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Zhang X, Liu H, Zhang M, Chen W, Wang C. Enhancing Monascus Pellet Formation for Improved Secondary Metabolite Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1120. [PMID: 37998925 PMCID: PMC10671975 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are well-known for their ability to form mycelial pellets during submerged cultures, a characteristic that has been extensively studied and applied. However, Monascus, a filamentous saprophytic fungus with a rich history of medicinal and culinary applications, has not been widely documented for pellet formation. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing pellet formation in Monascus and their impact on citrinin production, a key secondary metabolite. Through systematic exploration, we identified pH and inoculum size as critical factors governing pellet formation. Monascus exhibited optimal pellet growth within the acidic pH range from 5 to 6, resulting in smaller, more homogeneous pellets with lower citrinin content. Additionally, we found that inoculum size played a vital role, with lower spore concentrations favoring the formation of small, uniformly distributed pellets. The choice of carbon and nitrogen sources also influenced pellet stability, with glucose, peptone, and fishmeal supporting stable pellet formation. Notably, citrinin content was closely linked to pellet diameter, with larger pellets exhibiting higher citrinin levels. Our findings shed light on optimizing Monascus pellet formation for enhanced citrinin production and provide valuable insights into the cultivation of this fungus for various industrial applications. Further research is warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (M.Z.)
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2
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Arancibia-Díaz A, Astudillo-Castro C, Altamirano C, Soto-Maldonado C, Vergara-Castro M, Córdova A, Zúñiga-Hansen ME. Development of solid-state fermentation process of spent coffee grounds for the differentiated obtaining of chlorogenic, quinic, and caffeic acids. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:420-427. [PMID: 36373791 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are a good source of chlorogenic acid (CGA), which can be hydrolyzed to quinic acid (QA) and caffeic acid (CA). These molecules have antioxidant and neuroprotective capacities, benefiting human health. The hydrolysis of CGA can be done by biotechnological processes, such as solid-state fermentation (SSF). This work evaluated the use of SSF with Aspergillus sp. for the joint release of the three molecules from SCGs. RESULTS Hydroalcoholic extraction of the total phenolic compounds (TPCs) from SCGs was optimized, obtaining 28.9 ± 1.97 g gallic acid equivalent (GAE) kg-1 SCGs using 0.67 L ethanol per 1 L, a 1:9 solid/liquid ratio, and a 63 min extraction time. Subsequently, SSF was performed for 30 days, achieving the maximum yields for CGA, QA, and TPCs on the 16th day: 7.12 ± 0.01 g kg-1 , 4.68 ± 0.11 g kg-1 , and 54.96 ± 0.49 g GAE kg-1 respectively. CA reached its maximum value on the 23rd day, at 4.94 ± 0.04 g kg-1 . The maximum antioxidant capacity was 635.7 mmol Trolox equivalents kg-1 on the 14th day. Compared with unfermented SCGs extracts, TPCs and CGA increase their maximum values 2.3-fold, 18.6-fold for CA, 14.2 for QA, and 6.4-fold for antioxidant capacity. Additionally, different extracts' profiles were obtained throughout the SSF process, allowing us to adjust the type of enriched extract to be produced based on the SSF time. CONCLUSION SSF represents an alternative to produce extracts with different compositions and, consequently, different antioxidant capacities, which is a potentially attractive fermentation process for different applications. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Arancibia-Díaz
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carolina Astudillo-Castro
- School of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Mauricio Vergara-Castro
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrés Córdova
- School of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María Elvira Zúñiga-Hansen
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables, Valparaíso, Chile
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3
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Zambri MP, Williams MA, Elliot MA. How Streptomyces thrive: Advancing our understanding of classical development and uncovering new behaviors. Adv Microb Physiol 2022; 80:203-236. [PMID: 35489792 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces are soil- and marine-dwelling microbes that need to survive dramatic fluctuations in nutrient levels and environmental conditions. Here, we explore the advances made in understanding how Streptomyces bacteria can thrive in their natural environments. We examine their classical developmental cycle, and the intricate regulatory cascades that govern it. We discuss alternative growth strategies and behaviors, like the rapid expansion and colonization properties associated with exploratory growth, the release of membrane vesicles and S-cells from hyphal tips, and the acquisition of exogenous DNA along the lateral walls. We further investigate Streptomyces interactions with other organisms through the release of volatile compounds that impact nutrient levels, microbial growth, and insect behavior. Finally, we explore the increasingly diverse strategies employed by Streptomyces species in escaping and thwarting phage infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Zambri
- Department of Biology, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Department of Biology, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marie A Elliot
- Department of Biology, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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4
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Choudoir MJ, DeAngelis KM. A framework for integrating microbial dispersal modes into soil ecosystem ecology. iScience 2022; 25:103887. [PMID: 35243247 PMCID: PMC8866892 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal is a fundamental community assembly process that maintains soil microbial biodiversity across spatial and temporal scales, yet the impact of dispersal on ecosystem function is largely unpredictable. Dispersal is unique in that it contributes to both ecological and evolutionary processes and is shaped by both deterministic and stochastic forces. The ecosystem-level ramifications of dispersal outcomes are further compounded by microbial dormancy dynamics and environmental selection. Here we review the knowledge gaps and challenges that remain in defining how dispersal, environmental filtering, and microbial dormancy interact to influence the relationship between microbial community structure and function in soils. We propose the classification of microbial dispersal into three categories, through vegetative or active cells, through dormant cells, and through acellular dispersal, each with unique spatiotemporal dynamics and microbial trait associations. This conceptual framework should improve the integration of dispersal in defining soil microbial community structure-function relationships.
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5
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Hopke A, Mela A, Ellett F, Carter-House D, Peña JF, Stajich JE, Altamirano S, Lovett B, Egan M, Kale S, Kronholm I, Guerette P, Szewczyk E, McCluskey K, Breslauer D, Shah H, Coad BR, Momany M, Irimia D. Crowdsourced analysis of fungal growth and branching on microfluidic platforms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257823. [PMID: 34587206 PMCID: PMC8480888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal hyphal growth and branching are essential traits that allow fungi to spread and proliferate in many environments. This sustained growth is essential for a myriad of applications in health, agriculture, and industry. However, comparisons between different fungi are difficult in the absence of standardized metrics. Here, we used a microfluidic device featuring four different maze patterns to compare the growth velocity and branching frequency of fourteen filamentous fungi. These measurements result from the collective work of several labs in the form of a competition named the "Fungus Olympics." The competing fungi included five ascomycete species (ten strains total), two basidiomycete species, and two zygomycete species. We found that growth velocity within a straight channel varied from 1 to 4 μm/min. We also found that the time to complete mazes when fungal hyphae branched or turned at various angles did not correlate with linear growth velocity. We discovered that fungi in our study used one of two distinct strategies to traverse mazes: high-frequency branching in which all possible paths were explored, and low-frequency branching in which only one or two paths were explored. While the high-frequency branching helped fungi escape mazes with sharp turns faster, the low-frequency turning had a significant advantage in mazes with shallower turns. Future work will more systematically examine these trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hopke
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alex Mela
- Fungal Biology Group and Plant Biology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Felix Ellett
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Derreck Carter-House
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Jesús F. Peña
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Sophie Altamirano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brian Lovett
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Martin Egan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Shiv Kale
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ilkka Kronholm
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paul Guerette
- Bolt Threads Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Edyta Szewczyk
- Bolt Threads Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin McCluskey
- Bolt Threads Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - David Breslauer
- Bolt Threads Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Hiral Shah
- Bharat Chattoo Genome Research Centre, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Bryan R. Coad
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michelle Momany
- Fungal Biology Group and Plant Biology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DI); (MM)
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DI); (MM)
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Ahn H, Rehman JU, Kim T, Oh MS, Yoon HY, Kim C, Lee Y, Shin SG, Jeon JR. Fungal mycelia functionalization with halloysite nanotubes for hyphal spreading and sorption behavior regulation: A new bio-ceramic hybrid for enhanced water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116380. [PMID: 32919139 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are believed to remove a wide range of environmental xenobiotics due to their characteristically non-specific catabolic metabolisms. Nonetheless, irregular hyphal spreading can lead to clogging problems in treatment facilities and the dependence of pollutant bioavailability on hyphal surface features severely limits their applicability in water treatment. Here, we propose a scalable and facile methodology to structurally modify fungal hyphae, allowing for both the maximization of pollutant sorption and fungal pellet morphology self-regulation. Halloysite-doped mycelium architectures were efficiently constructed by dipping Aspergillus fumigatus pellets in halloysite nanotube-dispersed water. Ultrastructure analyses using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the nanotubes were mainly attached to the outer surface of the pellets. Fungal viability and exoenzyme production were hardly affected by the halloysites. Notably, nanotube doping appeared to be extremely robust given that detachments rarely occurred even in high concentrations of organic solvents and salt. It was also demonstrated that the doped halloysites weakened hyphal growth-driven gelation, thus maintaining sphere-like pellet structures. The water treatment potential of the hybrid fungal mycelia was assessed through both cationic toxic organic/inorganic-contaminated water and real dye industry wastewater clean-ups. Aided by the mesoporous halloysite sites on their surface, the removal abilities of the hybrid structures were significantly enhanced. Moreover, inherent low sorption ability of HNT for heavy metals was found to be overcome by the aid of fungal mycelia. Finally, universal feature of the dipping-based doping way was confirmed by using different filamentous fungi. Given that traditional approaches to effectively implement fungus-based water treatment are based mostly on polymer-based immobilization techniques, our proposed approach provides a novel and effective alternative via simple doping of living fungi with environmentally-benign clays such as halloysite nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungjae Ahn
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jalil Ur Rehman
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyen Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seung Oh
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Young Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Changgyo Kim
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Younki Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Gu Shin
- Department of Energy Engineering, Future Convergence Technology Research Institute, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Rok Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Relationship between pellet formation by Aspergillus oryzae strain KB and the production of β-fructofuranosidase with high transfructosylation activity. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:708-713. [PMID: 32690252 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae KB produces two β-fructofuranosidases (F1 and F2). F1 has high transfructosylation activity (Ut) to produce fructooligosaccharides. F2 has high hydrolysis activity (Uh), releasing glucose and fructose. It is desirable to selectively produce F1, which can be used for production of fructooligosaccharides. Here, the relationship between filamentous pellet size and selective production of F1 in liquid culture was investigated. Our finding revealed that: (i) The mean particle size of pellets (5.88 ± 1.36 mm) was larger, and the ratio of Ut to Uh was improved (Ut/Uh = 5.0) in 10% sucrose medium compared with 1% sucrose medium (pellet size = 2.60 ± 0.37 mm; Ut/Uh = 0.96). (ii) The final culture pH of the 1% sucrose medium was 8.7; on controlling the pH of 1% sucrose medium at 5.0, increased pellet size (9.69 ± 2.01 mm) and Ut/Uh (7.8) were observed. (iii) When 3% glycerin was used as carbon source, the pellet size decreased to 1.09 ± 0.33 mm and Ut/Uh was 0.57. (iv) In medium containing 1% sucrose, the pellet size was dependent on the number of spores used in the culture inoculum, but, in these experiments, Ut/Uh was almost constant (1.05 ± 0.08). Collectively, the data show that the value of Ut/Uh is proportional to the pellet size when liquid culture of A. oryzae strain KB is performed in some conditions (such as in the presence of high sucrose concentration, low pH, or added Tween surfactant), but in other conditions Ut/Uh is independent of pellet size.
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von Hertwig AM, Iamanaka BT, Amorim Neto DP, Rezende JBD, Martins LM, Taniwaki MH, Nascimento MS. Interaction of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus with Salmonella spp. isolated from peanuts. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 328:108666. [PMID: 32454365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are the main microorganisms of concern in peanuts, due to aflatoxin contamination, several Salmonella outbreaks from this product have been reported over the last ten decades. Thus, it is important to understand the relationship between microorganisms to predict, manage and estimate the diversity in the peanut supply chain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate aflatoxin production during the co-cultivation of Aspergillus section Flavi and Salmonella both isolated from peanuts. Three strains of A. section Flavi: A. flavus producing aflatoxin B, A. flavus non-producing aflatoxin and A. parasiticus producing aflatoxin B and G were co-cultivated with seven serotypes of Salmonella of which six were isolated from the peanut supply chain (S. Muenster, S. Miami, S. Glostrup, S. Javiana, S. Oranienburg and S. Yoruba) and one was S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028. First of all, each Salmonella strain was inoculated by pour plate (ca. 5 log cfu/mL) in PDA (potato dextrose agar). Then, each pre-cultured fungus was inoculated in the center of the petri dish. The plates were incubated at 30 °C and the fungal colony diameter was measured once a day for 7 days. As a control each Aspergillus strain was cultivated in the absence of Salmonella culture. All three strains of Aspergillus with absence of Salmonella (control) reached the maximum colony diameter and their growth rate was influenced when co-cultivated (p < 0.05) with all Salmonella serotypes tested. The maximum inhibition in the colony diameter was 20% for A. flavus aflatoxin B producer and A. parasiticus, and 18% for A. flavus non- aflatoxin producer when cultivated with Salmonella. However, no significant difference (p < 0.05) in reduction of colony diameter was observed among the Salmonella serotypes. Aflatoxin production was determined previously, by using the agar plug technique on thin layer chromatography (TLC). The production of aflatoxin G by A. parasiticus in co-cultivation with Salmonella was not observed. On the other hand, A. flavus preserved their characteristics of aflatoxin B production. The quantification of aflatoxin reduction by Salmonella interaction was evaluated using HPLC method. There was a maximum reduction of aflatoxin production of 88.7% and 72.9% in A. flavus and A. parasiticus, respectively, when cultivated with Salmonella. These results indicate that some serotypes of Salmonella may interfere with aflatoxin production and fungal growth of A. flavus and A. parasiticus in the peanut supply chain.
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9
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Suyamud B, Ferrier J, Csetenyi L, Inthorn D, Gadd GM. Biotransformation of struvite by Aspergillus niger: phosphate release and magnesium biomineralization as glushinskite. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1588-1602. [PMID: 32079035 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate-MgNH4 PO4 ·6H2 O), which can extensively crystallize in wastewater treatments, is a potential source of N and P as fertilizer, as well as a means of P conservation. However, little is known of microbial interactions with struvite which would result in element release. In this work, the geoactive fungus Aspergillus niger was investigated for struvite transformation on solid and in liquid media. Aspergillus niger was capable of solubilizing natural (fragments and powder) and synthetic struvite when incorporated into solid medium, with accompanying acidification of the media, and extensive precipitation of magnesium oxalate dihydrate (glushinskite, Mg(C2 O4 ).2H2 O) occurring under growing colonies. In liquid media, A. niger was able to solubilize natural and synthetic struvite releasing mobile phosphate (PO4 3- ) and magnesium (Mg2+ ), the latter reacting with excreted oxalate resulting in precipitation of magnesium oxalate dihydrate which also accumulated within the mycelial pellets. Struvite was also found to influence the morphology of A. niger mycelial pellets. These findings contribute further understanding of struvite solubilization, element release and secondary oxalate formation, relevant to the biogeochemical cycling of phosphate minerals, and further directions utilizing these mechanisms in environmental biotechnologies such as element biorecovery and biofertilizer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkotrat Suyamud
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - John Ferrier
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Laszlo Csetenyi
- Concrete Technology Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK
| | - Duangrat Inthorn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Commission on Higher Education (CHE), Ministry of Education, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, 18 Fuxue Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102249, China
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10
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Fröjd MJ, Flärdh K. Extrusion of extracellular membrane vesicles from hyphal tips of Streptomyces venezuelae coupled to cell-wall stress. Microbiology (Reading) 2019; 165:1295-1305. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Markus J. Fröjd
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
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11
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Mora-Lugo R, Stegmüller J, Mack M. Metabolic engineering of roseoflavin-overproducing microorganisms. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:146. [PMID: 31451111 PMCID: PMC6709556 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Roseoflavin, a promising broad-spectrum antibiotic, is naturally produced by the bacteria Streptomyces davaonensis and Streptomyces cinnabarinus. The key enzymes responsible for roseoflavin biosynthesis and the corresponding genes were recently identified. In this study we aimed to enhance roseoflavin production in S. davaonensis and to synthesize roseoflavin in the heterologous hosts Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium glutamicum by (over)expression of the roseoflavin biosynthesis genes. Results While expression of the roseoflavin biosynthesis genes from S. davaonensis was not observed in recombinant strains of B. subtilis, overexpression was successful in C. glutamicum and S. davaonensis. Under the culture conditions tested, a maximum of 1.6 ± 0.2 µM (ca. 0.7 mg/l) and 34.9 ± 5.2 µM (ca. 14 mg/l) roseoflavin was produced with recombinant strains of C. glutamicum and S. davaonensis, respectively. In S. davaonensis the roseoflavin yield was increased by 78%. Conclusions The results of this study provide a sound basis for the development of an economical roseoflavin production process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1181-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Mora-Lugo
- Institute for Technical Microbiology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julian Stegmüller
- Institute for Technical Microbiology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Mack
- Institute for Technical Microbiology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany.
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12
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The influence of salt-enhanced cultivation on the micromechanical behaviour of filamentous pellets. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Freimoser FM, Grundschober A, Aebi M, Tuor U. In vitro cultivation of the entomopathogenic fungusEntomophthora thripidum: isolation, growth requirements, and sporulation. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2000.12061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian M. Freimoser
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule ETH, Mikrobiologisches Institut, Schmelzbergstr. 7, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Grundschober
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule ETH, Mikrobiologisches Institut, Schmelzbergstr. 7, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule ETH, Mikrobiologisches Institut, Schmelzbergstr. 7, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Tuor
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule ETH, Mikrobiologisches Institut, Schmelzbergstr. 7, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Horváthová T, Babik W, Kozłowski J, Bauchinger U. Vanishing benefits - The loss of actinobacterial symbionts at elevated temperatures. J Therm Biol 2019; 82:222-228. [PMID: 31128651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Only a few insect species are known to engage in symbiotic associations with antibiotic-producing Actinobacteria and profit from this kind of protection against pathogens. However, it still remains elusive how widespread the symbiotic interactions with Actinobacteria in other organisms are and how these partnerships benefit the hosts in terms of the growth and survival. We characterized a drastic temperature-induced change in the occurrence of Actinobacteria in the gut of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber reared under two different temperature (15 °C and 22 °C) and oxygen conditions (10% and 22% O2) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We show that the relative abundance of actinobacterial gut symbionts correlates with increased host growth at lower temperature. Actinobacterial symbionts were almost completely absent at 22 °C under both high and low oxygen conditions. In addition, we identified members of nearly half of the known actinobacterial families in the isopod microbiome, and most of these include members that are known to produce antibiotics. Our study suggests that hosting diverse actinobacterial symbionts may provide conditions favorable for host growth. These findings show how a temperature-driven decline in microbiome diversity may cause a loss of beneficial functions with negative effects on ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terézia Horváthová
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Sádkách 7, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Wiesław Babik
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Kozłowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ulf Bauchinger
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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15
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Tanaka HS, Bertéli MBD, Cordeiro FA, Lopes AD, do Valle JS, Linde GA, Colauto NB. Semisolid culture medium improves mycelial recovery of Agaricus subrufescens cryopreserved in cereal grains. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:527-532. [PMID: 30850978 PMCID: PMC6863262 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the solid and semisolid culture medium on the mycelial viability of A. subrufescens after 5-year cryopreservation at - 70 °C. Mycelia were grown in three types of whole or ground grains, with or without 5% glycerol addition in the substrate and/or in a cryotube. After 5 years of cryopreservation at - 70 °C, every treatment was thawed and recovered in malt extract culture medium with 15 (solid culture medium) or 5 g L-1 (semisolid culture medium) of agar. The semisolid recovery culture medium increased the mycelial viability recovery capacity of A. subrufescens cryopreserved for 5 years in grains with glycerol only in the cryotube, and specifically with medium-hard wheat grain without glycerol addition at all. Agar-based substrates such as malt extract agar, agar-ground grain, or the one with glycerol addition to the substrate were not effective to keep the mycelial viability, regardless of the recovery culture medium consistency. Hard and medium-hard endosperm wheat grains or hard endosperm rye grains with addition of glycerol as cryoprotectant only to the cryotube were effective to cryopreserve the fungus for 5 years without cryoprotectant addition in the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Susumu Tanaka
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Paranaense University, CP 224, Umuarama, PR, 87.502-210, Brazil
| | - Miria Benetati Delgado Bertéli
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Paranaense University, CP 224, Umuarama, PR, 87.502-210, Brazil
| | - Fabio Aparecido Cordeiro
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Paranaense University, CP 224, Umuarama, PR, 87.502-210, Brazil
| | - Ana Daniela Lopes
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Paranaense University, CP 224, Umuarama, PR, 87.502-210, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Silveira do Valle
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Paranaense University, CP 224, Umuarama, PR, 87.502-210, Brazil
| | - Giani Andrea Linde
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Paranaense University, CP 224, Umuarama, PR, 87.502-210, Brazil
| | - Nelson Barros Colauto
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Paranaense University, CP 224, Umuarama, PR, 87.502-210, Brazil
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16
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Veiter L, Rajamanickam V, Herwig C. The filamentous fungal pellet-relationship between morphology and productivity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2997-3006. [PMID: 29473099 PMCID: PMC5852183 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are used for the production of a multitude of highly relevant biotechnological products like citric acid and penicillin. In submerged culture, fungi can either grow in dispersed form or as spherical pellets consisting of aggregated hyphal structures. Pellet morphology, process control and productivity are highly interlinked. On the one hand, process control in a bioreactor usually demands for compact and small pellets due to rheological issues. On the other hand, optimal productivity might be associated with less dense and larger morphology. Over the years, several publications have dealt with aforementioned relations within the confines of specific organisms and products. However, contributions which evaluate such interlinkages across several fungal species are scarce. For this purpose, we are looking into methods to manipulate fungal pellet morphology in relation to individual species and products. This review attempts to address (i) how variability of pellet morphology can be assessed and (ii) how morphology is linked to productivity. Firstly, the mechanism of pellet formation is outlined. Subsequently, the description and analysis of morphological variations are discussed to finally establish interlinkages between productivity, performance and morphology across different fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Veiter
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vignesh Rajamanickam
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria. .,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Arana-Gabriel Y, Burrola-Aguilar C, Garibay-Orijel R, Matías-Ferrer N, Franco-Maass S, Mata G. Genetic characterization, evaluation of growth and production of biomass of strains from wild edible mushrooms of Lyophyllum of Central Mexico. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:632-640. [PMID: 29482997 PMCID: PMC6112054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study conducted a genetic characterization and determined growth rate and biomass production in solid and liquid media, using strains obtained from wild edible sporomes of Lyophyllum that grow in high mountains. Vegetative isolation was used to obtain a total of four strains, which were divided into two clades within the section Difformia: Lyophyllum sp. and Lyophyllum aff. shimeji. Growth rate and biomass production were influenced by both the culture media and the strains. In a potato dextrose agar medium, the strains presented a higher growth rate, while in a malt extract-peptone and yeast agar medium, the growth rate was lower, but with a higher biomass production that was equal to that in the malt extract-peptone and yeast liquid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Arana-Gabriel
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigación en Recursos Bióticos, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Cristina Burrola-Aguilar
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigación en Recursos Bióticos, Toluca, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Garibay-Orijel
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Noemí Matías-Ferrer
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Franco-Maass
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Toluca, Mexico
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18
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Azzollini A, Boggia L, Boccard J, Sgorbini B, Lecoultre N, Allard PM, Rubiolo P, Rudaz S, Gindro K, Bicchi C, Wolfender JL. Dynamics of Metabolite Induction in Fungal Co-cultures by Metabolomics at Both Volatile and Non-volatile Levels. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:72. [PMID: 29459851 PMCID: PMC5807337 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal co-cultivation has emerged as a promising way for activating cryptic biosynthetic pathways and discovering novel antimicrobial metabolites. For the success of such studies, a key element remains the development of standardized co-cultivation methods compatible with high-throughput analytical procedures. To efficiently highlight induction processes, it is crucial to acquire a holistic view of intermicrobial communication at the molecular level. To tackle this issue, a strategy was developed based on the miniaturization of fungal cultures that allows for a concomitant survey of induction phenomena in volatile and non-volatile metabolomes. Fungi were directly grown in vials, and each sample was profiled by head space solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), while the corresponding solid culture medium was analyzed by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) after solvent extraction. This strategy was implemented for the screening of volatile and non-volatile metabolite inductions in an ecologically relevant fungal co-culture of Eutypa lata (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul. (Diatrypaceae) and Botryosphaeria obtusa (Schwein.) Shoemaker (Botryosphaeriaceae), two wood-decaying fungi interacting in the context of esca disease of grapevine. For a comprehensive evaluation of the results, a multivariate data analysis combining Analysis of Variance and Partial Least Squares approaches, namely AMOPLS, was used to explore the complex LC-HRMS and GC-MS datasets and highlight dynamically induced compounds. A time-series study was carried out over 9 days, showing characteristic metabolite induction patterns in both volatile and non-volatile dimensions. Relevant links between the dynamics of expression of specific metabolite production were observed. In addition, the antifungal activity of 2-nonanone, a metabolite incrementally produced over time in the volatile fraction, was assessed against Eutypa lata and Botryosphaeria obtusa in an adapted bioassay set for volatile compounds. This compound has shown antifungal activity on both fungi and was found to be co-expressed with a known antifungal compound, O-methylmellein, induced in solid media. This strategy could help elucidate microbial inter- and intra-species cross-talk at various levels. Moreover, it supports the study of concerted defense/communication mechanisms for efficiently identifying original antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Azzollini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (EPGL), University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Boggia
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (EPGL), University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicole Lecoultre
- Plant Protection, Mycology and Biotechnology, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Allard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (EPGL), University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (EPGL), University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katia Gindro
- Plant Protection, Mycology and Biotechnology, Agroscope, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (EPGL), University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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Grijseels S, Nielsen JC, Nielsen J, Larsen TO, Frisvad JC, Nielsen KF, Frandsen RJN, Workman M. Physiological characterization of secondary metabolite producing Penicillium cell factories. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2017; 4:8. [PMID: 29075506 PMCID: PMC5644182 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-017-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penicillium species are important producers of bioactive secondary metabolites. However, the immense diversity of the fungal kingdom is only scarcely represented in industrial bioprocesses and the upscaling of compound production remains a costly and labor intensive challenge. In order to facilitate the development of novel secondary metabolite producing processes, two routes are typically explored: optimization of the native producer or transferring the enzymatic pathway into a heterologous host. Recent genome sequencing of ten Penicillium species showed the vast amount of secondary metabolite gene clusters present in their genomes, and makes them accessible for rational strain improvement. In this study, we aimed to characterize the potential of these ten Penicillium species as native producing cell factories by testing their growth performance and secondary metabolite production in submerged cultivations. RESULTS Cultivation of the fungal species in controlled submerged bioreactors showed that the ten wild type Penicillium species had promising, highly reproducible growth characteristics in two different media. Analysis of the secondary metabolite production using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry proved that the species produced a broad range of secondary metabolites, at different stages of the fermentations. Metabolite profiling for identification of the known compounds resulted in identification of 34 metabolites; which included several with bioactive properties such as antibacterial, antifungal and anti-cancer activities. Additionally, several novel species-metabolite relationships were found. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the fermentation characteristics and the highly reproducible performance in bioreactors of ten recently genome sequenced Penicillium species should be considered as very encouraging for the application of native hosts for production via submerged fermentation. The results are particularly promising for the potential development of the ten analysed Penicillium species for production of novel bioactive compounds via submerged fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske Grijseels
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Christian Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Mhairi Workman
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Wang G, Wu B, Zhao J, Haringa C, Xia J, Chu J, Zhuang Y, Zhang S, Heijnen JJ, van Gulik W, Deshmukh AT, Noorman HJ. Power input effects on degeneration in prolonged penicillin chemostat cultures: A systems analysis at flux, residual glucose, metabolite, and transcript levels. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:114-125. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Junfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Cees Haringa
- Transport Phenomena, Chemical Engineering Department; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
| | - Jianye Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Siliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph J. Heijnen
- Cell Systems Engineering, Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
| | - Walter van Gulik
- Cell Systems Engineering, Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
| | | | - Henk J. Noorman
- DSM Biotechnology Center; Delft The Netherlands
- Bio Process Engineering, Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
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21
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Process Parameters Affecting the Synthesis of Natural Flavors by Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) during the Production of a Non-Alcoholic Beverage. BEVERAGES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages3020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Xu Y, Vetsigian K. Phenotypic variability and community interactions of germinating Streptomyces spores. Sci Rep 2017; 7:699. [PMID: 28386097 PMCID: PMC5429633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A case can be made for stochastic germination and interactions among germinating spores as beneficial germination strategies in uncertain environments. However, there is little data on how widespread, species-specific or diverse such phenomena are. Focusing on Streptomycetes, a platform was developed for quantification of germination and early growth within communities of spores. We found that the germination process is stochastic at three levels: spores vary in their germination times, mycelium networks grow at different rates, and a fraction of germlings stall their growth shortly after germination. Furthermore, by monitoring how these stochastic properties are affected by spore density and chemicals released from spores, germination interactions were quantified for four species. Stochastically germinating spores were frequently promoted or inhibited by compounds released by spores from the same or different species, and all species had distinct interaction profiles. The spatial distribution patterns were important with clusters of spores behaving differently than individual spores. Aged spores exhibited higher dormancy but could efficiently geminate in the presence of chemicals released during germination. All interactions were specific to germination and only weakly affected growth rates. This work suggests that stochastic germination is commonly affected by the community context and species have adapted diverse germination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Department of Bacteriology and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA
| | - Kalin Vetsigian
- Department of Bacteriology and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA.
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23
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Bacterial Community Composition Associated with Pyrogenic Organic Matter (Biochar) Varies with Pyrolysis Temperature and Colonization Environment. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00085-17. [PMID: 28405627 PMCID: PMC5371693 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00085-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) is widely distributed in soil and fluvial ecosystems and plays an important role in biogeochemical cycling. Many studies have reported changes in soil microbial communities stimulated by PyOM, but very little is known about the microbial communities associated with PyOM. The microbes that colonize PyOMs can participate in the mineralization of PyOM, so changing its structure affects the fate of PyOMs and contributes to soil biogeochemical cycling. This study identified the bacterial community composition associated with PyOMs on the basis of high-throughput sequencing and demonstrated that both PyOM pyrolysis temperature and the colonization environment determined the bacterial community composition. Our work increases our understanding of the dominant phylogenetic taxa associated with PyOMs, demonstrates mechanisms mediating microbial metabolism and growth in PyOMs, and expands a new research area for pyrogenic organic matter. This study identified the bacterial community composition associated with PyOM, which is widely distributed in the environment. Most bacterial OTUs preferentially thrived on PyOM pyrolyzed at low temperature, while some specific OTUs thrived on PyOM pyrolyzed at high temperature. Microbes that colonize pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) (also called biochar) play an important role in PyOM mineralization and crucially affect soil biogeochemical cycling, while the microbial community composition associated with PyOM particles is poorly understood. We generated two manure-based PyOMs with different characteristics (PyOM pyrolyzed at the low temperature of 300°C [i.e., PyOM300] and at the high temperature of 700°C [i.e., PyOM700]) and added them to high-carbon (4.15%) and low-C (0.37%) soil for microbial colonization. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that Actinobacteria, particularly Actinomycetales, was the dominant taxon in PyOM, regardless of the PyOM pyrolysis temperature and soil type. Bacterial communities associated with PyOM particles from high-C soils were similar to those in non-PyOM-amended soils. PyOM300 had higher total microbial activity and more differential bacterial communities than PyOM700. More bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) preferentially thrived on the low-pyrolysis-temperature PyOM, while some specific OTUs thrived on high-pyrolysis-temperature PyOM. In particular, Chloroflexi species tended to be more prevalent in high-pyrolysis-temperature PyOM in low-C soils. In conclusion, the differences in colonized bacterial community composition between the different PyOMs were strongly influenced by the pyrolysis temperatures of PyOM, i.e., under conditions of easily mineralizable C or fused aromatic C, and by other properties, e.g., pH, surface area, and nutrient content. IMPORTANCE Pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) is widely distributed in soil and fluvial ecosystems and plays an important role in biogeochemical cycling. Many studies have reported changes in soil microbial communities stimulated by PyOM, but very little is known about the microbial communities associated with PyOM. The microbes that colonize PyOMs can participate in the mineralization of PyOM, so changing its structure affects the fate of PyOMs and contributes to soil biogeochemical cycling. This study identified the bacterial community composition associated with PyOMs on the basis of high-throughput sequencing and demonstrated that both PyOM pyrolysis temperature and the colonization environment determined the bacterial community composition. Our work increases our understanding of the dominant phylogenetic taxa associated with PyOMs, demonstrates mechanisms mediating microbial metabolism and growth in PyOMs, and expands a new research area for pyrogenic organic matter. This study identified the bacterial community composition associated with PyOM, which is widely distributed in the environment. Most bacterial OTUs preferentially thrived on PyOM pyrolyzed at low temperature, while some specific OTUs thrived on PyOM pyrolyzed at high temperature.
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24
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Significance of Heavy-Ion Beam Irradiation-Induced Avermectin B1a Production by Engineered Streptomyces avermitilis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5373262. [PMID: 28243599 PMCID: PMC5294878 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5373262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heavy-ion irradiation technology has advantages over traditional methods of mutagenesis. Heavy-ion irradiation improves the mutation rate, broadens the mutation spectrum, and shortens the breeding cycle. However, few data are currently available regarding its effect on Streptomyces avermitilis morphology and productivity. In this study, the influence of heavy-ion irradiation on S. avermitilis when cultivated in approximately 10 L stirred-tank bioreactors was investigated. The specific productivity of the avermectin (AVM) B1a-producing mutant S. avermitilis 147-G58 increased notably, from 3885 to 5446 μg/mL, approximately 1.6-fold, compared to the original strain. The mycelial morphology of the mutant fermentation processes was microscopically examined. Additionally, protein and metabolite identification was performed by using SDS-PAGE, 2- and 3-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE and 3DE). The results showed that negative regulation gene deletion of mutants led to metabolic process upregulating expression of protein and improving the productivity of an avermectin B1a. The results showed that the heavy-ion beam irradiation dose that corresponded to optimal production was well over the standard dose, at approximately 80 Gy at 220 AMeV (depending on the strain). This study provides reliable data and a feasible method for increasing AVM productivity in industrial processes.
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25
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van Laarhoven KA, Huinink HP, Adan OCG. A microscopy study of hyphal growth of Penicillium rubens on gypsum under dynamic humidity conditions. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:408-18. [PMID: 26996401 PMCID: PMC4835577 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To remediate indoor fungal growth, understanding the moisture relations of common indoor fungi is crucial. Indoor moisture conditions are commonly quantified by the relative humidity (RH). RH is a major determinant of the availability of water in porous indoor surfaces that fungi grow on. The influence of steady‐state RH on growth is well understood. Typically, however, the indoor RH constantly changes so that fungi have to endure frequent periods of alternating low and high RH. Knowledge of how common indoor fungi survive and are affected by the low‐RH periods is limited. In particular, the specific effects of a drop in RH on the growth of the mycelium remain unclear. In this work, video microscopy was used to monitor hyphal growth of Penicillium rubens on gypsum substrates under controlled dynamic humidity conditions. The effect of a single period of low RH (RH = 50–90%) interrupting favourable conditions (RH = 97%) was tested. It was found that hyphal tips ceased to extend when exposed to any tested decrease in RH. However, new hyphal growth always emerges, seemingly from the old mycelium, suggesting that this indoor fungus does not rely only on conidia to survive the humidity patterns considered. These findings are a fundamental step in unravelling the effect of RH on indoor fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel A van Laarhoven
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik P Huinink
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf C G Adan
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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Li S, Tang B, Xu Z, Chen T, Liu L. Fermentation Optimization and Unstructured Kinetic Model for Cellulase Production by Rhizopus stolonifer var. reflexus TP-02 on Agriculture By-Products. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:1589-606. [PMID: 26400494 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural by-products, rice straw, wheat bran juice, and soybean residue, were used as substrates for cellulase production using Rhizopus stolonifer var. reflexus TP-02. The culture medium was optimized though uniform design experimentation during shaking flask fermentation, and the ideal formulation obtained for filter paper enzyme (FPase) production was 10 % bran diffusion juice, 1 % rice straw, 0.17 % urea, 0.17 % soybean residue, 0.11 % KH2PO4, and 0.027 % Tween 80, and the maximal FPase activity in the culture supernatant was 13.16 U/mL at an incubation time of 3 days. A kinetic model for cellulase production in batch fermentation was subsequently developed. The unstructured kinetic model considered three responses, namely biomass, cellulase, and sugar. Models for the production of three types of cellulase components (i.e., endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and β-glucosidases) were established to adequately describe the cellulase production pattern. It was found that the models fitted the experimental data well under pH 5.0 and 6.0, but only the avicelase production model predicted the experimental data under pH-uncontrolled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineering and Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Anhui Polytechnic University, Central Beijing Road, Wuhu, 241000, China.,School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Central Beijing Road, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineering and Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Anhui Polytechnic University, Central Beijing Road, Wuhu, 241000, China. .,School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Central Beijing Road, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Zhongyuan Xu
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineering and Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Anhui Polytechnic University, Central Beijing Road, Wuhu, 241000, China.,School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Central Beijing Road, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineering and Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Anhui Polytechnic University, Central Beijing Road, Wuhu, 241000, China.,School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Central Beijing Road, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Long Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Abstract
Filamentous fungi play an important role not only in the bio-manufacturing of value-added products, but also in bioenergy and environmental research. The bioprocess manipulation of filamentous fungi is more difficult than that of other microbial species because of their different pellet morphologies and the presence of tangled mycelia under different cultivation conditions. Fungal pellets, which have the advantages of harvest ease, low fermentation broth viscosity and high yield of some proteins, have been used for a long time. Many attempts have been made to establish the relationship between pellet and product yield using quantitative approaches. Fungal pellet formation is attributed to the combination of electrostatic interactions, hydrophobicity and specific interactions from spore wall components. Electrostatic interactions result from van der Waals forces and negative charge repulsion from carboxyl groups in the spore wall structure. Electrostatic interactions are also affected by counter-ions (cations) and the physiologic conditions of spores that modify the carboxyl groups. Fungal aggregates are promoted by the hydrophobicity generated by hydrophobins, which form a hydrophobic coat that covers the spore. The specific interactions of spore wall components contribute to spore aggregation through salt bridging. A model of spore aggregation was proposed based on these forces. Additionally, some challenges were addressed, including the limitations of research techniques, the quantitative determination of forces and the complex information of biological systems, to clarify the mechanism of fungal pellet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhang
- a School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology and
| | - Jining Zhang
- b Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , China
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van Laarhoven KA, Huinink HP, Segers FJJ, Dijksterhuis J, Adan OCG. Separate effects of moisture content and water activity on the hyphal extension ofPenicillium rubenson porous media. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:5089-99. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel A. van Laarhoven
- Department of Applied Physics; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik P. Huinink
- Department of Applied Physics; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Olaf C. G. Adan
- Department of Applied Physics; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
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Walisko R, Moench-Tegeder J, Blotenberg J, Wucherpfennig T, Krull R. The Taming of the Shrew--Controlling the Morphology of Filamentous Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Microorganisms. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 149:1-27. [PMID: 25796624 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most sensitive process characteristics in the cultivation of filamentous biological systems is their complex morphology. In submerged cultures, the observed macroscopic morphology of filamentous microorganisms varies from freely dispersed mycelium to dense spherical pellets consisting of a more or less dense, branched and partially intertwined network of hyphae. Recently, the freely dispersed mycelium form has been in high demand for submerged cultivation because this morphology enhances the growth and production of several valuable products. A distinct filamentous morphology and productivity are influenced by the environment and can be controlled by inoculum concentration, spore viability, pH value, cultivation temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, medium composition, mechanical stress or process mode as well as through the addition of inorganic salts or microparticles, which provides the opportunity to tailor a filamentous morphology. The suitable morphology for a given bioprocess varies depending on the desired product. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of each morphological type should be carefully evaluated for every biological system. Because of the high industrial relevance of filamentous microorganisms, research in previous years has aimed at the development of tools and techniques to characterise their growth and obtain quantitative estimates of their morphological properties. The focus of this review is on current advances in the characterisation and control of filamentous morphology with a separation of eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems. Furthermore, recent strategies to tailor the morphology through classical biochemical process parameters, morphology and genetic engineering to optimise the productivity of these filamentous systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Walisko
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany,
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Balmant W, Sugai-Guérios MH, Coradin JH, Krieger N, Furigo Junior A, Mitchell DA. A model for growth of a single fungal hypha based on well-mixed tanks in series: simulation of nutrient and vesicle transport in aerial reproductive hyphae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120307. [PMID: 25785863 PMCID: PMC4364911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Current models that describe the extension of fungal hyphae and development of a mycelium either do not describe the role of vesicles in hyphal extension or do not correctly describe the experimentally observed profile for distribution of vesicles along the hypha. The present work uses the n-tanks-in-series approach to develop a model for hyphal extension that describes the intracellular transport of nutrient to a sub-apical zone where vesicles are formed and then transported to the tip, where tip extension occurs. The model was calibrated using experimental data from the literature for the extension of reproductive aerial hyphae of three different fungi, and was able to describe different profiles involving acceleration and deceleration of the extension rate. A sensitivity analysis showed that the supply of nutrient to the sub-apical vesicle-producing zone is a key factor influencing the rate of extension of the hypha. Although this model was used to describe the extension of a single reproductive aerial hypha, the use of the n-tanks-in-series approach to representing the hypha means that the model has the flexibility to be extended to describe the growth of other types of hyphae and the branching of hyphae to form a complete mycelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Balmant
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx.P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531–980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maura Harumi Sugai-Guérios
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Cx.P. 476 Centro Tecnológico, Florianópolis 88040–900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Juliana Hey Coradin
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx.P. 19011 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531–980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nadia Krieger
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx.P. 19081 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531–980, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Agenor Furigo Junior
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Cx.P. 476 Centro Tecnológico, Florianópolis 88040–900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - David Alexander Mitchell
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx.P. 19046 Centro Politécnico, Curitiba 81531–980, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Fungal Cultivation and Production of Polysaccharides. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Microorganisms-A Journal and a Unifying Concept for the Science of Microbiology. Microorganisms 2014; 2:140-6. [PMID: 27682235 PMCID: PMC5029479 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms2040140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The MDPI journal Microorganisms is still very young, having been launched in 2013, but the concept of the microorganism has been in use for at least a century as a unifying principle for the discipline of microbiology, which was cemented firmly by the intellectual work of Roger Stanier and colleagues in their Microbial World and other general microbiology textbooks and related articles from the 1950s to the 1970s [1,2]. Merging the idea of the microscopic and the very small with the older idea of an organism as a living entity or cell, the concept of a microorganism enabled a real appreciation of the microbial world as one that is amenable to study using similar tools and approaches even though representing distinctly different types of reproductive units and cell organizations. In the late 20th century following the work of Carl Woese and other molecular evolutionists, biologists came to appreciate the commonality among all organisms, all being comprised of cells that bear a remarkable similarity to one another and that share a common evolutionary ancestry, and consequently with major features of a largely shared genetic code and molecular biology. In this sense microbiology and biology as a whole became unified as they never had been before.[...].
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High-yield recombinant xylanase production by Aspergillus nidulans under pyridoxine limitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:1563-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The present study investigated the limitation of pyridoxine on an Aspergillus nidulans culture that produces xylanase B (XynB) as a client enzyme and was unable to synthesize pyridoxine. This technique was used to limit cell growth and divert substrate to product formation for a surface grown culture that could be used in trickle bed reactors. It was observed that growth was limited when pyridoxine was absent, while enzyme production was unaffected. Enzyme production was 1,026 U after 480 h of continuous fermentation, which was similar to a culture that grew on medium with pyridoxine. Furthermore, the present study investigated the growth rate of A. nidulans with pyridoxine in the medium and determined the productivity of XynB production with and without pyridoxine. A maximum growth rate of 0.311/h was observed. The maximum XynB productivity of 21.14 U/g h was achieved when pyridoxine was not added to the medium.
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Bertrand S, Bohni N, Schnee S, Schumpp O, Gindro K, Wolfender JL. Metabolite induction via microorganism co-culture: a potential way to enhance chemical diversity for drug discovery. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1180-204. [PMID: 24651031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms have a long track record as important sources of novel bioactive natural products, particularly in the field of drug discovery. While microbes have been shown to biosynthesize a wide array of molecules, recent advances in genome sequencing have revealed that such organisms have the potential to yield even more structurally diverse secondary metabolites. Thus, many microbial gene clusters may be silent under standard laboratory growth conditions. In the last ten years, several methods have been developed to aid in the activation of these cryptic biosynthetic pathways. In addition to the techniques that demand prior knowledge of the genome sequences of the studied microorganisms, several genome sequence-independent tools have been developed. One of these approaches is microorganism co-culture, involving the cultivation of two or more microorganisms in the same confined environment. Microorganism co-culture is inspired by the natural microbe communities that are omnipresent in nature. Within these communities, microbes interact through signaling or defense molecules. Such compounds, produced dynamically, are of potential interest as new leads for drug discovery. Microorganism co-culture can be achieved in either solid or liquid media and has recently been used increasingly extensively to study natural interactions and discover new bioactive metabolites. Because of the complexity of microbial extracts, advanced analytical methods (e.g., mass spectrometry methods and metabolomics) are key for the successful detection and identification of co-culture-induced metabolites. This review focuses on co-culture studies that aim to increase the diversity of metabolites obtained from microbes. The various strategies are summarized with a special emphasis on the multiple methods of performing co-culture experiments. The analytical approaches for studying these interaction phenomena are discussed, and the chemical diversity and biological activity observed among the induced metabolites are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bertrand
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Faculté des Sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Université de Nantes, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France
| | - Nadine Bohni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Schnee
- Mycology and Biotechnology group, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Schumpp
- Mycology and Biotechnology group, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Katia Gindro
- Mycology and Biotechnology group, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Polysaccharide Production by Submerged Fermentation. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_39-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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38
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Fungal Cultivation and Production of Polysaccharides. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_21-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Gao S, Lewis GD, Ashokkumar M, Hemar Y. Inactivation of microorganisms by low-frequency high-power ultrasound: 1. Effect of growth phase and capsule properties of the bacteria. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:446-53. [PMID: 23835398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of high-intensity low-frequency (20 kHz) ultrasound treatment on the viability of bacteria suspension. More specifically, we have investigated the relationship between the deactivation efficiency and the physical (size, hydrophobicity) and biological (gram-status, growth phase) properties of the microbes. Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. epidermidis SK and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius were chosen for this study owing to their varying physical and biological properties. The survival ratio of the bacteria suspension was measured as a function of the ultrasound power (up to 13 W) for a constant sonication time of 20 min. Transmission electron microscopy was used to evaluate the ultrasound-induced damages to the microbes. Ultrasound treatment resulted in lethal damage to E. aerogenes and B. subtilis (up to 4.5-log reduction), whereas Staphylococcus spp. were not affected noticeably. Further, E. aerogenes suspensions were more sensitive to ultrasonication in exponential growth phase than when they were in stationary phase. The results of this study demonstrate that the main reason for bacterial resistance to ultrasonic deactivation is due to the properties of the bacterial capsule. Microbes with a thicker and "soft" capsule are highly resistant to ultrasonic deactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpu Gao
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Institute of Food and Agricultural Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 10088, China
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Fungal Cultivation and Production of Polysaccharides. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_21-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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41
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Qiao B, Lu H, Cao YX, Chen R, Yuan YJ. Phospholipid profiles ofPenicillium chrysogenumin different scales of fermentations. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Hua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin P. R. China
- Hebei Zhongrun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd; China, Shijiazhuang Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (CSPC); Shijiazhuang P. R. China
| | - Ying-Xiu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Rao Chen
- Hebei Zhongrun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd; China, Shijiazhuang Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. (CSPC); Shijiazhuang P. R. China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin P. R. China
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A comparative metabolomics analysis of Saccharopolyspora spinosa WT, WH124, and LU104 revealed metabolic mechanisms correlated with increases in spinosad yield. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:1661-8. [PMID: 23924726 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics analysis of three Saccharopolyspora spinosa strains (wild type strain WT, ultraviolet mutant strain WH124, and metabolic engineering strain LU104) with different spinosad producing levels was performed by liquid chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The metabolite profiles were subjected to hierarchal clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results of HCA on a heat map revealed that the large numbers of primary metabolism detected were more abundant in WH124 and less abundant in LU104 during the early fermentation stage as compared to the WT strain. PCA separated the three strains clearly and suggested nine metabolites that contributed predominantly to the separation. These biomarkers were associated with central carbon metabolism (succinic acid, α-ketoglutarate, acetyl-CoA, and ATP), amino acid metabolism (glutamate, glutamine, and valine), and secondary metabolism (pseudoaglycone), etc. These findings provide insight into the metabolomic characteristics of the two high-yield strains and for further regulation of spinosad production.
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Colin VL, Baigorí MD, Pera LM. Tailoring fungal morphology of Aspergillus niger MYA 135 by altering the hyphal morphology and the conidia adhesion capacity: biotechnological applications. AMB Express 2013; 3:27. [PMID: 23688037 PMCID: PMC3679960 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-3-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current problems of filamentous fungi fermentations and their further successful developments as microbial cell factories are dependent on control fungal morphology. In this connection, this work explored new experimental procedures in order to quantitatively check the potential of some culture conditions to induce a determined fungal morphology by altering both hyphal morphology and conidia adhesion capacity. The capacity of environmental conditions to modify hyphal morphology was evaluated by examining the influence of some culture conditions on the cell wall lytic potential of Aspergillus niger MYA 135. The relative value of the cell wall lytic potential was determined by measuring a cell wall lytic enzyme activity such as the mycelium-bound β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (Mb-NAGase). On the other hand, the quantitative value of conidia adhesion was considered as an index of its aggregation capacity. Concerning microscopic morphology, a highly negative correlation between the hyphal growth unit length (lHGU) and the specific Mb-NAGase activity was found (r = -0.915, P < 0.001). In fact, the environment was able to induce highly branched mycelia only under those culture conditions compatible with specific Mb-NAGase values equal to or higher than 190 U gdry.wt-1. Concerning macroscopic morphology, a low conidia adhesion capacity was followed by a dispersed mycelial growth. In fact, this study showed that conidia adhesion units per ml equal to or higher than 0.50 were necessary to afford pellets formation. In addition, it was also observed that once the pellet was formed the lHGU had an important influence on its final diameter. Finally, the biotechnological significance of such results was discussed as well.
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Zhou W, Min M, Hu B, Ma X, Liu Y, Wang Q, Shi J, Chen P, Ruan R. Filamentous fungi assisted bio-flocculation: A novel alternative technique for harvesting heterotrophic and autotrophic microalgal cells. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nieminen L, Webb S, Smith MCM, Hoskisson PA. A flexible mathematical model platform for studying branching networks: experimentally validated using the model actinomycete, Streptomyces coelicolor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54316. [PMID: 23441147 PMCID: PMC3575473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching networks are ubiquitous in nature and their growth often responds to environmental cues dynamically. Using the antibiotic-producing soil bacterium Streptomyces as a model we have developed a flexible mathematical model platform for the study of branched biological networks. Streptomyces form large aggregates in liquid culture that can impair industrial antibiotic fermentations. Understanding the features of these could aid improvement of such processes. The model requires relatively few experimental values for parameterisation, yet delivers realistic simulations of Streptomyces pellet and is able to predict features, such as the density of hyphae, the number of growing tips and the location of antibiotic production within a pellet in response to pellet size and external nutrient supply. The model is scalable and will find utility in a range of branched biological networks such as angiogenesis, plant root growth and fungal hyphal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Nieminen
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Webb
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SW); (PAH)
| | | | - Paul A. Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SW); (PAH)
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Gifford DR, Schoustra SE. Modelling colony population growth in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. J Theor Biol 2012; 320:124-30. [PMID: 23246716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are ubiquitous in nature and have high societal significance, being both major (food-borne) pathogens and important industrial organisms in the production of antibiotics and enzymes. In addition, fungi are important model organisms for fundamental research, such as studies in genetics and evolutionary biology. However, mechanistic models for population growth that would help understand fungal biology and fundamental processes are almost entirely missing. Here we present such a mechanistic model for the species Aspergillus nidulans as an exemplar of models for other filamentous fungi. The model is based on physiological parameters that influence colony growth, namely mycelial growth rate and sporulation rate, to predict the number of individual nuclei present in a colony through time. Using population size data for colonies of differing ages, we find that our mechanistic model accurately predicts the number of nuclei for two growth environments, and show that fungal population size is most dependent on changes in mycelial growth rate.
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Tepwong P, Giri A, Ohshima T. Effect of mycelial morphology on ergothioneine production during liquid fermentation of Lentinula edodes. MYCOSCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-011-0145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Huang Y, Benson DR. Growth and development of Frankia spp. strain CcI3 at the single-hypha level in liquid culture. Arch Microbiol 2011; 194:21-8. [PMID: 21773799 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-011-0734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous actinobacteria from the genus Frankia grow by hyphal tip extension and branching. The growth kinetics and branching pattern of Frankia are not well studied, especially at the early stages of mycelial development. Here, we compare the growth of Frankia sp. strain CcI3 in liquid cultures with and without proteose peptone #3 (PP3) using time-lapse photomicrography and image analysis. Individual hyphae showed a pseudolinear increase in length at early stages of development, whereas at the mycelial level, the aggregate length of hyphae described an exponential rate before slowing. Growth based on optical density or microscopic observations was similar in medium with or without PP3. However, PP3 altered the pattern of mycelial development by increasing branching. Distances between the hyphal apex and first branches were on average shorter in PP3-containing media. The final interbranch distances were also shorter in PP3 medium indicating that hyphae tended to branch earlier and more often when supplemented with PP3 to give a more compact mycelium. Vesicle development in nitrogen-fixing cultures limited cell expansion as a result of vesicles truncating growth on new branches. The results provide some explanation for the growth kinetics of Frankia and some indication of how growth rates may be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Rd., Unit 3125, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Antifungal and antifeedant activities of extracellular product of Streptomyces spp. ERI-04 isolated from Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu. J Mycol Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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