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Kang HB, Lim CK, Kim J, Han SJ. Oxypurinol protects renal ischemia/reperfusion injury via heme oxygenase-1 induction. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1030577. [PMID: 36968831 PMCID: PMC10033620 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) by increasing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and tubular cell death. Oxypurinol, an active metabolite of allopurinol, is a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. To investigate the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanism of oxypurinol in ischemic AKI, C57BL/6 male mice were intraperitoneally injected with oxypurinol and subjected to renal I/R or sham surgery. We found that oxypurinol-treated mice had lower plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and tubular damage (hematoxylin-and-eosin staining) compared to vehicle-treated mice after renal I/R injury. Furthermore, oxypurinol treatment reduced kidney inflammation (i.e., neutrophil infiltration and MIP-2 mRNA induction), oxidative stress (i.e., 4-HNE, heme oxygenase-1 [HO-1], 8-OHdG expression, and Catalase mRNA induction), and apoptosis (i.e., TUNEL or cleaved caspase-3-positive renal tubular cells), compared to vehicle-treated mice. Mechanistically, oxypurinol induced protein expressions of HO-1, which is a critical cytoprotective enzyme during ischemic AKI, and oxypurinol-mediated protection against ischemic AKI was completely eliminated by pretreatment with tin protoporphyrin IX, an HO-1 inhibitor. In conclusion, oxypurinol protects against renal I/R injury by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis via HO-1 induction, suggesting its preventive potential in ischemic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Bin Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Kyu Lim
- Department of St. Mary Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwan Kim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Dong-eui Institute of Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang Jun Han
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Moulisová V, Srbová M, Jedlicková O, Sebestian J, Jegorov A. Silybin reduces lipid peroxidation of rat hepatocyte membrane caused by cyclosporin A. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:1110-4. [PMID: 17125459 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An effect of cyclosporin A on lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes was tested. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation marker (the concentration of lipofuscin-like pigments) was observed in samples incubated with cyclosporin A in comparison with the control. When hepatoprotective flavonoid silybin was added, the production of lipofuscin-like pigments decreased significantly. This result indicates a potential positive role of silybin in lowering of cyclosporin A side effects associated with the production of reactive oxygen species and plasma membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moulisová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 370 05, Czech Republic.
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Ergüder IB, Cetin R, Devrim E, Kiliçoğlu B, Avci A, Durak I. Effects of cyclosporine on oxidant/antioxidant status in rat ovary tissues: Protective role of black grape extract. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1311-5. [PMID: 15914335 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been demonstrated that immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) increases the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation products in vitro and in vivo studies, but its possible toxic effects in ovary tissue have not been defined yet. This study was designed to elucidate possible relation between CsA treatment and oxidant/antioxidant status in rat ovary tissue and, to determine if antioxidant supplementation is beneficial. METHODS CsA and black grape extracts were given to rats orally for 10 days. In each group (control, CsA, CsA plus black grape and black grape alone), there were 7 animals (28 rats in total). After the animals were sacrificed, their ovaries were removed to be used in the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) level and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and xanthine oxidase (XO) enzymes. RESULTS In the control, CsA plus black grape and black grape alone groups, MDA levels were significantly lower than CsA group. Xanthine oxidase activities were significantly higher in CsA and CsA plus black grape groups than control group. In addition, XO activity was significantly lower in black grape alone group than all the other groups including control group. There were no significant differences in the activities of SOD and CAT enzymes between the groups. CONCLUSION The results suggest that CsA leads to oxidant stress and peroxidation in rat ovary tissues mainly due to increased XO activity. It has been suggested that this oxidant stress and peroxidation reactions can be prevented by antioxidant food supplementation like black grape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imge B Ergüder
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
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Jeon SH, Piao YJ, Choi KJ, Hong F, Baek HW, Kang I, Ha J, Kim SS, Chang SG. Prednisolone suppresses cyclosporin A-induced apoptosis but not cell cycle arrest in MDCK cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 435:382-92. [PMID: 15708382 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive agent, and can cause severe adverse effects including nephrotoxicity partly due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glucocorticoids, which are widely used in combination with CsA, have been shown to reduce oxidative injuries in various cells, but its mechanism is not understood well. To investigate the effects of prednisolone (Pd) on CsA-induced cellular damage and ROS generation in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) tubular epithelial cells, cells were treated with CsA, CsA plus Pd, or CsA plus vitamin E. Pretreatment with Pd protected cells from CsA-induced apoptosis but not from G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest even at its maximal protective concentration (30 microM), whereas vitamin E almost completely inhibited both CsA-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at 1 microM concentration. In addition, Pd reduced the amount of CsA-induced ROS and showed partly restored catalase which was down-regulated by 10 microM CsA at both the mRNA and protein levels. Vitamin E completely abolished CsA-induced ROS generation and catalase attenuation at 10 microM concentration. Finally, the effects of 1 microM vitamin E on CsA-induced ROS and apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest were similar to those of 30 microM Pd. We conclude that, in MDCK cells, Pd protects against CsA-induced cytotoxicity by suppressing ROS generation, although its protective effect is weaker than that of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Jeon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
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Chang EJ, Mun KC. Effect of melatonin on the malondialdehyde level of neutrophils in cyclosporine-treated rats. Transplant Proc 2004; 36:2165-6. [PMID: 15518787 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclosporine (CsA) may contribute to oxygen free radical metabolism in neutrophils, thus resulting in the damage to these cells. This damage may be mitigated by antioxidants such as melatonin. In this study, we measured the malondialdehyde level, which was used as a marker of free radical-induced tissue damage from neutrophils in rats treated with CsA and melatonin. METHODS The experiments included the following: (1) normal controls (group 1) that received Cremophor EL and 0.5 mL of 5% ethanol-saline solution; (2) CsA alone-treated (group 2) rats that received 15 mg/kg of body weight per day for 14 days by subcutaneous injection; and (3) melatonin-treated (group 3) rats received CsA as for group 2 plus melatonin (715 mug). RESULTS Malondialdehyde level was significantly higher among group 2 (13.34 +/- 7.54 nmol/10(7) neutrophils) than group 1 animals (7.33 +/- 2.63 nmol/10(7) neutrophils; P < .05). The level was significantly lower in group 3 (5.58 +/- 1.59 nmol/10(7) neutrophils) than group 2 (P < .01). CsA levels were not significantly different between group 2 (6.25 +/- 1.60 mug/mL) and group 3 (6.09 +/- 2.01 mug/mL). CONCLUSIONS In this experiment, the malondialdehyde level in neutrophils was increased after CsA treatment, suggesting that damage resulted from oxygen free radicals by CsA. This damage was reduced by melatonin. Thus, CsA-induced neutrophils oxidative damage may be protected by melatonin in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Chang
- Dong San Kidney Institute and Chronic Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Abstract
After more than 20 years of cyclosporine use its nephrotoxicity remains a significant clinical problem. Cyclosporine-induced renal injury has been described in solid organs recipients and in patients treated for autoimmune diseases. It is manifested in 2 distinct and well characterized forms, acute nephrotoxicity and chronic nephrotoxicity. This communication reviews the current literature analyzing the available data about the pathogenesis and mechanisms of acute and chronic cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. A working hypothesis for the possible mechanisms of chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A Burdmann
- Division of Nephrology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.
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Polte T, Hemmerle A, Berndt G, Grosser N, Abate A, Schröder H. Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces cyclosporin toxicity in renal cells: role of cGMP and heme oxygenase-1. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:56-63. [PMID: 11755317 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Using cultured proximal renal tubular epithelial cells (LLC-PK1), the present study investigates the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on cytotoxicity induced by cyclosporin A (CsA). Preincubation with ANP (1-100 nM) protected LLC-PK1 cells from CsA-induced toxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. A cytoprotective effect comparable to ANP was observed when preincubating the cells with 8-bromo cGMP (1-100 microM) or the antioxidant heme oxygenase (HO) metabolite bilirubin (0.1-10 microM). ANP or cGMP produced increases in HO-1 protein levels at concentrations that were also effective in cellular protection. Moreover, incubation with ANP or 8-bromo cGMP led to increased HO activity, i.e., formation of bilirubin in the cell lysate (up to 3-fold over basal). Tin protoporphyrin-IX (SnPP; 19 microM), an inhibitor of HO activity, completely abolished ANP-induced cytoprotection. Our results demonstrate that HO-1 is a cellular target of ANP and cGMP in renal cells. HO-1 induction and ensuing formation of antioxidant metabolites may be a novel pathway by which ANP protects from CsA-dependent nephrotoxicity and preserves renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Polte
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Rezzani R, Angoscini P, Borsani E, Rodella L, Bianchi R. Cyclosporine A-induced toxicity in two renal cell culture models (LLC-PK1 and MDCK). THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2002; 34:27-33. [PMID: 12365797 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021391724643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Renal damage caused by therapeutic treatment with cyclosporine A has been well documented. Clinical experiences have shown that cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity is determined by interstitial fibrosis with tubular atrophy. However, the exact mechanism by which this drug causes nephrotoxicity has not yet been clarified. This study used an in vitro model in an attempt to identify the cellular mechanisms underlying kidney cyclosporine A damage. We used two cell lines with the characteristics of proximal and distal tubule cells (pig kidney proximal tubular epithelial cell line [LLC-PK1] and Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line [MDCK]. The cell lines were treated with cyclosporine A for 24 h. After the treatment, the cells were stained with Trypan Blue to estimate cell viability and processed by histochemical reactions to evaluate their cellular metabolism. Four enzymes (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase) were considered. The cell viability assay showed that the LLC-PK1 cell line was more sensitive to cyclosporine A than MDCK. Remarkably, the LLC-PK1 cells disappeared with cyclosporine A treatment. As for the hydrolytic enzymes, only acid phosphatases showed an increased positivity in the treated LLC-PK1 cells. Similarly, lactate dehydrogenase showed a different activity histochemically. No statistically significant alterations were observed in the succinate dehydrogenase reaction. The cyclosporine A-treated MDCK cell lines did not show any difference in either their hydrolytic or succinate dehydrogenase enzyme positivity with respect to the control line. In contrast, there was a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity. This study allowed the possible mechanism of cyclosporine A-induced damage in renal tubular cells to be evaluated. The enzymatic changes happened rapidly (during the 24 h of treatment), suggesting that this alteration was one of the steps by which cyclosporine A induced toxicity. Moreover, since acid phosphatase is a marker of protein catabolism, the variation in the activity of this enzyme, in the LLC-PK1 line only, showed that cyclosporine can induce alterations leading to cellular toxicity. The modifications in lactate dehydrogenase activity, in both lines, suggested that this drug caused cell stress, inducing the production of lactic acid from glucose in the presence of oxygen. In conclusion, cyclosporine A treatment may force LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells to use anaerobic glycolysis preferentially. Further, these enzyme alterations may represent an epiphenomenon or a consequence of cyclosporine A toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Italy
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Yang G, Meguro T, Hong C, Asai K, Takagi G, Karoor VL, Sadoshima J, Vatner DE, Bishop SP, Vatner SF. Cyclosporine reduces left ventricular mass with chronic aortic banding in mice, which could be due to apoptosis and fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33:1505-14. [PMID: 11448138 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2001.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A tacit assumption in studies of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy is that left ventricular/body weight (LV/BW) reflects the extent of myocyte hypertrophy. The goal of the current investigation was to determine if there was another explanation for the reduced LV/BW observed after inhibiting calcineurin with cyclosporine during the development of pressure overload LV hypertrophy as compared with animals that did not receive cyclosporine. Accordingly, we examined the prevalence of fibrosis and apoptosis and measured cell size in the hearts from mice at 1 and 3 weeks after transverse aortic banding with and without chronic cyclosporine. Although LV/BW, compared to aortic banded vehicle treated mice, was reduced by 30% in aortic banded cyclosporine treated mice, myocyte cross sectional area was similar in both banded groups (346+/-9 microm2 v 336+/-13 microm2). The volume percent interstitial fibrosis was greater in aortic banded cyclosporine treated animals (1.4+/-0.2%) compared with aortic banded vehicle treated animals (0.9+/-0.2%, P<0.05) or in sham animals (0.6+/-0.1%). Surprisingly, lesions including myocytes containing iron were observed and were most prominent in aortic banded cyclosporine treated animals. Apoptosis, quantitated with TUNEL staining as percent of myocytes, was increased in aortic banded cyclosporine treated animals at 7 days (1.6+/-0.4%) compared with aortic banded vehicle treated animals (0.4+/-0.1%, P<0.01) and was still increased at 21 days. Immunoblotting demonstrated a decrease in the phosphorylation of Akt and Bad, and also Bcl-2 levels were reduced in aortic banded cyclosporine treated animals at 7 days compared with aortic banded vehicle treated animals. These proteins protect against apoptosis, and support the concept that cyclosporine inhibited the calcineurin pathway, resulting in enhanced apoptosis. Thus, the decrease in LV/BW in the aortic banded cyclosporine treated animals actually may be due, at least in part, to cell loss and death, as reflected by the enhanced fibrosis and apoptosis and the focal iron deposits in myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Mun
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Taegu, South Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Mun
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Taegu, South Korea
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