colonies) of anti-cortisol scFvs. Only two operations, each surveying only ~ 3% of the library (9,400 colonies), provided five mutants showing 32–63-fold improved Ka values (> 1010 M−1), compared with the wild-type scFv (Ka = 3.8 × 108 M−1), none of which could be recovered via conventional panning procedures operated for the entire library.
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Kafil V, Saei AA, Tohidkia MR, Barar J, Omidi Y. Immunotargeting and therapy of cancer by advanced multivalence antibody scaffolds. J Drug Target 2020; 28:1018-1033. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1772796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vala Kafil
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Chai D, Wang G, Fang L, Li H, Liu S, Zhu H, Zheng J. The optimization system for preparation of TG1 competent cells and electrotransformation. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1043. [PMID: 32394632 PMCID: PMC7349126 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient electrotransformation system that includes electrocompetent cells is a critical component for the success of large‐scale gene transduction and replication. The conditions of TG1 competent cell preparation and optimal electrotransformation were evaluated by investigating different parameters. Certain parameters for preparation of TG1 competent cells (≥8 × 1010 colony forming units (cfu)/μg DNA) include optimum culture time of monoclonal bacteria (8–10 hr), amplification growth concentration (approximately OD600 = 0.45), and culture volume (400 ml in 2 L conical flask). With increased storage of competent cells at −80°C, electrotransformation efficiency gradually decreased, but it remains greater than ≥ 1010 cfu/μg DNA 3 months later. Moreover, the recovery time of electrotransformation also influenced electrotransformation efficiency (1.5–2 hr for optimization). The optimized transformation efficiency of TG1 (≥8 × 1010 cfu/μg DNA) was observed under suitable electric voltage (2.5 kV), electric intensity (15 kV/cm), and electric time (3.5 ms) of electricity for plasmid transformation. Optimized DNA amount (0.01–100 ng) dissolved in water led to the high efficiency of plasmid transformation (≥8 × 1010 cfu/μg DNA), but had low efficiency when dissolved in T4 ligation buffer (≤3 × 1010 cfu/μg DNA). These results indicated that an optimized TG1 transformation system is useful for high electrotransformation efficiency under general laboratory conditions. The optimized TG1 transformation system might facilitate large‐scale gene transduction for phage display library construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Lin Fang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Huizhong Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Zhu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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23
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Towards a new avenue for producing therapeutic proteins: Microalgae as a tempting green biofactory. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Xu H, Cao B, Li Y, Mao C. Phage nanofibers in nanomedicine: Biopanning for early diagnosis, targeted therapy, and proteomics analysis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1623. [PMID: 32147974 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Display of a peptide or protein of interest on the filamentous phage (also known as bacteriophage), a biological nanofiber, has opened a new route for disease diagnosis and therapy as well as proteomics. Earlier phage display was widely used in protein-protein or antigen-antibody studies. In recent years, its application in nanomedicine is becoming increasingly popular and encouraging. We aim to review the current status in this research direction. For better understanding, we start with a brief introduction of basic biology and structure of the filamentous phage. We present the principle of phage display and library construction method on the basis of the filamentous phage. We summarize the use of the phage displayed peptide library for selecting peptides with high affinity against cells or tissues. We then review the recent applications of the selected cell or tissue targeting peptides in developing new targeting probes and therapeutics to advance the early diagnosis and targeted therapy of different diseases in nanomedicine. We also discuss the integration of antibody phage display and modern proteomics in discovering new biomarkers or target proteins for disease diagnosis and therapy. Finally, we propose an outlook for further advancing the potential impact of phage display on future nanomedicine. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Binrui Cao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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25
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Chockalingam K, Peng Z, Vuong CN, Berghman LR, Chen Z. Golden Gate assembly with a bi-directional promoter (GBid): A simple, scalable method for phage display Fab library creation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2888. [PMID: 32076016 PMCID: PMC7031318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabs offer an attractive platform for monoclonal antibody discovery/engineering, but library construction can be cumbersome. We report a simple method – Golden Gate assembly with a bi-directional promoter (GBid) – for constructing phage display Fab libraries. In GBid, the constant domains of the Fabs are located in the backbone of the phagemid vector and the library insert comprises only the variable regions of the antibodies and a central bi-directional promoter. This vector design reduces the process of Fab library construction to “scFv-like” simplicity and the double promoter ensures robust expression of both constituent chains. To maximize the library size, the 3 fragments comprising the insert – two variable chains and one bi-directional promoter – are assembled via a 3-fragment overlap extension PCR and the insert is incorporated into the vector via a high-efficiency one-fragment, one-pot Golden Gate assembly. The reaction setup requires minimal preparatory work and enzyme quantities, making GBid highly scalable. Using GBid, we constructed a chimeric chicken-human Fab phage display library comprising 1010 variants targeting the multi-transmembrane protein human CD20 (hCD20). Selection/counter-selection on transfected whole cells yielded hCD20-specific antibodies in four rounds of panning. The simplicity and scalability of GBid makes it a powerful tool for the discovery/engineering of Fabs and IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Chockalingam
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Zeyu Peng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.,Biosion, Inc., Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Christine N Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.,Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72703, USA
| | - Luc R Berghman
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Zhilei Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA.
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26
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Novel Lentivirus-Based Method for Rapid Selection of Inhibitory Nanobody against PRRSV. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020229. [PMID: 32092857 PMCID: PMC7077216 DOI: 10.3390/v12020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and re-emergence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has resulted in huge economic losses for the swine industry. Current vaccines are of limited efficacy against endemic circulating PRRSV variants. New strategies against PRRSV infection are in urgent need. Here, a nanobody library in Marc-145 cells is constructed for antiviral nanobodies. Nanobody encoding sequences from two non-immunized llamas were cloned to generate a pseudotyped lentiviral library. Several candidates were selected from survival cells post-PRRSV inoculation and further characterized. Nb9 was identified with strong antiviral activity. Moreover, Nb9 exerted antiviral activity via its interaction with PRRSV viral proteins, as revealed by immunofluorescence assay and Western blot. Taken together, the novel function-based screen of the lentivirus nanobody library, instead of the conventional affinity-based screen, offers an alternative strategy for antiviral reagents against PRRSV and other pathogens.
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27
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Leyton-Castro NF, Brigido MM, Maranhão AQ. Selection of Antibody Fragments for CAR-T Cell Therapy from Phage Display Libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2086:13-26. [PMID: 31707665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0146-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CAR-T cell therapy emerged in the last years as a great promise to cancer treatment. Nowadays, there is a run to improve the breadth of its use, and thus, new chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are being proposed. The antigen-binding counterpart of CAR is an antibody fragment, scFv (single chain variable fragment), that recognizes a membrane protein associated to a cancer cell. In this chapter, the use of human scFv phage display libraries as a source of new mAbs against surface antigen is discussed. Protocols focusing in the use of extracellular domains of surface protein in biotinylated format are proposed as selection antigen. Elution with unlabeled peptide and selection in solution is described. The analysis of enriched scFvs throughout the selection using NGS is also outlined. Taken together these protocols allow for the isolation of new scFvs able to be useful in the construction of new chimeric antigen receptors for application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor F Leyton-Castro
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Programme, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Brigido
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Programme, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Andrea Q Maranhão
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Programme, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
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28
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Kazemi-Lomedasht F, Yamabhai M, Sabatier JM, Behdani M, Zareinejad MR, Shahbazzadeh D. Development of a human scFv antibody targeting the lethal Iranian cobra (Naja oxiana) snake venom. Toxicon 2019; 171:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Castelli MS, McGonigle P, Hornby PJ. The pharmacology and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00535. [PMID: 31859459 PMCID: PMC6923804 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as a major class of therapeutic agents on the market. To date, approximately 80 mAbs have been granted marketing approval. In 2018, 12 new mAbs were approved by the FDA, representing 20% of the total number of approved drugs. The majority of mAb therapeutics are for oncological and immunological/infectious diseases, but these are expanding into other disease areas. Over 100 monoclonal antibodies are in development, and their unique features ensure that these will remain a part of the therapeutic pipeline. Thus, the therapeutic value and the elucidation of their pharmacological properties supporting clinical development of these large molecules are unquestioned. However, their utilization as pharmacological tools in academic laboratories has lagged behind their small molecule counterparts. Early therapeutic mAbs targeted soluble cytokines, but now that mAbs also target membrane-bound receptors and have increased circulating half-life, their pharmacology is more complex. The principles of pharmacology have enabled the development of high affinity, potent and selective small molecule therapeutics with reduced off-target effects and drug-drug interactions. This review will discuss how the same basic principles can be applied to mAbs, with some important differences. Monoclonal antibodies have several benefits, such as fewer off-target adverse effects, fewer drug-drug interactions, higher specificity, and potentially increased efficacy through targeted therapy. Modifications to decrease the immunogenicity and increase the efficacy are described, with examples of optimizing their pharmacokinetic properties and enabling oral bioavailability. Increased awareness of these advances may help to increase their use in exploratory research and further understand and characterize their pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sofía Castelli
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyCollege of MedicineDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Paul McGonigle
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyCollege of MedicineDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Pamela J. Hornby
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyCollege of MedicineDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease DiscoveryJanssen R&DLLCSpring HousePAUSA
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30
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Ren X, Zhang Q, Wu W, Yan T, Tang X, Zhang W, Yu L, Li P. Anti-idiotypic nanobody-phage display-mediated real-time immuno-PCR for sensitive, simultaneous and quantitative detection of total aflatoxins and zearalenone in grains. Food Chem 2019; 297:124912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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31
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Antigen Identification for Cell-Binding Antibodies Using Ligand-Directed Crosslinking and Biotin Transfer. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31364049 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9597-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Panning approaches using antibody libraries often result in the isolation of antibodies that bind to cells through an unknown cellular receptor. Here, we describe a protocol that uses ligand-directed crosslinking with the aminooxy-sulfhydryl-biotin (ASB) trifunctional crosslinker followed by a proteomic analysis to identify the cellular receptors for orphan ligands. We describe the synthesis of the ASB crosslinker, labelling of the ligand with ASB, and cell binding of the labelled ligands. Next, biotin affinity purification and trypsin digestion of cell surface proteins that have been crosslinked by ASB are described. Lastly, several hints and tips to improve the proteomic analysis for these types of samples are provided.
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32
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Probing the Antigenicity of HCV Envelope Glycoproteins by Phage Display Antibody Technology. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30593640 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8976-8_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 of hepatitis C virus form a heterodimeric complex on the viral surface. They are the targets of neutralizing antibodies and are being investigated as potential vaccine antigens. Because of the high level of cysteine residues and N-glycosylation sites in the polypeptide sequences, it is technically challenging to produce pure, folded recombinant E1, E2, and E1E2 complex for downstream analysis. In this chapter, the methods we used to isolate a panel of human antibodies specific to diverse antigenic regions on the glycoproteins are discussed. The antibodies have been found to be valuable reagents for the study of HCV envelope glycoproteins, including the determination of the first E2 core domain structure.
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33
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Jafari B, Pourseif MM, Barar J, Rafi MA, Omidi Y. Peptide-mediated drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier for targeting brain tumors. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:583-605. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1614911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Jafari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia,
Iran
| | - Mohammad M. Pourseif
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
| | - Mohammad A. Rafi
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,
PA, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
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34
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Lim CC, Woo PCY, Lim TS. Development of a Phage Display Panning Strategy Utilizing Crude Antigens: Isolation of MERS-CoV Nucleoprotein human antibodies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6088. [PMID: 30988390 PMCID: PMC6465254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody phage display has been pivotal in the quest to generate human monoclonal antibodies for biomedical and research applications. Target antigen preparation is a main bottleneck associated with the panning process. This includes production complexity, downstream purification, quality and yield. In many instances, purified antigens are preferred for panning but this may not be possible for certain difficult target antigens. Here, we describe an improved procedure of affinity selection against crude or non-purified antigen by saturation of non-binders with blocking agents to promote positive binder enrichment termed as Yin-Yang panning. A naïve human scFv library with kappa light chain repertoire with a library size of 109 was developed. The improved Yin-Yang biopanning process was able to enrich monoclonal antibodies specific to the MERS-CoV nucleoprotein. Three unique monoclonal antibodies were isolated in the process. The Yin-Yang biopanning method highlights the possibility of utilizing crude antigens for the isolation of monoclonal antibodies by phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Chiu Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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35
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Lim CC, Choong YS, Lim TS. Cognizance of Molecular Methods for the Generation of Mutagenic Phage Display Antibody Libraries for Affinity Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1861. [PMID: 30991723 PMCID: PMC6515083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies leverage on their unique architecture to bind with an array of antigens. The strength of interaction has a direct relation to the affinity of the antibodies towards the antigen. In vivo affinity maturation is performed through multiple rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection in the germinal centre. This unique process involves intricate sequence rearrangements at the gene level via molecular mechanisms. The emergence of in vitro display technologies, mainly phage display and recombinant DNA technology, has helped revolutionize the way antibody improvements are being carried out in the laboratory. The adaptation of molecular approaches in vitro to replicate the in vivo processes has allowed for improvements in the way recombinant antibodies are designed and tuned. Combinatorial libraries, consisting of a myriad of possible antibodies, are capable of replicating the diversity of the natural human antibody repertoire. The isolation of target-specific antibodies with specific affinity characteristics can also be accomplished through modification of stringent protocols. Despite the ability to screen and select for high-affinity binders, some 'fine tuning' may be required to enhance antibody binding in terms of its affinity. This review will provide a brief account of phage display technology used for antibody generation followed by a summary of different combinatorial library characteristics. The review will focus on available strategies, which include molecular approaches, next generation sequencing, and in silico approaches used for antibody affinity maturation in both therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Chiu Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Yee Siew Choong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
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36
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Solemani Zadeh A, Grässer A, Dinter H, Hermes M, Schindowski K. Efficient Construction and Effective Screening of Synthetic Domain Antibody Libraries. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:mps2010017. [PMID: 31164599 PMCID: PMC6481084 DOI: 10.3390/mps2010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage display is a powerful technique for drug discovery in biomedical research in particular for antibody libraries. But, several technical challenges are associated with the selection process. For instance, during the panning step, the successful elution of the phages bound to the antigen is critical in order to avoid losing the most promising binders. Here, we present an efficient protocol to establish, screen and select synthetic libraries of domain antibodies using phage display. We do not only present suitable solutions to the above-mentioned challenges to improve elution by 50-fold, but we also present a step by step in-depth protocol with miniaturized volumes and optimized procedures to save material, costs and time for a successful phage display with domain antibodies. Hence, this protocol improves the selection process for an efficient handling process. The here presented library is based on the variable domain (vNAR) of the naturally occurring novel antibody receptor (IgNAR) from cartilage fishes. Diversity was introduced in the Complementarity-Determining Region 3 (CDR3) of the antigen-binding site with different composition and length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghavan Solemani Zadeh
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Science, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School "Molecular Medicine", University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Alissa Grässer
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Science, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Heiko Dinter
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Science, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Hermes
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Science, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Science, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
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37
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Construction of an immunized rabbit phage display antibody library for screening microcystin-LR high sensitive single-chain antibody. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:369-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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38
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Jalilzadeh-Razin S, Mantegi M, Tohidkia MR, Pazhang Y, Pourseif MM, Barar J, Omidi Y. Phage antibody library screening for the selection of novel high-affinity human single-chain variable fragment against gastrin receptor: an in silico and in vitro study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:21-34. [PMID: 30607886 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-018-0233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a membrane G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) family, gastrin/cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) plays a key role in the initiation and development of gastric cancer. OBJECTIVES Targeting CCK2R by immunotherapeutics such as single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) may provide an effective treatment modality against gastric cancer. Thus, the main objective of this study was to isolate scFvs specific to CCK2R. METHODS To isolate scFvs specific to the CCK2R, we capitalized on a semi-synthetic diverse phage antibody library (PAL) and a solution-phase biopanning process. The library was panned against a biotinylated peptide of the second extracellular loop (ECL2) of CCK2R. After four rounds of biopanning, the selected soluble scFv clones were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and examined for specific binding to the peptide. The selected scFvs were purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The binding affinity and specificity of the scFvs were examined by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR), immunoblotting and flow cytometry assays and molecular docking using ZDOCK v3.0.2. RESULTS Ten different scFvs were isolated, which displayed binding affinity ranging from 0.68 to 8.0 (nM). Immunoblotting and molecular docking analysis revealed that eight scFvs were able to detect the denatured form of CCK2R protein. Of the isolated scFvs, two scFvs showed high-binding affinity to the human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, a couple of the selected scFvs showed markedly high-binding affinity to immobilized CCK2R peptide and CCK2R-overexpressing AGS cells. Therefore, these scFvs are proposed to serve as targeting and/or treatment agents in the diagnosis and immunotherapy of CCK2R-positive tumors. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Jalilzadeh-Razin
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Malihe Mantegi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Islamic Azad University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Yaghub Pazhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Pourseif
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Naran K, Nundalall T, Chetty S, Barth S. Principles of Immunotherapy: Implications for Treatment Strategies in Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3158. [PMID: 30622524 PMCID: PMC6308495 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances in cancer biology and pathogenesis during the past two decades, have resulted in immunotherapeutic strategies that have revolutionized the treatment of malignancies, from relatively non-selective toxic agents to specific, mechanism-based therapies. Despite extensive global efforts, infectious diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating novel, innovative therapeutics that address the current challenges of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Similar to cancer pathogenesis, infectious pathogens successfully fashion a hospitable environment within the host and modulate host metabolic functions to support their nutritional requirements, while suppressing host defenses by altering regulatory mechanisms. These parallels, and the advances made in targeted therapy in cancer, may inform the rational development of therapeutic interventions for infectious diseases. Although "immunotherapy" is habitually associated with the treatment of cancer, this review accentuates the evolving role of key targeted immune interventions that are approved, as well as those in development, for various cancers and infectious diseases. The general features of adoptive therapies, those that enhance T cell effector function, and ligand-based therapies, that neutralize or eliminate diseased cells, are discussed in the context of specific diseases that, to date, lack appropriate remedial treatment; cancer, HIV, TB, and drug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections. The remarkable diversity and versatility that distinguishes immunotherapy is emphasized, consequently establishing this approach within the armory of curative therapeutics, applicable across the disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Naran
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Trishana Nundalall
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shivan Chetty
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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40
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Sormanni P, Aprile FA, Vendruscolo M. Third generation antibody discovery methods: in silico rational design. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:9137-9157. [PMID: 30298157 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00523k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their outstanding performances in molecular recognition, antibodies are extensively used in research and applications in molecular biology, biotechnology and medicine. Recent advances in experimental and computational methods are making it possible to complement well-established in vivo (first generation) and in vitro (second generation) methods of antibody discovery with novel in silico (third generation) approaches. Here we describe the principles of computational antibody design and review the state of the art in this field. We then present Modular, a method that implements the rational design of antibodies in a modular manner, and describe the opportunities offered by this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Sormanni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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41
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Lakzaei M, Rasaee MJ, Fazaeli AA, Aminian M. A comparison of three strategies for biopanning of phage-scFv library against diphtheria toxin. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9486-9494. [PMID: 30417355 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biopanning process is a critical step in phage display for isolating peptides or proteins with specific binding properties. Conventional panning methods are sometimes not so effective and may result in nonspecific or low-yield positive results. In this study, three different strategies including soluble antibody-capturing, pH-stepwise elution, and conventional panning were used for enrichment of specific clones against diphtheria toxoid. The reactivity of the selected clones was evaluated using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The positive clones were screened using Vero cell viability assay. The neutralizing clones were expressed in HB2151 strain of Escherichia coli and soluble single-chain fragment variable (scFv) fragments were purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. Finally, the ability of scFv fragments for neutralizing diphtheria toxin (DT) were evaluated again using Vero cell viability assay. After four rounds of panning, the soluble antibody-capturing method yielded 15 positive phage-scFv clones against diphtheria toxoid. Conventional panning and pH-stepwise elution model resulted from nine and five positive phage-scFv clones, respectively. Among all positive clones, three clones were able to neutralize DT in Vero cell viability assay. Two of these clones belonged to a soluble antibody-capturing method and one of them came from conventional panning. Three neutralizing clones were used for soluble expression and purification of scFvs fragments. It was found that these soluble scFv fragments possessed neutralizing activity ranging from 0.15 to 0.6 µg against two-fold cytotoxic dose 99% of DT. In conclusion, the results of our study indicate that soluble antibody-capturing method is an efficient method for isolation of specific scFv fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Lakzaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohhamad Javad Rasaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Fazaeli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Aminian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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42
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Reis JM, Xu X, McDonald S, Woloschuk RM, Jaikaran ASI, Vizeacoumar FS, Woolley GA, Uppalapati M. Discovering Selective Binders for Photoswitchable Proteins Using Phage Display. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2355-2364. [PMID: 30203962 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nature provides an array of proteins that change conformation in response to light. The discovery of a complementary array of proteins that bind only the light-state or dark-state conformation of their photoactive partner proteins would allow each light-switchable protein to be used as an optogenetic tool to control protein-protein interactions. However, as many photoactive proteins have no known binding partner, the advantages of optogenetic control-precise spatial and temporal resolution-are currently restricted to a few well-defined natural systems. In addition, the affinities and kinetics of native interactions are often suboptimal and are difficult to engineer in the absence of any structural information. We report a phage display strategy using a small scaffold protein that can be used to discover new binding partners for both light and dark states of a given light-switchable protein. We used our approach to generate binding partners that interact specifically with the light state or the dark state conformation of two light-switchable proteins: PYP, a test case for a protein with no known partners, and AsLOV2, a well-characterized protein. We show that these novel light-switchable protein-protein interactions can function in living cells to control subcellular localization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakeb M. Reis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H7, Canada
| | - Xiuling Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H7, Canada
| | - Sherin McDonald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Ryan M. Woloschuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H7, Canada
| | - Anna S. I. Jaikaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H7, Canada
| | - Frederick S. Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - G. Andrew Woolley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H7, Canada
| | - Maruti Uppalapati
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2, Canada
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Li Q, Miao Z, Luo XG, Zhao J, Song YJ, Li ZY, Zhou H, Zhang TC, Mao LS. Expression and bioactivity analysis of TNF30, a TNFα nanobody, in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1480422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Miao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Lidzix Biotechnology Tianjin Co., Ltd, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jian Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Li-Song Mao
- Lidzix Biotechnology Tianjin Co., Ltd, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Phage display-derived antibody fragments against conserved regions of VacA toxin of Helicobacter pylori. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6899-6913. [PMID: 29862446 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori may result in the emergence of gastric adenocarcinoma. Among various toxins assisting pathogenesis of H. pylori, the vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) is one of the most potent toxins known as the major cause of the peptic ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma. To isolate single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) against two conserved regions of VacA, we capitalized on the phage display technology and a solution-phase biopanning (SPB). Characterization of scFvs was carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Bioinformatics analyses were also performed in order to characterize the structural and functional properties of the isolated scFvs and the interaction(s) between the isolated antibodies (Ab)-antigen (Ag). After four rounds of biopanning, the positive colonies detected by scFv ELISA were harvested to extract the plasmids and perform sequencing. Of several colonies, three colonies showed high affinity to the VacA1 and two colonies for the VacA2. Further complementary examinations (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), western blot, SPR, and flow cytometry) displayed the high affinity and specificity of the isolated scFvs to the VacA. Docking results revealed the interaction of the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) with the VacA peptide. In conclusion, for the first time, we report on the isolation of several scFvs against conserved residues of VacA toxin with high affinity and specificity, which may be used as novel diagnostic/therapeutic tool in the H. pylori infection.
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Xu C, Yang Y, Liu L, Li J, Liu X, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang C, Liu X. Microcystin-LR nanobody screening from an alpaca phage display nanobody library and its expression and application. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 151:220-227. [PMID: 29353171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a type of biotoxin that pollutes the ecological environment and food. The study aimed to obtain new nanobodies from phage nanobody library for determination of MC-LR. The toxin was conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), respectively, then the conjugates were used as coated antigens for enrichment (coated MC-LR-KLH) and screening (coated MC-LR-BSA) of MC-LR phage nanobodies from an alpaca phage display nanobody library. The antigen-specific phage particles were enriched effectively with four rounds of biopanning. At the last round of enrichment, total 20 positive monoclonal phage nanobodies were obtained from the library, which were analyzed after monoclonal phage enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), colony PCR and DNA sequencing. The most three positive nanobody genes, ANAb12, ANAb9 and ANAb7 were cloned into pET26b vector, then the nanobodies were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 respectively. After being purified, the molecular weight (M.W.) of all nanobodies were approximate 15kDa with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The purified nanobodies, ANAb12, ANAb9 and ANAb7 were used to establish the indirect competitive ELISA (IC-ELISA) for MC-LR, and their half-maximum inhibition concentrations (IC50) were 0.87, 1.17 and 1.47μg/L, their detection limits (IC10) were 0.06, 0.08 and 0.12μg/L, respectively. All of them showed strong cross-reactivity (CRs) of 82.7-116.9% for MC-RR, MC-YR and MC-WR, and weak CRs of less than 4.56% for MC-LW, less than 0.1% for MC-LY and MC-LF. It was found that all the IC-ELISAs for MC-LR spiked in tap water samples detection were with good accuracy, stability and repeatability, their recoveries were 84.0-106.5%, coefficient of variations (CVs) were 3.4-10.6%. These results showed that IC-ELISA based on the nanobodies from the alpaca phage display antibody library were promising for high sensitive determination of multiple MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxin Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu/Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liwen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Huaihua Vocational and Technical College, Huaihua 418007, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu/Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu/Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu/Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xianjin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu/Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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46
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Huang S, Feng L, An G, Zhang X, Zhao Z, Han R, Lei F, Zhang Y, Luo A, Jing X, Zhao L, Gu S, Zhao X, Zhang L. Ribosome display and selection of single-chain variable fragments effectively inhibit growth and progression of microspheres in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1503-1512. [PMID: 29575477 PMCID: PMC5980252 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing the surface markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is a useful method for early diagnosis and treatment of tumors, as CSCs may participate in tumorigenesis and metastasis by migrating into the circulatory system. However, the potential targets of CSCs are expressed at low levels in the natural state and are always changing. Thus, dynamic screening has been reported to be an effective measure for exploring CSC markers. In recent years, diverse single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) have been widely used in immunotherapy. In this study, we determined that the scFvs, screened using RD, had a high affinity to microspheres and could inhibit their progression. We also observed that the selected scFvs underwent evolution in vitro, and antitumor-associated proteins were successfully expressed. Combined with chemotherapy, the scFvs had a synergistic effect on the inhibition of the microspheres' progression in vitro and in vivo, which could be ascribed to their high affinity for stem-like cells and the inhibition of the microspheres' collective behaviors. In addition, proteins inhibiting CD44+ /CD24+ and MAPK were involved. Our data indicated that dynamic screening of the scFvs in a natural state was of great significance in the inhibition of the microspheres in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangke Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gaili An
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Department of The Medical School of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Zixuan Zhao
- Elite Property Management Ltd., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fuxi Lei
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Anqi Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Jing
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shanzhi Gu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinhan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingxiao Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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He Y, Yuan C, Chen L, Liu Y, Zhou H, Xu N, Liao DJ. While it is not deliberate, much of today's biomedical research contains logical and technical flaws, showing a need for corrective action. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:309-322. [PMID: 29511367 PMCID: PMC5835702 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research has advanced swiftly in recent decades, largely due to progress in biotechnology. However, this rapid spread of new, and not always-fully understood, technology has also created a lot of false or irreproducible data and artifacts, which sometimes have led to erroneous conclusions. When describing various scientific issues, scientists have developed a habit of saying "on one hand… but on the other hand…", because discrepant data and conclusions have become omnipresent. One reason for this problematic situation is that we are not always thoughtful enough in study design, and sometimes lack enough philosophical contemplation. Another major reason is that we are too rushed in introducing new technology into our research without assimilating technical details. In this essay, we provide examples in different research realms to justify our points. To help readers test their own weaknesses, we raise questions on technical details of RNA reverse transcription, polymerase chain reactions, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining, as these methods are basic and are the base for other modern biotechnologies. Hopefully, after contemplation and reflection on these questions, readers will agree that we indeed know too little about these basic techniques, especially about the artifacts they may create, and thus many conclusions drawn from the studies using those ever-more-sophisticated techniques may be even more problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China.,Molecular Biology Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry, China Three Gorges University, Yichang City, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
| | - Lichan Chen
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, Guizhou Medical University Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of the Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China.,Molecular Biology Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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Abstract
Rapidly after the clinical success of the first murine therapeutic antibody licensed in 1985 (muromomab-CD3), the first limits of the therapeutic use of antibodies deriving from hybridoma technology appeared. Indeed, the nonhuman nature of these therapeutic antibodies makes them immunogenic when administrated to patients, which develop anti-drug antibodies (ADA). If repeated drug-administrations are needed, the immune response will accelerate the elimination of the drug, leading to a therapeutic failure, or in the worst case to an anaphylactic reaction against the murine protein. Several antibody generations were then developed to obtain better-tolerated molecules: chimeric, humanized, and fully human antibodies. The first antibody generation is fully based on cellular technology (mice hybridoma technology), but the next generations are improved by molecular engineering. Immune antibody phage-display libraries are one successful approach to isolating such engineered antibodies. One strategy to isolate high-affinity and well-tolerated antibodies when no immunized patients are available is based on the phage-display-screening of immune libraries deriving from immunized nonhuman primates, which are phylogenetically close to humans. This chapter presents the strategy for the construction of macaque antibody immune-libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Avril
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, unité biothérapies anti-infectieuses et immunité, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 place du Général Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | | | - Michael Hust
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thibaut Pelat
- BIOTEM, Parc d'activité Bièvre Dauphine 885, rue Alphonse Gourju, 38140, Apprieu, France
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Arezumand R, Alibakhshi A, Ranjbari J, Ramazani A, Muyldermans S. Nanobodies As Novel Agents for Targeting Angiogenesis in Solid Cancers. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1746. [PMID: 29276515 PMCID: PMC5727022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid cancers are dependent on angiogenesis for sustenance. The FDA approval of Bevacizumab in 2004 inspired many scientists to develop more inhibitors of angiogenesis. Although several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being administered to successfully combat various pathologies, the complexity and large size of mAbs seem to narrow the therapeutic applications. To improve the performance of cancer therapeutics, including those blocking tumor angiogenesis, attractive strategies such as miniaturization of the antibodies have been introduced. Nanobodies (Nbs), small single-domain antigen-binding antibody fragments, are becoming promising therapeutic and diagnostic proteins in oncology due to their favorable unique structural and functional properties. This review focuses on the potential and state of the art of Nbs to inhibit the angiogenic process for therapy and the use of labeled Nbs for non-invasive in vivo imaging of the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghaye Arezumand
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Science, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnourd, Iran
| | - Abbas Alibakhshi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Ranjbari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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50
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Tiller KE, Chowdhury R, Li T, Ludwig SD, Sen S, Maranas CD, Tessier PM. Facile Affinity Maturation of Antibody Variable Domains Using Natural Diversity Mutagenesis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:986. [PMID: 28928732 PMCID: PMC5591402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of mutations that enhance antibody affinity while maintaining high antibody specificity and stability is a time-consuming and laborious process. Here, we report an efficient methodology for systematically and rapidly enhancing the affinity of antibody variable domains while maximizing specificity and stability using novel synthetic antibody libraries. Our approach first uses computational and experimental alanine scanning mutagenesis to identify sites in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) that are permissive to mutagenesis while maintaining antigen binding. Next, we mutagenize the most permissive CDR positions using degenerate codons to encode wild-type residues and a small number of the most frequently occurring residues at each CDR position based on natural antibody diversity. This mutagenesis approach results in antibody libraries with variants that have a wide range of numbers of CDR mutations, including antibody domains with single mutations and others with tens of mutations. Finally, we sort the modest size libraries (~10 million variants) displayed on the surface of yeast to identify CDR mutations with the greatest increases in affinity. Importantly, we find that single-domain (VHH) antibodies specific for the α-synuclein protein (whose aggregation is associated with Parkinson’s disease) with the greatest gains in affinity (>5-fold) have several (four to six) CDR mutations. This finding highlights the importance of sampling combinations of CDR mutations during the first step of affinity maturation to maximize the efficiency of the process. Interestingly, we find that some natural diversity mutations simultaneously enhance all three key antibody properties (affinity, specificity, and stability) while other mutations enhance some of these properties (e.g., increased specificity) and display trade-offs in others (e.g., reduced affinity and/or stability). Computational modeling reveals that improvements in affinity are generally not due to direct interactions involving CDR mutations but rather due to indirect effects that enhance existing interactions and/or promote new interactions between the antigen and wild-type CDR residues. We expect that natural diversity mutagenesis will be useful for efficient affinity maturation of a wide range of antibody fragments and full-length antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Tiller
- Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Ratul Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Seth D Ludwig
- Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Sabyasachi Sen
- Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Costas D Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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