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McKenzie DR, Hart R, Bah N, Ushakov DS, Muñoz-Ruiz M, Feederle R, Hayday AC. Normality sensing licenses local T cells for innate-like tissue surveillance. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:411-422. [PMID: 35165446 PMCID: PMC8901436 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The increasing implication of lymphocytes in general physiology and immune surveillance outside of infection poses the question of how their antigen receptors might be involved. Here, we show that macromolecular aggregates of intraepidermal γδ T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) in the mouse skin aligned with and depended on Skint1, a butyrophilin-like (BTNL) protein expressed by differentiated keratinocytes (KCs) at steady state. Interruption of TCR-mediated 'normality sensing' had no impact on γδ T cell numbers but altered their signature phenotype, while the epidermal barrier function was compromised. In addition to the regulation of steady-state physiology, normality sensing licensed intraepidermal T cells to respond rapidly to subsequent tissue perturbation by using innate tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily receptors. Thus, interfering with Skint1-dependent interactions between local γδ T cells and KCs at steady state increased the susceptibility to ultraviolet B radiation (UVR)-induced DNA damage and inflammation, two cancer-disposing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dmitry S Ushakov
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Regina Feederle
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK.
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2
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Papadopoulou M, Sanchez Sanchez G, Vermijlen D. Innate and adaptive γδ T cells: How, when, and why. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:99-116. [PMID: 33146423 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells comprise the third cell lineage of lymphocytes that use, like αβ T cells and B cells, V(D)J gene rearrangement with the potential to generate a highly diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. There is no obvious conservation of γδ T cell subsets (based on TCR repertoire and/or function) between mice and human, leading to the notion that human and mouse γδ T cells are highly different. In this review, we focus on human γδ T cells, building on recent studies using high-throughput sequencing to analyze the TCR repertoire in various settings. We make then the comparison with mouse γδ T cell subsets highlighting the similarities and differences and describe the remarkable changes during lifespan of innate and adaptive γδ T cells. Finally, we propose mechanisms contributing to the generation of innate versus adaptive γδ T cells. We conclude that key elements related to the generation of the γδ TCR repertoire and γδ T cell activation/development are conserved between human and mice, highlighting the similarities between these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Belgium
| | - Guillem Sanchez Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Belgium
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3
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Hayday AC. γδ T Cell Update: Adaptate Orchestrators of Immune Surveillance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:311-320. [PMID: 31285310 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As interest in γδ T cells grows rapidly, what key points are emerging, and where is caution warranted? γδ T cells fulfill critical functions, as reflected in associations with vaccine responsiveness and cancer survival in humans and ever more phenotypes of γδ T cell-deficient mice, including basic physiological deficiencies. Such phenotypes reflect activities of distinct γδ T cell subsets, whose origins offer interesting insights into lymphocyte development but whose variable evolutionary conservation can obfuscate translation of knowledge from mice to humans. By contrast, an emerging and conserved feature of γδ T cells is their "adaptate" biology: an integration of adaptive clonally-restricted specificities, innate tissue-sensing, and unconventional recall responses that collectively strengthen host resistance to myriad challenges. Central to adaptate biology are butyrophilins and other γδ cell regulators, the study of which should greatly enhance our understanding of tissue immunogenicity and immunosurveillance and guide intensifying clinical interest in γδ cells and other unconventional lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; and Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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4
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Olivares-Villagómez D, Van Kaer L. Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes: Sentinels of the Mucosal Barrier. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:264-275. [PMID: 29221933 PMCID: PMC8056148 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are a large and diverse population of lymphoid cells that reside between the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that form the intestinal mucosal barrier. Although IEL biology has traditionally focused on T cells, recent studies have identified several subsets of T cell receptor (TCR)-negative IELs with intriguing properties. New insight into the development, homeostasis, and functions of distinct IEL subsets has recently been provided. Additional studies have revealed intricate interactions between different IEL subsets, reciprocal interactions between IELs and IECs, and communication of IELs with immune cells that reside outside the intestinal epithelium. We review here sentinel functions of IELs in the maintenance of the mucosal barrier integrity, as well as how dysregulated IEL responses can contribute to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyvid Olivares-Villagómez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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5
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Di Marco Barros R, Roberts NA, Dart RJ, Vantourout P, Jandke A, Nussbaumer O, Deban L, Cipolat S, Hart R, Iannitto ML, Laing A, Spencer-Dene B, East P, Gibbons D, Irving PM, Pereira P, Steinhoff U, Hayday A. Epithelia Use Butyrophilin-like Molecules to Shape Organ-Specific γδ T Cell Compartments. Cell 2016; 167:203-218.e17. [PMID: 27641500 PMCID: PMC5037318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many body surfaces harbor organ-specific γδ T cell compartments that contribute to tissue integrity. Thus, murine dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) uniquely expressing T cell receptor (TCR)-Vγ5 chains protect from cutaneous carcinogens. The DETC repertoire is shaped by Skint1, a butyrophilin-like (Btnl) gene expressed specifically by thymic epithelial cells and suprabasal keratinocytes. However, the generality of this mechanism has remained opaque, since neither Skint1 nor DETCs are evolutionarily conserved. Here, Btnl1 expressed by murine enterocytes is shown to shape the local TCR-Vγ7(+) γδ compartment. Uninfluenced by microbial or food antigens, this activity evokes the developmental selection of TCRαβ(+) repertoires. Indeed, Btnl1 and Btnl6 jointly induce TCR-dependent responses specifically in intestinal Vγ7(+) cells. Likewise, human gut epithelial cells express BTNL3 and BTNL8 that jointly induce selective TCR-dependent responses of human colonic Vγ4(+) cells. Hence, a conserved mechanism emerges whereby epithelia use organ-specific BTNL/Btnl genes to shape local T cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Di Marco Barros
- Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A3LY, UK; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK; MBPhD Programme, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Robin J Dart
- Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A3LY, UK; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE17EH, UK
| | - Pierre Vantourout
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK
| | | | - Oliver Nussbaumer
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK
| | | | | | - Rosie Hart
- Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A3LY, UK
| | - Maria Luisa Iannitto
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK
| | - Adam Laing
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK
| | | | | | - Deena Gibbons
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK
| | - Peter M Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE17EH, UK
| | - Pablo Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Steinhoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Hayday
- Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A3LY, UK; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE19RT, UK.
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Hidaka M, Nakamura M, Ohmichi Y, Itoh J, Fukuzawa K, Masuko T, Yagi H. Involvement of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in turnover of intestinal epithelial cells: Morphological and functional alterations due to daily administration of FK506. Cell Immunol 2012; 279:124-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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