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Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060918. [PMID: 36980259 PMCID: PMC10047067 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of acquired thyroid dysfunction is autoimmune thyroid disease, which is an organ-specific autoimmune disease with two presentation phenotypes: hyperthyroidism (Graves-Basedow disease) and hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is distinguished by the presence of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin. Meanwhile, autoantibodies against the TSH receptor have been found in Graves-Basedow disease. Numerous susceptibility genes, as well as epigenetic and environmental factors, contribute to the pathogenesis of both diseases. This review summarizes the most common genetic, epigenetic, and environmental mechanisms involved in autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Zhang Q, Guo Y, Zhang B, Liu H, Peng Y, Wang D, Zhang D. Identification of hub biomarkers of myocardial infarction by single-cell sequencing, bioinformatics, and machine learning. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:939972. [PMID: 35958412 PMCID: PMC9357907 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.939972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the first cardiovascular diseases endangering human health. Inflammatory response plays a significant role in the pathophysiological process of MI. Messenger RNA (mRNA) has been proven to play a key role in cardiovascular diseases. Single-cell sequencing (SCS) technology is a new technology for high-throughput sequencing analysis of genome, transcriptome, and epigenome at the single-cell level, and it also plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Machine learning algorithms have a wide scope of utilization in biomedicine and have demonstrated superior efficiency in clinical trials. However, few studies integrate these three methods to investigate the role of mRNA in MI. The aim of this study was to screen the expression of mRNA, investigate the function of mRNA, and provide an underlying scientific basis for the diagnosis of MI. Methods In total, four RNA microarray datasets of MI, namely, GSE66360, GSE97320, GSE60993, and GSE48060, were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The function analysis was carried out by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Disease Ontology (DO) enrichment analysis. At the same time, inflammation-related genes (IRGs) were acquired from the GeneCards database. Then, 52 co-DEGs were acquired from differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in differential analysis, IRGs, and genes from SCS, and they were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Two machine learning algorithms, namely, (1) least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and (2) support vector machine recursive feature elimination, were used to filter the co-DEGs. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to screen the hub-modulating signaling pathways associated with the hub genes. The results were validated in GSE97320, GSE60993, and GSE48060 datasets. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to analyze 22 infiltrating immune cells in the MI and healthy control (CON) groups and to analyze the correlation between these immune cells. The Pymol software was used for molecular docking of hub DEGs and for potential treatment of MI drugs acquired from the COREMINE. Results A total of 126 DEGs were in the MI and CON groups. After screening two machine learning algorithms and key co-DEGs from a PPI network, two hub DEGs (i.e., IL1B and TLR2) were obtained. The diagnostic efficiency of IL1B, TLR2, and IL1B + TLR2 showed good discrimination in the four cohorts. GSEA showed that KEGG enriched by DEGs were mainly related to inflammation-mediated signaling pathways, and GO biological processes enriched by DEGs were linked to biological effects of various inflammatory cells. Immune analysis indicated that IL1B and TLR2 were correlated with various immune cells. Dan shen, san qi, feng mi, yuan can e, can sha, san qi ye, san qi hua, and cha shu gen were identified as the potential traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of MI. 7-hydroxyflavone (HF) had stable combinations with IL1B and TLR2, respectively. Conclusion This study identified two hub DEGs (IL1B and TLR2) and illustrated its potential role in the diagnosis of MI to enhance our knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanism. Infiltrating immune cells played an important role in MI. TCM, especially HF, was a potential drug for the treatment of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunhui Zhang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China.,College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China.,College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Benyin Zhang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Hairui Liu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yanfeng Peng
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Dejun Zhang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China.,College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Hui CW, Wu WC, Leung SO. Interleukins 4 and 21 Protect Anti-IgM Induced Cell Death in Ramos B Cells: Implication for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919854. [PMID: 35911775 PMCID: PMC9326153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukins 4 (IL-4) and 21 (IL-21) belong to the common gamma chain cytokine family which are highly involved in the progression of autoimmune diseases. While IL-4 is well known to be involved in the suppression of apoptosis of autoreactive B cells, the role played by IL-21 remains unclear. In the current study, we activated the human Burkitt’s lymphoma Ramos B cells with anti-IgM to mimic B cell hyperactivation observed in patients of autoimmune diseases. Consistent with other reported findings, anti-IgM led to the downregulation of proteins involved in B cell survival and proliferation, as well as the activation of caspase 3 activity and DNA damage, resulting in apoptotic cell death after 48-hour treatment. Although both IL-4 and IL-21 reversed anti-IgM-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, they did so via different mechanisms: while IL-4 could directly suppress anti-IgM-induced caspase 3 activation and marker indicative of DNA damage, IL-21 could induce B cell proliferation in the presence of anti-IgM. Importantly, IL-21 also suppressed activation induced cell death in human primary B cells. Pre-treatment with clinically validated JAK inhibitors completely reversed the effects of IL-4 and IL-21 to rescue anti-IgM induced cell death and DNA damage. The results indicate the underlying mechanisms of how IL-4 and IL-21 differentially promote survival of hyperactivated B cells and provide hints to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Association of IL-1 β, NLRP3, and COX-2 Gene Polymorphisms with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Risk and Clinical Features in the Iranian Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:7729238. [PMID: 34790822 PMCID: PMC8592725 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7729238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Grave's disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) are autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland in which genetic predisposition plays a major role in their development. Currently, the role of NLRP3 inflammasome and COX-2 has been documented in many autoimmune diseases. The purpose of the study is to delineate the impact of IL-1β (rs1143634), NLRP3 (rs3806265), and COX-2 (rs2745557) gene polymorphisms in the development of GD and HT. Methods A total of 256 newly diagnosed patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (135 patients with HT and 121 GD patients) as case groups and 145 controls were included in the study. Results Recessive and overdominant models showed a significant association between IL-1β rs1143634 SNP and HT development risk. The frequency of TT genotype and T allele of IL-1β rs1143634 SNP in the control group was significantly higher than the GD group. There was no significant association between NLRP3 rs3806265 polymorphism and HT and GD development. The frequency of GA genotype of COX-2 (rs2745557) in the control group was significantly higher than that in the HT group. There was no significant association between COX-2 rs2745557 genotypic and allelic distribution and GD development risk. The results revealed a significant relationship between some clinical features of HT and GD groups and SNPs studied. Conclusion The results manifest the significant impact of IL-1β rs1143634 and COX-2 (rs2745557) SNPs and HT development and IL-1β rs1143634 SNP on GD occurrence risk. Furthermore, a significant relationship was observed between some clinical features of HT and GD groups and studied SNPs.
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Zhu P, Wu X, Zhou J, Wu K, Lu Y. Gene polymorphisms of pro-inflammatory cytokines may affect the risk of Graves' disease: a meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:311-319. [PMID: 32474766 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene polymorphisms of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) may influence the risk of Graves' disease, but the results of so far published studies remain inconclusive. Therefore, the authors conducted this meta-analysis to assess relationships between TNF-α/IL-1/IL-6 polymorphisms and the risk of Graves' disease by pooling the findings of all relevant studies. METHODS A comprehensive literature searching of Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and CNKI was conducted by the authors, and twenty-eight studies were found to be eligible for pooled analyses. RESULTS The pooled meta-analyses results showed that genotypic frequencies of TNF-α rs1800629, IL-1A rs1800587, IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms among patients with Graves' disease and control subjects differed significantly. Moreover, we found that genotypic frequencies of TNF-α rs1800629 and IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms among patients with Graves' disease and control subjects in Caucasians differed significantly, and genotypic frequencies of IL-1A rs1800587, IL-1B rs16944, IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms among patients with Graves' disease and control subjects in Asians also differed significantly. Nevertheless, we did not detect such genotypic frequencies differences for TNF-α rs361525 and IL-1B rs1143627 polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that TNF-α rs1800629, IL-1A rs1800587, IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms may influence the risk of Graves' disease in overall population. Moreover, TNF-α rs1800629 and IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms may influence the risk of Graves' disease in Caucasians, while IL-1A rs1800587, IL-1B rs16944, IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms may influence the risk of Graves' disease in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian District, Huaian, 223200, China
| | - X Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian District, Huaian, 223200, China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian District, Huaian, 223200, China
| | - K Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiamen Haicang Hospital, Xiamen, 361026, China.
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Ben Dhifallah I, Ayouni K, Najjar G, Chelbi H, Sadraoui A, Hammami W, Touzi H, Triki H. Interleukin IL-1B gene polymorphism in Tunisian patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: Association with replication levels. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:512-519. [PMID: 31944355 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Approaches based on association studies have proven useful in identifying genetic predictors for many diseases, including susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B. In this study we were interested by the IL-1B genetic variants that have been involved in the immune response and we analyzed their role in the susceptibility to develop chronic hepatitis B in the Tunisian population. IL-1B is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in inflammation of the liver. Polymorphic gene IL-1 (-511, +3954) was analyzed in a total of 476 individuals: 236 patients with chronic hepatitis B from different cities of Tunisia recruited in Pasteur Institute between January 2017 and December 2018 and 240 controls. Genomic DNA was obtained using the standard salting-out method and genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism. For -511C>T polymorphism a significant association was found between patients and controls when comparing the genotypic (P = 0.007; χ2 = 9.74 and odds ratio [OR] = 0.60; confidence interval [CI] = 0.41-0.89) and allelic (P = 0.001; χ2 = 10.60) frequencies. When the viral load was taken into account a highly significant difference was found (P = 9 × 10-4 ; χ2 = 10.89). For +3954C>T polymorphism a significant association was found between patients and controls when comparing genotypic (P = 0.0058; χ2 = 7.60 and OR = 1.67; CI = 1.14-2.46) and allelic (P = 0.0029; χ2 = 8.81) frequencies. T allele can be used as a strong marker for hepatitis B virus disease for both polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ben Dhifallah
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kaouther Ayouni
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ghofrane Najjar
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hanene Chelbi
- Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Sadraoui
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Walid Hammami
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Touzi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Mai M, Jiang Y, Wu X, Liu G, Zhu Y, Zhu W. Association of TGF-β1, IL-4, and IL-10 Polymorphisms With Chronic Kidney Disease Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis. Front Genet 2020; 11:79. [PMID: 32174964 PMCID: PMC7056835 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10 genes have been implicated as risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the results from published studies are inconsistent. Our meta-analysis reviews and summarizes the cumulative evidence for these associations. Methods A systematic literature search of five databases was performed up to October 2019. Two authors independently extracted data and evaluated the quality of included studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated from random-effects or fixed-effects models using Stata 12.0. Results Nineteen studies from 10 countries satisfied our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled analysis showed that TGF-β1 rs1800469 was associated with decreased susceptibility to CKD (CC + TC vs. TT, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.15–0.76, P = 0.009; CC vs. TT, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.15–0.73, P = 0.006), whereas TGF-β1 rs1800471 was associated with increased CKD susceptibility (CC vs. CG + GG, OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.02–2.77, P = 0.041). In stratified analyses based on ethnicity, TGF-β1 rs1800469 was associated with CKD susceptibility in Asians and Caucasians, and there was an association of TGF-β1 rs1800470 and IL-4 rs8179190 with CKD in Asians. Stratified analyses also associated TGF-β1 rs1800471 with CKD susceptibility in Caucasians. Neither overall meta-analyses nor stratified analyses identified an association of the IL-10 rs1800869 and rs1800871 polymorphisms with susceptibility to CKD. Conclusions Available data suggest that common polymorphisms in the TGF-β1 and IL-4 genes including rs1800469, rs1800470, rs1800471, and rs8179190 may be important genetic contributors to CKD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Mai
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yinlian Jiang
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaoman Wu
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Gengrong Liu
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yaoli Zhu
- Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Weiping Zhu
- Nephrology Division, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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Mestiri S, Zaaber I, Inoubli O, Abid N, Omrani A, Nejehi H, Marmouch H. Association of cytokine Th2 gene polymorphisms with autoimmune thyroid diseases in Tunisian population. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 47:294-308. [PMID: 31900992 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) including Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) are complex genetic diseases. Th2 cytokines act on the development of AITD. This study was conducted on Tunisian patients with AITD to investigate the association of Th2 cytokine gene polymorphisms and haplotype combination with GD or HT risk. A total of 156 controls, 160 patients with HT and 88 patients with GD were genotyped for IL-4 rs2243250, IL-5 rs2069812, IL-6 rs1800796 and IL-13 rs1800925 polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP. The AITD risk was assessed by a logistic regression analysis using the SNP stats statistical program. False-positive report probability (FPRP) was estimated to evaluate significant findings. IL-13 rs1800925 was associated with GD, after adjustment for age and gender, in codominant, dominant and allele genetic models (p = .0072; p = .0018; p = .012, respectively). Significant association of the IL-6 rs1800796C/G genotype with GD was also detected (p = .025). Furthermore, increased risk of HT was still found for IL-13 rs1800925T allele (p = .039, OR = 1.39) and for IL-4 rs2243250T/T genotype both in codominant (p = .033, OR = 2.59) and recessive (p = .011, OR = 2.73) models after adjustment for age and gender. Interestingly, haplotype analysis performed on the IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 genes revealed a high risk of HT with CTT haplotype (p = .008, OR = 2.12). However, the CCT haplotype is a protective factor (OR = 0.36). Patients carrying the CT haplotype with only one minor allele had a moderate risk of HT (OR = 1.56). The FPRP analysis showed that the association of IL-13 rs1800925 polymorphism with GD and HT and the association of CTT haplotype with HT were noteworthy. In conclusion, the IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-13 polymorphism may play a role in susceptibility to GD and HT in the Tunisian population. Furthermore, gene-gene interaction between the IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 significantly increases the risk of AITD. Further studies with larger numbers of individuals are needed to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhir Mestiri
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ines Zaaber
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Oumaima Inoubli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Abid
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Department of Biotechnology, High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University Manouba, Ariana-Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abir Omrani
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hana Nejehi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Bioresource Valorization, Superior Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hela Marmouch
- Department of Internal Medicine-Endocrinology, Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba in Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Gonzalez CD, Resnik R, Vaccaro MI. Secretory Autophagy and Its Relevance in Metabolic and Degenerative Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:266. [PMID: 32477265 PMCID: PMC7232537 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins to be secreted through so-called "conventional mechanisms" are characterized by the presence of an N-terminal peptide that is a leader or signal peptide, needed for access to the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus for further secretion. However, some relevant cytosolic proteins lack of this signal peptides and should be secreted by different unconventional or "non-canonical" processes. One form of this unconventional secretion was named secretory autophagy (SA) because it is specifically associated with the autophagy pathway. It is defined by ATG proteins that regulate the biogenesis of the autophagosome, its representative organelle. The canonical macroautophagy involves the fusion of the autophagosomes with lysosomes for content degradation, whereas the SA pathway bypasses this degradative process to allow the secretion. ATG5, as well as other factors involved in autophagy such as BCN1, are also activated as part of the secretory pathway. SA has been recognized as a new mechanism that is becoming of increasing relevance to explain the unconventional secretion of a series of cytosolic proteins that have critical biological importance. Also, SA may play a role in the release of aggregation-prone protein since it has been related to the autophagosome biogenesis machinery. SA requires the autophagic pathway and both, secretory autophagy and canonical degradative autophagy are at the same time, integrated and highly regulated processes that interact in ultimate cross-talking molecular mechanisms. The potential implications of alterations in SA, its cargos, pathways, and regulation in human diseases such as metabolic/aging pathological processes are predictable. Further research of SA as potential target of therapeutic intervention is deserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Daniel Gonzalez
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CEMIC University Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Resnik
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CEMIC University Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Ines Vaccaro
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CEMIC University Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Maria Ines Vaccaro ;
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Salum KCR, Castro MCS, Moreira VB, Nani ASF, Kohlrausch FB. Interleukin 1α and 1β gene variations are associated with tuberculosis in silica exposed subjects. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:74-84. [PMID: 31692000 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Silicosis is a fibrotic lung disease resulting from the inhalation of crystalline silica and can be classified as simple or complicated according to the International Labour Organization criteria. Furthermore, individuals exposed to crystalline silica also have a higher risk for the development of tuberculosis (Tb). The contribution of inflammatory cytokines to the risk of silicosis and Tb in different populations has previously been reported. Since genetic background might be related to susceptibility to silicosis and Tb, the study of polymorphisms within IL-1α, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor protein-coding genes may contribute to elucidating the genetic basis of these diseases. METHODS Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction using restriction fragment length polymorphism or by Taqman methodology, in a sample of 102 silica-exposed patients from Brazil. RESULTS No significant associations were observed between the SNPs studied and the severity of silicosis. However, significant associations were found between Tb and the C allele (odds ratio [OR] = 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-3.73) and the CC genotype (OR = 2.34, 95% CI, 1.04-5.31) of IL1A -899C>T. The IL1B +3954C>T polymorphism also showed an association with Tb (T allele dominant model OR = 2.38, 95% CI, 1.04-5.41). CONCLUSION These preliminary results demonstrate that the IL1A and IL1B gene variations may contribute to some extent to susceptibility to Tb, but not silicosis. However, additional studies are still needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos Cesar Santos Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Hospital Universitário Antônio PedroUniversidade Federal FluminenseNiterói Brazil
- Ambulatório de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitário Pedro ErnestoUniversidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Valéria Barbosa Moreira
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Hospital Universitário Antônio PedroUniversidade Federal FluminenseNiterói Brazil
| | - Angela Santos Ferreira Nani
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Hospital Universitário Antônio PedroUniversidade Federal FluminenseNiterói Brazil
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Polymorphisms in Autophagy-Related Gene IRGM Are Associated with Susceptibility to Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7959707. [PMID: 29992164 PMCID: PMC6016217 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7959707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background To date, studies have shown that polymorphisms in an autophagy-related gene, IRGM, are linked with different diseases, especially autoimmune diseases. The present study aimed to examine the roles of IRGM polymorphisms in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). Methods Three polymorphisms in IRGM gene (rs10065172, rs4958847, and rs13361189) were genotyped in 1569 participants (488 with Graves' disease, 292 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 789 healthy controls) using PCR-based ligase detection reaction method. Gene-disease associations were evaluated for the three SNPs. Results T allele of rs10065172, A allele of rs4958847, and C allele of rs13361189 were all higher in Graves' disease patients than controls, and the ORs were OR = 1.207 (P = 0.022), OR = 1.207 (P = 0.027), and OR = 1.200 (P = 0.027), respectively. After adjusting for sex and age, rs10065172 and rs13361189 were still associated with GD under both the allele model and dominant model, and the adjusted ORs for rs10065172 were 1.20 (P = 0.033) and 1.33 (P = 0.024), while the adjusted ORs for rs13361189 were 1.19 (P = 0.042) and 1.33 (P = 0.026), respectively. No significant difference was found between Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients and controls. Haplotype analysis found that CTA frequency was distinguishingly higher in Graves' disease patients (OR = 1.195, P = 0.030). The frequency of TCG haplotype was distinguishingly lower in AITD and Graves' disease patients (OR = 0.861, P = 0.044; OR = 0.816, P = 0.017). Conclusions Our study reveals IRGM as a susceptibility gene of AITD and Graves' disease for the first time.
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Shehjar F, Afroze D, Misgar RA, Malik SA, Laway BA. Association of polymorphic variants of IL-1β and IL-1RN genes in the development of Graves' disease in Kashmiri population (North India). Hum Immunol 2018; 79:228-232. [PMID: 29454070 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Graves' disease (GD) is a multigenic, organ specific autoimmune disorder with a strong genetic predisposition and IL-1β has been shown to be involved in its pathogenesis. The present study was aimed to determine the genetic associations between polymorphisms of IL-1β gene promoter region (-511 T>C) (rs16944), exon 5 (+3954 C>T) (rs1143634) and IL-1RN gene VNTR (rs2234663) polymorphism in patients with GD in ethnic Kashmiri population. METHODS A total of 135 Graves' disease patients and 150 healthy individuals were included in the study. PCR and PCR-based restriction analysis methods were done for IL-1RNVNTR and IL-1β gene polymorphisms respectively. RESULTS We found statistically significant increased frequencies of the C/C + CT genotype (P = 0.001; odds ratio (OR) = 5.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.02-8.42) and the C allele (P = 0.001; OR = 3.10, 95% CI = 2.14-4.50) in IL-1β gene promoter polymorphism (rs16944) with GD patients compared to normal controls. Also in the exon 5 (rs1143634), a significant increase in frequency of the C/C homozygous genotype (P = 0.001; OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.11-0.30) and C allele (P = 0.001; OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.20-0.48) was observed in GD cases as against controls. For IL-1RNVNTR (rs2234663), we didn't observe any significant difference in the allelic and genotypic frequencies between cases and controls. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that both promoter and exon polymorphisms of IL-1β gene have a significant role in the risk of developing GD, whereas IL-1RNVNTR has no association with GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Shehjar
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Dil Afroze
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Raiz A Misgar
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Sajad A Malik
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Bashir A Laway
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
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Li J, Sun X, Yao D, Xia J. Elevated Serum IL-17 Expression at Cessation Associated with Graves' Disease Relapse. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:5689030. [PMID: 29713343 PMCID: PMC5866853 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5689030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antithyroid drug (ATD) treatment occupies the cornerstone therapeutic modality of Graves' disease (GD) with a high relapse rate after discontinuation. This study aimed to assess potential risk factors for GD relapse especially serum interleukin-17 (IL-17) expression. METHODS Consecutive newly diagnosed GD patients who were scheduled to undergo ATD therapy from May 2011 to May 2014 were prospectively enrolled. Risk factors for GD relapse were analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses. The association between serum IL-17 expression at cessation and GD relapse was analyzed with relapse-free survival (RFS) by the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test. RESULTS Of the 117 patients, 72 (61.5%) maintained a remission for 12 months after ATD withdrawal and 45 (38.5%) demonstrated GD relapse. The final multivariate Cox analysis indicated elevated IL-17 expression at cessation to be an independent risk factor for GD relapse within 12 months after ATD withdrawal (HR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.14-7.67, p = 0.021). Patients with higher expressions of IL-17 (≥median value) at cessation demonstrated a significantly higher RFS than those with lower levels by the Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test (p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS This present study indicated elevated serum IL-17 expression at cessation to be a predictor for GD relapse within 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Li
- Department of Endocrine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, No. 41, Xibei Street, Ningbo, 315000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Sun
- Department of Endocrine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, No. 41, Xibei Street, Ningbo, 315000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Danzhen Yao
- Department of Endocrine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, No. 41, Xibei Street, Ningbo, 315000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinying Xia
- Department of Endocrine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, No. 41, Xibei Street, Ningbo, 315000 Zhejiang, China
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Buraczynska M, Buraczynska K, Zukowski P, Ksiazek A. Interleukin-4 Gene Intron 3 VNTR Polymorphism in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy. Immunol Invest 2017; 47:146-153. [PMID: 29182400 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1407334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of late complications of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in intron 3 of interleukin-4 gene and risk of DPN. METHODS We examined 926 T2DM patients and 420 healthy controls. In the patient group, 44% had DPN. Genomic DNA was isolated from all subjects and genotyped for the IL-4 VNTR polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS No significant difference was observed in the frequency of minor P1 allele between T2DM patients and controls (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.81-1.23, p = 0.988). The distribution of IL-4 VNTR polymorphism was compared between patients with DPN and those without it. The polymorphism was not significantly associated with DPN in studied subjects. In comparison of 406 T2DM patients with DPN and 520 patients without it, the OR (95% CI) for P1 allele was 0.82 (0.65-1.04), p = 0.10 and for P1P1 genotype 1.00 (0.53-1.89), p = 0.991. When two subgroups of patients with DPN, those with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and without CVD, were compared, subgroup with coexisting CVD had significantly higher frequency of P1 allele than patients without CVD, with odds ratio for the P1 allele 3.27 (95% CI 1.83-5.83), p = 0.0001. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that VNTR polymorphism in the IL-4 gene is associated with DPN in type 2 diabetes patients with coexisting CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Buraczynska
- a Department of Nephrology , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Kinga Buraczynska
- b Department of Neurology , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Pawel Zukowski
- a Department of Nephrology , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ksiazek
- a Department of Nephrology , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
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