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Garrido-Torres N, Ruiz-Veguilla M, Alameda L, Canal-Rivero M, Ruiz MJ, Gómez-Revuelta M, Ayesa-Arriola R, Rubio-García A, Crespo-Facorro B, Vázquez-Bourgon J. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and related factors in a large sample of antipsychotic naïve patients with first-episode psychosis: Baseline results from the PAFIP cohort. Schizophr Res 2022; 246:277-285. [PMID: 35878542 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few investigations have been carried out on metabolic syndrome in antipsychotic- naïve patients with schizophrenia. METHODS Our primary objective was to compare the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III in 2001 (NCEP-ATP III), between a Spanish cohort of 303 drug-naïve patients with a first episode of psychosis (FEP) without any previous cardiovascular condition, and 153 healthy individuals. RESULTS Participants included 303 patients with FEP (M:F 53:46) and 153 control subjects (M:F 56:43). The mean and standard deviation ages were 31(9.38) and 29 (7.57) years in the study and control groups respectively (F = 4.09; p = 0.93). We found that the prevalence of MetS in drug-naïve patients with FEP (5.6 %) was similar to the prevalence of MetS in age-sex matched controls (5.12 %). However, 60.7 % of patients with FEP met at least one of the five MetS components, while among the control subjects only 36.5 % met at least one component. Additionally, we found that other factors not included among the operational definition of MetS, but still important in cardiovascular risk, were also altered. CONCLUSION FEP patients have a greater risk of presenting at least one altered MetS component than healthy controls which could indicate the need of development of screening methods detecting cardiovascular risk. Likewise, gender differences in metabolic components such as waist circumference, which is a predictor of cardiovascular events have been found. Similarly, research should focus on metabolic risk predictors that include not only MetS, but also specific parameters for the early psychosis population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Garrido-Torres
- Mental Health Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain; Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Carlos III Institute (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Veguilla
- Mental Health Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain; Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Carlos III Institute (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Alameda
- Mental Health Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain; Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Carlos III Institute (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1008, Switzerland; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manuel Canal-Rivero
- Mental Health Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain; Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Carlos III Institute (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María Juncal Ruiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Sierrallana Hospital-Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Torrelavega, Spain; Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Marcos Gómez-Revuelta
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Carlos III Institute (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Rubio-García
- Mental Health Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain; Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Mental Health Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain; Translational Psychiatry Group, Seville Biomedical Research Institute (IBiS), Seville, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Carlos III Institute (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
- Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health, Carlos III Institute (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
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Garrido-Torres N, Rocha-Gonzalez I, Alameda L, Rodriguez-Gangoso A, Vilches A, Canal-Rivero M, Crespo-Facorro B, Ruiz-Veguilla M. Metabolic syndrome in antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2307-2320. [PMID: 34493353 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721002853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear what the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in drug-naïve first-episode of psychosis (FEP) is, as previous meta-analyses were conducted in minimally exposed or drug-naïve FEP patients with psychotic disorder at any stage of the disease; thus, a meta-analysis examining MetS in naïve FEP compared with the general population is needed. METHODS Studies on individuals with FEP defined as drug-naïve (0 days exposure to antipsychotics) were included to conduct a systematic review. A meta-analysis of proportions for the prevalence of MetS in antipsychotic-naïve patients was performed. Prevalence estimates and 95% CI were calculated using a random-effect model. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions to identify sources and the amount of heterogeneity were also conducted. RESULTS The search yielded 4143 articles. After the removal of duplicates, 2473 abstracts and titles were screened. At the full-text stage, 112 were screened, 18 articles were included in a systematic review and 13 articles in the main statistical analysis. The prevalence of MetS in naïve (0 days) FEP is 13.2% (95% CI 8.7-19.0). Ethnicity accounted for 3% of the heterogeneity between studies, and diagnostic criteria used for MetS accounted for 7%. When compared with controls matched by sex and age, the odds ratio is 2.52 (95% CI 1.29-5.07; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Our findings of increased rates of MetS in naïve FEP patients suggest that we are underestimating cardiovascular risk in this population, especially in those of non-Caucasian origin. Our findings support that altered metabolic parameters in FEPs are not exclusively due to antipsychotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Garrido-Torres
- University Hospital Virgen del Rocio-IBIS, Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Idalino Rocha-Gonzalez
- University Hospital Virgen del Rocio-IBIS, Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Alameda
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Service of General Psychiatry, Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), CH-1008Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Ana Vilches
- University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Canal-Rivero
- University Hospital Virgen del Rocio-IBIS, Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Veguilla
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Spanish Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Sevilla, Spain
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Pradeep C, Prasaath Sastha KR, Raj Kumar S, Rathinisha KU, Kothai R, Arul B. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its correlation with sexual dysfunction in adult psychiatric patients treated with psychotropics in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14559. [PMID: 34157190 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past two decades, there has been a profound increase in the incidence of metabolic disorders among the general population, and psychotropics are also said to play a major role in the development of metabolic syndrome. AIM Determining the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and sexual dysfunction (SD) and their correlation in psychiatric patients treated with psychotropics in a tertiary care hospital in Salem region, Tamil Nadu, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in the psychiatric department of Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospitals, Salem on patients (n = 108) treated with psychotropics. The sociodemographic information, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory tests for metabolic functions were collected and assessed to determine the presence of metabolic syndrome (as per NCEP ATP III criteria). All the results were statistically analysed and P-value < .05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS The overall prevalence of MetS in the study population was 25.93%. The study found significant relationships between using olanzapine, risperidone, buspirone, and the presence of MetS. Depression was also found to be associated with the development of MetS. CONCLUSION From this current study, it may be concluded that the psychiatric population is at risk for developing MetS, and the use of atypical antipsychotics (olanzapine, risperidone), anti-anxiety agent (buspirone) and clinical depression is significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. Hence, the metabolic function of psychiatric patients must be regularly assessed for early detection and management of any metabolic abnormalities. The study did not find a significant correlation between SD and MetS in psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pradeep
- Department of Psychiatry, Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Medical College and Hospitals, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, India
| | - K R Prasaath Sastha
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Vinayaka Mission's College of Pharmacy, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, India
| | - S Raj Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Vinayaka Mission's College of Pharmacy, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, India
| | - K U Rathinisha
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Vinayaka Mission's College of Pharmacy, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, India
| | - Ramalingam Kothai
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Vinayaka Mission's College of Pharmacy, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, India
| | - Balasubramanian Arul
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Vinayaka Mission's College of Pharmacy, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, India
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Caring for Patients with Psychosis: Mental Health Professionals' Views on Informal Caregivers' Needs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18062964. [PMID: 33799346 PMCID: PMC8001319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the views of mental health professionals regarding the needs of the informal caregivers of patients with chronic psychotic syndrome. A qualitative research design was used. The sample consisted of 12 mental health professionals selected by a purposive sampling strategy. Data were collected through semistructured, face to face interviews. Framework analysis was used to analyze qualitative data and establish main themes and subthemes. Three main themes emerged namely, (i) impact of caring on caregivers’ lives, (ii) caregivers’ needs, and (iii) recommendations for better care. Informal caregivers’ needs were conceptualized into subthemes within the main themes. Caregivers’ increased responsibilities of caring for their relatives, the impact on their mental and physical health status and the restrictions in their social and professional life were revealed. Targeted health interventions and social policy planning are recommended for supporting informal caregivers and improving patient care.
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Zeng Y, Chen S, Liu D, Hahn L, Xia X, Wen S, Han Z, Wu X. Parental history of diabetes mellitus has additive risk of metabolic syndrome in patients treated with clozapine. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 50:101939. [PMID: 32087501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Zeng
- Psychiatry Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China; Psychiatry Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, PR China
| | - Shengyun Chen
- Psychiatry Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Dennis Liu
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa Hahn
- The Adelaide Clinic, Gilberton, South Australia, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Xia
- Psychiatry Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Shenglin Wen
- Psychiatry Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, PR China
| | - Zili Han
- Psychiatry Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Psychiatry Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China.
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Severi E, Ferrara M, Tedeschini E, Vacca F, Mungai F, Amendolara R, Baccari F, Starace F. Assessment of cardiovascular risk in an Italian psychiatric outpatient sample: A chart review of patients treated with second-generation antipsychotics. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2018; 27:1002-1008. [PMID: 29197134 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the call by the scientific community for a systematic monitoring of physical health in people with psychiatric illnesses, national and international audits have reported poor quality of cardiovascular risk assessments and management in this vulnerable population. Available evidence indicates that in people affected by mental illness, life expectancy is reduced by 10-20 years, mainly due to cardiovascular accidents and metabolic syndrome (MetS)-related diseases. The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of cardiovascular risk monitoring in an outpatient sample of patients taking second-generation antipsychotics. The sample consisted of 200 patients consecutively recruited from two community mental health centres. A clinical chart review was performed on the following laboratory tests: total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoprotein, serum triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Blood pressure and waist circumference were measured. A complete cardiovascular risk assessment was available only in 60 patients out of 200 (33.3%). The only variable associated with laboratory tests for MetS was receiving three or more psychotropic medications, which increased fourfold the probability of metabolic screening. In the subsample of patients with full screening, the prevalence of MetS was 33.3%. Our findings suggest that mental health professionals working in community mental health services should incorporate a more systematic assessment of physical health in their practice, and intervene proactively to reduce the significant cardiovascular burden carried by people with several mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Severi
- Department of Mental Health and Drug Abuse, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Ferrara
- Department of Mental Health and Drug Abuse, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Tedeschini
- Department of Mental Health and Drug Abuse, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Vacca
- Department of Mental Health and Drug Abuse, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Mungai
- Department of Mental Health and Drug Abuse, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Rocco Amendolara
- Department of Mental Health and Drug Abuse, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Flavia Baccari
- Department of Mental Health and Drug Abuse, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Starace
- Department of Mental Health and Drug Abuse, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Modena, Modena, Italy
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Rawat VS, Ganesh S, Bijjal S, Shanivaram Reddy K, Agarwal V, Devi R, Kumar CN, Christopher R, Thirthalli J. Prevalence and predictors of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls: A study in rural South Indian population. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:102-107. [PMID: 28454923 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been extensively studied as a co-morbidity in patients with schizophrenia. A disparity is noted between hospital and community based estimates in India. We aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of MetS in schizophrenia patients and general population controls in a rural population in South India. METHODS Patients (n=157) and general population controls (n=263) were recruited from a rural area in South India. Diagnosis of MetS was established using International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Patients were also assessed on clinical parameters, treatment details, dietary and physical activity patterns. Predictors of MetS were estimated based on subgrouping of patients with and without MetS. RESULTS 50 (31.8%) of the patients and 76 (28.9%) of the controls were diagnosed to have MetS. Female gender and ongoing antipsychotic exposure were noted to be significant predictors of MetS with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 2.87 (1.2-6.86) and 4.42 (1.37-14.25) respectively. Three empirically defined treatment groups 'never treated', 'ever treated' and 'continuous treatment' groups had odds ratios (95% CI) of 0.53 (1.68-6.58), 0.92 (0.5-1.69) and 3.33 (1.68-6.58) when compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Patients who were naïve to antipsychotics had a significantly lower prevalence of MetS compared to general population. This finding doesn't support the antipsychotic independent risk for MetS in patients with schizophrenia. Female gender and regular antipsychotic exposure predicted MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Singh Rawat
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Suhas Ganesh
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - K Shanivaram Reddy
- Psychiatric rehabilitation services unit, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, India
| | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Renuka Devi
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jagadisha Thirthalli
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
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Ward T, Wynaden D, Heslop K. Who is responsible for metabolic screening for mental health clients taking antipsychotic medications? Int J Ment Health Nurs 2018; 27:196-203. [PMID: 28093900 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is common in mental health consumer populations, and is linked to cardiovascular disease, stroke and diabetes. Metabolic screening is a way of recognising consumers who are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome but internationally screening rates remain low. A retrospective audit was completed at one Australian public mental health service on the case files of 100 randomly selected consumers to determine nurses level of compliance with metabolic screening policies over a 12 month period. Consumers included in the review were prescribed antipsychotic medications for at least 12 months and had their care in the community coordinated by mental health nurses. Data were entered into an Excel spreadsheet for analysis. Low levels of metabolic screening were identified and these levels decreased over the 12 months under review. No consumers had metabolic screening that recorded all parameters at three monthly intervals over the 12 month period. Only one consumer had every metabolic parameter recorded on the physical health screen tool at baseline assessment. The findings demonstrated that while there is increased awareness of co-morbid physical health issues in this consumer population, the translation of guidelines and policy directives to clinical practice to address this disparity remains low. Improving physical health outcomes is the responsibility of all health professionals, particularly doctors who prescribe and nurses who administer antipsychotic medications regularly to mental health consumers. Moreover, nurses are well placed to demonstrate leadership in reducing the rate of metabolic syndrome through the delivery of holistic care that includes effective screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ward
- Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dianne Wynaden
- Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karen Heslop
- Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Hussain T, Margoob MA, Shoib S, Shafat M, Chandel RK. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Psychiatric Inpatients: A Hospital Based Study from Kashmir. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:VC05-VC08. [PMID: 28764273 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/25801.10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last fifty years there has been dramatic change in the human environment, behaviours and way-of-life. These changes have resulted in escalating rates of metabolic syndrome not only in general population but also among people with mental illness. Various factors, like the lack of exercise, use of psychotropic medications and inadequate medical care leads to the increased risk of metabolic changes among people with mental illness. Hence, there is a greater need to evaluate metabolic syndrome in this population. AIM To find the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among psychiatric inpatients in Tertiary Care Hospital in Kashmir region of North India. MATERIALS AND METHODS It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Kashmir, India. A total of 213 in-patients with a primary psychiatric diagnosis as per The International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD 10) Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders criteria were evaluated for the presence of metabolic syndrome. A modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criterion for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was used. All the intergroup comparisons for parametric data were done by Student's t-test, whereas non-parametric data were analysed by Chi-square tests. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 34.74%. The prevalence was higher in females (43.3%) than males (28.5%) (p<0.05) and it increased with age, with the highest prevalence in the age group >50 years (p<0.05). Among the diagnostic subgroups, the prevalence was highest among patients with unipolar depression (45.0%), while it was lesser in patients with bipolar disorders (37.88%) and psychotic disorders (30.95%). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher (63.64%) among patients taking second generation antipsychotics (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our study shows that metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent among psychiatric inpatients and needs to be addressed to prevent the risk for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajamul Hussain
- Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Margoob
- Professor and Ex-Head, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sheikh Shoib
- Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mahak Shafat
- Resident, Department of Pathology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Chandel
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Department of Health and Medical Education, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Garcia-Rizo C, Fernandez-Egea E, Oliveira C, Meseguer A, Cabrera B, Mezquida G, Bioque M, Penades R, Parellada E, Bernardo M, Kirkpatrick B. Metabolic syndrome or glucose challenge in first episode of psychosis? Eur Psychiatry 2017; 41:42-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPatients with schizophrenia exhibit a reduced life expectancy. Although unhealthy lifestyle or suicide risk plays a role, the main causes are diverse medical conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Albeit pharmacological secondary side effects might also trigger previous conditions, studies in naïve patients reflect diverse anomalies at the onset. Patients with a first episode of psychosis, display a wide scope of metabolic abnormalities, ranging from normality till pathological values depending on the parameters studied. We attempted to evaluate the metabolic syndrome and glycemic homeostasis in a subset of antipsychotic-naïve patients with a first episode of non-affective psychosis. Patients (n = 84) showed a similar prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared with a matched control sample (n = 98) (6% vs 4%, P = 0.562), while glucose homeostasis values differed significantly (14% vs. 5%, P = 0.034). Our results suggest that metabolic syndrome is not a useful clinical condition to be evaluated in patients before pharmacological treatment. Abnormal glycemic homeostasis at the onset of the disease requires specific diagnostic tools and preventive measures in order to avoid future cardiovascular events. New strategies must be implemented in order to evaluate the cardiovascular risk and subsequent morbidity in patients at the onset of the disease.
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The Relationship between Body Weight Change and Body Constitutions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Patients with Schizophrenia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:9585968. [PMID: 27818703 PMCID: PMC5081436 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9585968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To explore the relationship between body constitution (BC) types and weight change in patients with schizophrenia and who underwent second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) treatment. Method. Body weight and waist circumference of eighty-five participants were measured for 6 consecutive weeks. Constitutions of Yin-Xu, Yang-Xu, and Stasis were assessed using the Body Constitution Questionnaire (BCQ). Results. Participants with body constitutions Yin-Xu (50.6%), Yang-Xu (49.4%), or Stasis (38.8%) exhibited worse physical condition and unhealthy daily habits, particularly in Stasis constitution. Moreover, Stasis constitution was significantly associated with several factors, including BMI, body weight, waist circumference, perception of stress, perception of health, staying up late, and less physical exercise. However, perception of stress showed significant difference in Yin-Xu, Yang-Xu, and Stasis. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis revealed that significant time effects in body weight increase in the imbalanced BC types and gentleness BC type. SGAs induced weight gain in imbalanced BC type as well as gentleness BC type, especially treated with olanzapine. Conclusions. This is the first study to explore the longitudinal relationship between BC and weight gain in schizophrenia patients undergoing SGAs treatment. Health care providers should focus on weight gain problems in schizophrenia patients who underwent SGAs treatment.
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Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Indian studies. Asian J Psychiatr 2016; 22:86-92. [PMID: 27520904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several authors have studied prevalence of metabolic syndrome (Met-S) in schizophrenia patients. Studies conducted in Indian scenario have shown conflicting results. Community based studies reported extremely low prevalence of metabolic syndrome in contrast to hospital based studies reporting higher rates. In this systematic review we summarize results of studies conducted in India and discuss possible reasons for these discrepancies. METHODS Literature search was conducted with keywords metabolic, schizophrenia and India in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct database. Studies assessing prevalence of metabolic syndrome using IDF or NCEP-ATP III criteria, conducted in hospital and community setting were included. RESULTS Fourteen studies conducted in hospital setting and two studies conducted in community were included for analysis. Pooled prevalence of Met-S in patients with schizophrenia was 29.83%. Pooled prevalence in community based studies was 10.81% significantly lower than in hospital based studies 33.05%. Overall meta-analysis of studies with case control design showed an OR 3.03 for prevalence in cases compared to controls. Except in one study conducted in a rural community, all other studies reported higher prevalence of Met-S in schizophrenia patients compared to controls. Drug-naïve patients had a pooled prevalence of 11.86%. CONCLUSION In India, prevalence rates of Met-S in schizophrenia patients are comparable to the rates reported in western studies. Community based studies highlight a significantly lower prevalence compared to hospital studies. More community based studies will enhance our understanding of prevalence and determinants of Met-S in patients with schizophrenia.
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Wynaden D, Heslop K. Providing leadership on a hidden issue: Where are the mental health nurses? Int J Ment Health Nurs 2016; 25:99-101. [PMID: 27027536 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Wynaden
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University Australia
| | - Karen Heslop
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University Australia
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Grover S, Nebhinani N, Padmavati R, Chadda RK, Tirupati S, Pallava A. Metabolic syndrome in antipsychotic naïve patients with schizophrenia: pooled analysis of data from three Indian studies. Early Interv Psychiatry 2015; 9:357-62. [PMID: 24438348 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and subthreshold MS in antipsychotic naïve patients with schizophrenia by pooling the data from three different centres in India. METHODS One hundred thirty-seven antipsychotic naïve patients with schizophrenia were evaluated for MS using common criteria for clinical diagnosis. RESULTS Twenty-six patients (19%) met consensus criteria. Additionally, 56 patients (40.9%) fulfilled one criterion and 32 patients (23.3%) fulfilled two criteria of MS out of five criteria. CONCLUSION One-fifth of antipsychotic naïve patients with schizophrenia had MS and another two-third had at least one metabolic abnormality. Awareness of such a high risk is vitally important for rational selection of antipsychotic medications as well as effective implementation of preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
| | | | | | | | - Srinivasan Tirupati
- Hunter New England Area Health Service, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Enez Darcin A, Yalcin Cavus S, Dilbaz N, Kaya H, Dogan E. Metabolic syndrome in drug-naïve and drug-free patients with schizophrenia and in their siblings. Schizophr Res 2015; 166:201-6. [PMID: 26004686 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that metabolic disturbances in people with schizophrenia exist as a part of the schizophrenic syndrome, even when the antipsychotic drug effect is eliminated. We aimed to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with schizophrenia who were antipsychotic drug-naive or drug-free and their siblings for comparison with healthy controls. METHODS One-hundred-two patients with schizophrenia (drug-naïve or drug-free), 64 siblings and 70 age-matched healthy subjects were recruited for this case-control study. Metabolic syndrome was assessed based on Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III, adapted ATP III and International Diabetes Federation criteria. Student's t-tests, chi-squared tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests and Bonferroni corrections were used as appropriate. RESULTS The diagnoses of metabolic syndrome and metabolic disturbances as a subsyndromal state were found to be significantly more frequent in patients and their siblings than in the controls. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and disturbances in blood pressure put the patient group at risk for metabolic syndrome even before they were exposed to antipsychotic drugs. CONCLUSIONS Although antipsychotic drugs have consistently been related to disturbances of glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with schizophrenia, this study showed that patients with schizophrenia and their siblings are already at a high risk for metabolic syndrome independent of any antipsychotic effects. These individuals should be monitored regularly following a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
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Young SL, Taylor M, Lawrie SM. "First do no harm." A systematic review of the prevalence and management of antipsychotic adverse effects. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:353-62. [PMID: 25516373 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114562090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aim to identify the prevalence and management strategies of nine clinically important categories of antipsychotic adverse effects, namely: extrapyramidal symptoms; sedation; weight gain; type II diabetes; hyperprolactinaemia; metabolic syndrome, dyslipidaemia; sexual dysfunction; and cardiovascular effects. BACKGROUND Antipsychotic drugs are widely prescribed for schizophrenia and other mental disorders. The adverse effects of antipsychotics are common, with a potential negative impact on adherence and engagement. Despite this, the scientific study of the prevalence or management of adverse antipsychotic effects is a neglected area. METHOD A systematic review was undertaken using pre-defined search criteria and three databases, with hand searching of citations and references. Inclusion was agreed on by two independent researchers after review of abstracts or full text. Quality analysis of included studies was conducted using pre-agreed criteria. RESULTS In total, 53 studies met inclusion criteria, revealing the following: (1) antipsychotic polypharmacy was associated with increased frequency of adverse effects, and (2) a longer duration of treatment is associated with greater severity (e.g. higher BMI); (3) clozapine was more strongly associated with metabolic disturbance than other antipsychotics in three studies and olanzapine was associated with the most weight gain in three studies; (4) hyperprolactinaemia was more common in women than men, but 50% men noted sexual dysfunction versus 25-50% in women; (5) despite clinical guideline recommendations there is a low rate of baseline testing for lipids and glucose; and (6) seven studies described adverse effect management strategies, but only two examined their efficacy - one found a significant reduction in weight with non-pharmacological group therapy and the other found a significant reduction in dyslipidaemia with statins. CONCLUSIONS Antipsychotic adverse effects are diverse and frequently experienced, but are not often systematically assessed. There is a need for further scientific study concerning the management of these side effects.
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Fawzy N, Shabrawy A, Youssef A. Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome among drug-naive psychotic patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4103/1110-1105.158118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Tseng PT, Wang HY, Cheng YS, Shen FC, Lin PY, Wu CK. The metabolic syndrome and risk of coronary artery disease in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder in a chronic mental institute. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2014; 30:579-86. [PMID: 25458049 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome (MS) and coronary artery disease (CAD) has been found to be high in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Current evidence shows that CAD is underdiagnosed in this group. Our study evaluated the prevalence of MS and the risk of CAD in patients with chronic schizophrenia in a chronic care mental hospital in southern Taiwan. We included all patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. We collected all laboratory, physical examination, psychiatric interview, and chart review data. We also evaluated the risk of CAD in these patients using the Framingham point system. There was no significant age difference in the MS prevalence rate in these patients. The young patients with schizophrenia in our study tended to have a higher prevalence of MS than the general population. In addition, female patients had a higher prevalence rate of MS than males. Based on the Framingham point system, we found the 10-year risk of CAD to be higher among the patients with schizophrenia than in the general population. Our study highlights the importance of the high risk of MS in both younger and older patients with schizophrenia, without a significant relationship to the use of antipsychotics. More complete cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings. Psychiatrists may want to establish more specific and detailed clinical guidelines for patients with chronic schizophrenia with comorbid physical diseases, especially MS and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Tao Tseng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shian Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chih Shen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Taiwan.
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Vuksan-Cusa B, Sagud M, Jakovljevic M, Peles AM, Jaksic N, Mihaljevic S, Zivkovic M, Mikulic SK, Jevtovic S. Association between C-reactive protein and homocysteine with the subcomponents of metabolic syndrome in stable patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Nord J Psychiatry 2013; 67:320-5. [PMID: 23228159 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2012.745601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies revealed high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. C-Reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine have also both emerged as independent risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but are less investigated in psychiatric disorders. AIMS The aim of this study was to ascertain which specific subcomponents of MetS are associated with levels of CRP and homocysteine in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. METHODS Our sample consisted of patient group (n = 122) (60 bipolar and 62 schizophrenic patients) treated with second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) and healthy controls (n = 59). MetS was defined according to NCEP ATP-III criteria; the cut-off point for elevated CRP was set up at 5 mg/l and for hyperhomocysteinemia at 15 μmol/l. RESULTS In the patient group, homocysteine was correlated with waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides and blood glucose, while CRP was correlated with waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure. Patients with hyperhomocysteinemia had an 8.442 times higher chance to have met the criteria for MetS while elevated CRP was not a significant predictor of MetS. CONCLUSIONS There is a complex association between CRP and homocysteine with specific subcomponents of MetS in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Given the high risk of cardiovascular disorders in psychiatric patients, these relationships deserve further investigation. Clinically, it could be useful to include the measurement of homocysteine and CRP levels in routine psychiatric diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjanka Vuksan-Cusa
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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Vancampfort D, Wampers M, Mitchell AJ, Correll CU, De Herdt A, Probst M, De Hert M. A meta-analysis of cardio-metabolic abnormalities in drug naïve, first-episode and multi-episode patients with schizophrenia versus general population controls. World Psychiatry 2013; 12:240-50. [PMID: 24096790 PMCID: PMC3799255 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to explore the risk for cardio-metabolic abnormalities in drug naïve, first-episode and multi-episode patients with schizophrenia and age- and gender- or cohort-matched general population controls. Our literature search generated 203 relevant studies, of which 136 were included. The final dataset comprised 185,606 unique patients with schizophrenia, and 28 studies provided data for age- and gender-matched or cohort-matched general population controls (n=3,898,739). We found that multi-episode patients with schizophrenia were at increased risk for abdominal obesity (OR=4.43; CI=2.52-7.82; p<0.001), hypertension (OR=1.36; CI=1.21-1.53; p<0.001), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR=2.35; CI=1.78-3.10; p<0.001), hypertriglyceridemia (OR=2.73; CI=1.95-3.83; p<0.001), metabolic syndrome (OR=2.35; CI=1.68-3.29; p<0.001), and diabetes (OR=1.99; CI=1.55-2.54; p<0.001), compared to controls. Multi-episode patients with schizophrenia were also at increased risk, compared to first-episode (p<0.001) and drug-naïve (p<0.001) patients, for the above abnormalities, with the exception of hypertension and diabetes. Our data provide further evidence supporting WPA recommendations on screening, follow-up, health education and lifestyle changes in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Vancampfort
- University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Campus Kortenberg, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Kortenberg, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
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Malhotra N, Kulhara P, Chakrabarti S, Grover S. A prospective, longitudinal study of metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:653-8. [PMID: 23608117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cross sectional studies have evaluated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with bipolar patients (BPAD), data from longitudinal studies are limited. AIM To assess the prevalence of MetS in patients with BPAD, to observe the change in prevalence rate over a period of 6 months, to assess the prevalence of sub-threshold MetS (i.e., patients fulfilling one or two criteria of MetS) and to compare patients with BPAD and schizophrenia on the above mentioned parameters. METHODOLOGY Seventy five patients with BPAD and 53 patients with schizophrenia were initially evaluated for MetS and then followed up for a period of 6 months. RESULTS According to consensus definition, prevalence of MetS at baseline was 40% in BPAD group and 32% in schizophrenia group. Over 6 months of follow-up the prevalence of MetS increased by 8% and 9.4% in the BPAD and the schizophrenia groups respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups on any of the assessments. Another 28-32% of patients in the BPAD group also fulfilled two criteria and 13-17% fulfilled at least one criterion of MetS at different points of assessment. Similarly, 19-26% of the patients with schizophrenia met at least two and 23-26% of the patients fulfilled at least one criterion of MetS. LIMITATION The study was limited by small sample size, inclusion and the relatively short follow-up period. CONCLUSION 40% patients with BPAD and 32% with schizophrenia have MetS and the prevalence of MetS increases by 8-9.4% over 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Malhotra
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, Punjab, India
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Chadda RK, Ramshankar P, Deb KS, Sood M. Metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia: Differences between antipsychotic-naïve and treated patients. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2013; 4:176-86. [PMID: 23960422 PMCID: PMC3746300 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.114596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in general population and in patients with severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia. This paper reviews studies on MetS in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, and assesses the contribution of antipsychotics toward the development of MetS. Databases of Medline (PubMed), PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched for MetS, psychotic disorders, and antipsychotic drugs from inception till present. Prevalence of MetS in patients with schizophrenia was found to be ranging from 3.3% to 68.0%. Prevalence in antipsychotic-naïve and antipsychotic-treated patients ranged between 3.3-26.0% and 32.0-68.0% respectively, and was higher in younger patients, female gender and Hispanics, and lower in African-Americans and Orientals. Prevalence of metabolic abnormalities was higher in patients receiving second generation antipsychotics (SGAs), especially with clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, as compared to first generation antipsychotics (FGAs). Antipsychotic-induced changes on metabolic indices became evident after 2 weeks and reached maximum at 3 months of treatment. There is a need to sensitize the mental health professionals at all levels about the need of screening and monitoring for MetS in patients receiving antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Chadda
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
To review the data with respect to prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its correlates in schizophrenia. For this review, electronic search engines PUBMED, Sciencedirect, and Google Scholar were used. Available data suggests that most of the studies have been of cross-sectional design. Prevalence rates of MetS have varied from 11% to 69% in medicated patients, and 4-26% in drug naive patients in cross-sectional evaluations. Longitudinal studies have shown the prevalence rates to range from 0% to 14% at the baseline in drug naive patients, which increase to as high as 52.4% by 3 months of antipsychotic medication treatment. The prevalence rates of MetS in patients with schizophrenia are much higher than that seen in general population or healthy controls. Though there is no causal association with any demographic or clinical variables, the risk increases with increase in age. Among antipsychotics, there seems to be an association between MetS and atypical antipsychotics like clozapine and olanzapine. Therefore, the psychiatrists should be more vigilant regarding the presence of MetS in these high risk groups. Research on biological correlates of MetS in schizophrenia is still in its primitive stage, however, these is some evidence to suggest an association of MetS with adiponectin levels, hematological indices, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor (ADRA1A) gene. These areas hold promise, and targeting these with appropriate interventions may help us to prevent the occurrence of MetS in patients with schizophrenia in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Malhotra
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subho Chakrabarti
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parmanand Kulhara
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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